Gender Differences in Leadersdhip
Gender Differences in Leadership

Is it possible to have different women and men leaders? This is a question surrounded with substantial controversy. However, the notion that there is a difference in the way men and women lead is dominant in management literature, which provides information for practicing managers. Some scholars who support this difference suggest that women have a "female voice" overlooked in theory and research. On the contrary, a significant percentage of the social science literature support the similarity stand, suggesting that, considering all things, men and women lead in the same manner (Eagly and Johnson, 1990). In addition, most of the empirical evidence for both positions accumulated through the years further contributes to confusion.

Currently, women are assuming a number of leadership responsibilities in various organizations owing to some "gender equality is gradually becoming a belief." Although there is a popular concept that men make better leaders…...

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References

Carless, S.A., Wearing, A., J., & Mann, L.A. (2000). A short measure of transformational leadership. Journal of Business and Psychology, 14, 389-405.

Eagly, A.H., & Johnson, B.T. (1990). Gender and leadership style: A meta-analysis.

Psychological Bulletin, 108, 233-256.

Eagly, A.H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M.C., & Van Engen, M. (2003). Transformational,

, 2003, p. 84).
The authors go on to propose two changes in gender relations that impact relations in the family genre. The first (85) is that women and men would split the time each spends in the workplace and also split the time each spends conducting unpaid household duties as well. The second change would be to "…allocate…substantial parental time to the care of very young children" (Gornick, 85). In the Crompton strategy referenced by Gornick, both parents are working and the care for their children is expected to be conducted by childcare agencies; this is the "dual-earner-marketized-career" and the downside to that plan is that it has led to the growth of what Gornick calls "junk jobs" (93). Because of the low paying junk jobs and the fact that paid care work is so "…poorly remunerated" it increased inequality between men and women. Hence, often times the poor quality…...

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Works Cited

Deutsch, Francine M. Halving it All: How Equally Shared Parenting Works. Cambridge, MA:

Harvard University Press 1999.

Gornick, Janet C., and Meyers, Marcia K. Families that Work: Policies for Reconciling

Parenthood and Employment. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 2003.

On the one hand there was the view that gender or rather gender differences were something that had been created by man, culture and society. This was contrasted by the view that gender differences were not constructed but was in fact innate and part of the natural order to things. They were also linked to religious views and conceptions. This view however found it difficult to account for variations in gender preferences and homosexuality.
What became clear from the interviews was that these two interviewees represent very different views of gender that are possibly reflected in the larger society. They were however similar in some respects; for instance they both were subject to certain gender stereotypes. This also suggests that the meaning of gender is not clear and that it is obscured by stereotypes in the media and cultural views and ideas.

While the interviews provide insight they also raised a…...

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Bibliography

The Social Construction of Gender. Retrieved 30 October, 2009, from  http://employees.oneonta.edu/farberas/ARTH/ARTH200/gender.html 

Appendix: Interview questionnaire

1. What in your view the meaning of gender?

2. What do you think is the main difference between male and female?

Men believed that a drinking woman was more likely than a sober woman to engage in illicit sex; they feared the sexuality of sober women, and the fears increased with each cup of wine or jug of beer. Nonetheless, women had their cups and their jugs. Some historians have failed to recognise the strong connection between drink and sexual activity in traditional Europe and have as a consequence attributed certain phenomena, such as the association between drinking establishments and prostitution, to other developments. (Martin, 2001, p. 136).
There are some other important gender-related distinctions found in the historical record as well. For example, historians have maintained that the beliefs regarding alcohol use were gender-specific, with men supposedly being less susceptible to the erotic effects of drink than their female counterparts. "True, misogyny or at least fear of female sexuality inspired some of the authors who condemned drinking women, but misogyny…...

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References

Allamani, A., Voller, F., Kubicka, L., & Bloomfield, K. (2000). Drinking cultures and the position of women in nine European countries. Substance Abuse, 21, 231-47.

Ammerman, R.T., Ott, P.J., & Tarter, R.E. (1999). Prevention and societal impact of drug and alcohol abuse. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Anderson, B., Bjarnason, T., Choquet, M., Elekes, Z., Morgan, M. & Rapinett, G. (2003). Alcohol culture, family structure and adolescent alcohol use: Multilevel modeling of frequency of heavy drinking among 15- to 16-year-old students in 11 European countries. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64(2), 200.

Bloomfield, K., Gmel, G., Neve, R., & Mustonen, H. (2001). Investigating gender convergence in alcohol consumption in Finland, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland: A repeated survey analysis. Substance Abuse, 22, 39-53.

Gender Differences in Communication
Men and women are different one from the other in looks, in sexuality, in their social roles and in their communication styles as well. This paper compares and contrasts how males and females are different in their styles of communication.

Gender Differences in Language

Since humans in this society spend approximately "70% of our working hours communicating" (and 30% of that time entails the spoken language), this is a vital topic to address. And the teacher emphasizes that how we say what we say is crucial to good communication. Women and men have "broadly different styles of speaking and establishing social status," the author states. And since nature is only responsible for 1% of the differences in communication approaches between men and women, that means the social and cultural environment plays a huge role in how men and women speak and communicate.

Girls learn through their environmental background to use…...

ehavior and ias in Access

Two-thirds of all students receiving special education in the United States are boys and gender-based behavioral differences and gender bias are behind it (Rousso, 2003). Girls need to show more significant levels of disability than boys to receive service. When they do, they are assigned to more restrictive educational environments than boys. All available data show that women and girls with disabilities do not do as well as disabled men and boys and non-disabled women and girls. UNESCO studies found double discrimination towards women and girls with disabilities in all spheres, including employment, income level, health care, marriage and parenting. They are considered sick, helpless, immature, incompetent, dependent and asexual. This perception deprives them of valuable options and opportunities. A comprehensive study revealed that while students with disabilities had limited access to math and science courses, skills and knowledge, girls must content with steep obstacles (Wahl,…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

CEC (2010). Gender differences impact learning and post-school success. Council for Exceptional Children: CEC.sped.org. Retrieved on April 19, 2010 from  http://www.cec.sped.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=ICM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENT=6270 

Connell, D and Gunzelmann, B. (2004). The new gender gap. Scholastic Instructor:

Teacher Scholastic. Retrieved on April 19, 2010 from  http://teacher.scholastic.com/products/instructor/March04_gendergap.htm 

Dalen, M (2003). The relationship between disability, gender and education in the Norwegian context. Education for All Global Monitoring Report: United Nations

In a sociological aspect, men are perceived as the provider and women as part of the domestic world. Through the decades, however, we see the evolution of men and women's function in the society. There is a bridge closing the gap between women and men's role in different fields. Women are seen sharing seats in the government, excelling in corporate world and succeeding in different areas.

Aside from freedom of choice, we are also restrained by inherent factors of being a man or a woman, thus limiting us with physiological and psychological capacity.

Physically, men are generally taller, has more body hair, with thicker and oilier skin than women. On the other hand, women have smaller waist than their hips and on average their skin is 3-4% lighter than men. Scientists believe this is an adaptation required for increased production of Vitamin D during pregnancy. Vitamin D is necessary to help the…...

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Bibliography

Kay Bussy & Albert Bandura. (1999). Social Cognitive Theory of Gender Development and Differentiation. Retrieved April 28, 2007 from  http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/Bandura1999PR.pdf 

Theory of Cognitive Development. (2007). Retrieved April 28, 2007 from  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piaget 's_theory

Theories of Gender II - Social/Environmental Theoies. Retrieved April 27, 2007 from  http://psych.fullerton.edu/rlippa/gender/Gend_outline4.htm 

Huitt, W., & Hummel, J. (2003). Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Educational Psychology Interactive. Retrieved April 28, 2007 from  http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/cogsys/piaget.html

Othe physical diffeences in the gendes affect thei pefeences and ae seen fom infancy as well.
Duing infancy, males have supeio visual acuity. In contast, female infants demonstate bette auditoy discimination and localization. This leads to males have a geate inteest in visual pattening and auditoy sequencing fo females. Even in adulthood, Kiegman (1999) cites Hutt, visual einfoces ae moe effective in male conditioning while females find auditoy stimuli moe effective. Evolutionay psychologists would see these physical adaptations of the sexes as pat of evolution, which then esulted in psychological dispositions and wee affected by a social component as well.

Genetics and evolution, in Dawinian fashion, come into play fo evolutionay psychologists consideing biological factos esponsible fo gende diffeentiation in abilities and inteests. Psychological gende diffeences, as sumised by Wood and Eagly (2002)

, wee ceated by the asymmetical paental investment of males and females. Ancestal women wee moe invested in offsping,…...

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references and collective action. American Economic Review, 78(2). Retrieved May 11, 2009, from Business Source Complete.

Money, J., & Ehrhardt, A. Man and woman, boy and girl. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1972.

Scarr, S. (Oct 1993). Biological and cultural diversity: The legacy of Darwin for development. Child Development, 64(5). Retrieved May 11, 2009, from JSTOR.

Wood, W. & Eagly, A. (2002). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origins of sex differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), p. 699-727.

Gender Differences in Mental Health Issues
Mental health can be defined in many ways. It consists of a health balance of self-esteem, as well as a rich and fulfilled life. Some would say it exists in a patient with a sense of purpose and fulfillment in life. When a patient has disordered mental health, this usually goes along with problems in problem solving, and life functions. It is reported that in the United States today, there are over 44 million adults who have been diagnosed with a mental illness or substance abuse disorder during any year you may pick (Robins & Regier, 1990). Generally, when you compare the prevalence of mental health problems between men and women you find the incidence rates are similar. The ways in which patient's manifest or response to treatment, as based upon gender, however, is remarkably different. For example, men tend to be much more likely…...

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Bibliography

Behl, C. Holsboer, F. The female sex hormone estrogen as a neuroprotectant. Trends Pharmacological Sci, 1999;20;441-444

Dennerstein, L. How Does Women's Mental Health Differ from That of Men? Medscape Women's Health. 2001 (First World Conference on Women's Mental Health.

Frankiewicz EJ, Sramek JJ, Cutler NR. Gender differences in depression and antidepressant pharmacokinetics and adverse events. Ann Pharmacotherapy. 2000;34:80-8.

Hankin BL, Abramson LY. Development of gender differences in depression: description and possible explanations. Ann Med. 1999;31(6):372-379.

Gender Differences Observed With Learning Disabilities
Are girls with learning disabilities being addressed in schools and clinic settings as much as boys are? If not, then what is the cause for this? What are the solutions?

We need to first look at the cause for girls getting overlooked when it comes to learning disabilities, or LD. When LD is mentioned, most people think of boys. Why is that? Most of the symptoms that have been identified with LD shows up in boys, such as rebellious behavior, defiant, and sometimes, hyperactive. To a lesser degree, most boys act like this. Girls do not act like this as much, and if they have LD, it often gets overlooked, due to the fact that they don't "act out" as much as boys. They may behave well, but don't do well in school. They may daydream in school or at home, when they are supposed to…...

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Bibliography

Sokal, L. (2001). Help Wanted: Boys' Reading. Retrieved November 18, 2002, from The Learning Disabilities Association of Canada -- Research Web site:

www.ldac-taac.ca/english/research/boysread.htm

Nadeau, K. (2002). Is Your Daughter a Daydreamer, Tomboy, or "Chatty Kathy?." Retrieved November 18, 2002, from Learning Disabilities Online web site:

www.ldonline.org/ld_indepth/add_adhd/nadeau.html

Most of the studies stressed the need for additional research in their given area of investigation, and gender differences it would seem remain better described than understood.
Conclusion

The research showed that there were some documented biological differences in the incidence of heart disease among American men and women, and these differences were further accentuated by a number of gender-related behaviors that may account for some of the disparity between the incidence of heart disease among men and women. It is reasonable to conclude that there are some innate biological differences between men and women that contribute to various health problems, with women being at higher risk of breast cancer for example than their male counterparts, but there were also some important psychological factors involved as well. Perhaps the most important finding to emerge from the review of the peer-reviewed and scholarly literature concerning biological and psychological differences between men and…...

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Works Cited

Benrud, Lisa M. And Diane M. Reddy. (1998). "Differential Explanations of Illness in Women and Men." Sex Roles: A Journal of Research 38(5-6):375.

Callahan, Sidney. (2000, September 22). "Gender Differences: Chemistry or Culture?" Commonweal 127(16):9.

Courtenay, Will H. (2000). "Behavioral Factors Associated with Disease, Injury, and Death among Men: Evidence and Implications for Prevention." The Journal of Men's Studies 9(1):81.

Dresser, Rebecca. (1992). "Wanted: Single, White Male for Medical Research." The Hastings Center Report 22(1):24.

Differences in Words

We never fail to hear these two similar sentences as one gender regards to the other.

Women are so hard to understand."

Men are so hard to understand."

One reason that causes one gender to say such perception about the other gender is the differences in words that both gender has. Perhaps, one best example where differences in words cause miscommunication between men and women is in the topic of relationships and love.

When it comes to relationships, psychologists suggest that one must know how to read between the lines because there are instances when words are not said directly nor said straight to the point. Rather, the real meaning of what has been said can be found in the actions done. However, due to differences in words, where one fails to understand what the other really means, miscommunication starts to exist.

Previous studies and researches conducted on how men and women communicate…...

gender differences in autonomic functioning and anti-social personality disorder features. Thus, the authors are not actually examining autonomic functioning in persons who have been diagnosed with anti-social personality disorder. The sample size is a small one -- one hundred undergraduates, the majority of which are white. Therefore, the results of the study have low generalizability and are basically invalid. The greatest value in the research is the fact that the authors suggest that there may be some gender differences in the way features of anti-social personality disorder find expression. These features of antisocial personality disorder include aggression. The authors validate the research by claiming that it fills gap in the literature related to anti-social personality disorder, even though the sample used in this study did not have anti-social personality disorder per se. Namely, the authors say that no published studies have examined autonomic correlates of anti-social personality disorder in…...

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Reference

Sylers, P., Brennan, P.A., Lilienfeld, S.O. & Alden, S.A. (2010). Gender Differences in Autonomic Indicators of Antisocial Personality Disorder Features. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment 1(2): 87-96

Persuasive Speech Outline GENDER DIFFERENCES: WHY WOMEN ARE BETTER LEADERS THAN MENAttention Getter: Kamala Harris (US Vice President), Helle Thorning-Schmidt (Denmark Prime Minister), Angela Merkel (Chancelor of Germany), Cristina de Kirchner (Argentinas President), Julia Gillard (Australias Prime Minister), and Laura Chinchilla (Costa Ricas President). They are all female leaders holding some of the worlds most influential positions, and providing direction to their countries. You and I can also be leaders, if only we understand and exercise the natural leadership skills we possess.Introduce Yourself and State Your Credibility: I am XXX, an author and motivational speaker for the past five years. I work with diverse people, including entrepreneurs, high school students, college students, professionals, farmers, and basically, anyone who needs a boost. My message is simply to encourage people to keep going and be the best version of themselves. Most of my audience are young women in college, high school, and…...

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Bibliography

Buchholz, K. (2022). How has the number of female CEOs in Fortune 500 Companies changed over the last 20 years? World Economic Forum.  https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/03/ceos-fortune-500-companies-female/ 

Crouch, D. (2013). The excellent experience. iUniverse.

Hurley, K. & Shumway, P. (2015). Real women, real leaders: Succeeding in the business world. John Wiley & Sons.

Real and Perceived Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication
The degree to which people communicate with nonverbal cues can have a great effect on the reception of their message. Such important factors as body language, gestures and facial expressions can have as big an impact on communication delivery as content does. Many researchers have found that, in fact, nonverbal communication carries with it more information to the audience than does strictly verbal communication. The extent to which nonverbal communication is affected by gender as well as the perceived effect that gender has is an important area of research in understanding communication.

The distinction between real and perceived communication differences is a significant component of this study. I will be examining the interpretation of nonverbal communication based upon surveys conducted with people who attend the same (verbal) lecture delivered by either a man, or a woman. As the verbal content will be the same…...

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Bibliography

Hall, J., & Friedman, G. (1999). Status, gender, and nonverbal behavior: a study of Structured interactions between employees of a company. Personality & Social

Psychology Bulletin. Vol 25(9), 1082-1091.

Popp, D., Donovan, R., Crawford, M., Marsh, K., & Peele, M. (2003) Gender, race, and Speech style stereotypes. Sex roles, 48 (7/8), 317-326.

Tannen, D. (1994). Talking from 9 to 5: How women's and men's conversational styles affect

While many fields of study seem to only have academic applications, sociolinguistics has many real-world applications.  Sociolinguistics examines how various cultural factors impact the use of language, not only in what languages are spoken by people in various groups, but also how that language is spoken by those people.  The various factors that can influence the language someone speaks or how they speak a language include, but are not limited to: gender, ethnicity, religion, status, level of education, age, and geographical distribution.  The primary languages spoken in Algeria are Algerian Arabic (Darja),....

1. The impact of schizophrenia psychosis on lifespan and overall health
2. The relationship between early intervention and improved outcomes in schizophrenia
3. The role of genetics in the development of schizophrenia and its effects on lifespan
4. The effectiveness of various treatment options for schizophrenia psychosis and their impact on lifespan
5. The stigma surrounding schizophrenia and its influence on access to care and lifespan
6. The connection between co-occurring disorders, such as substance abuse, and lifespan in individuals with schizophrenia
7. The importance of social support and community resources in improving outcomes and longevity for individuals with schizophrenia
8.....

1. Understanding ADHD: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

2. The Impact of ADHD on Academic Performance and Social Relationships

3. Exploring the Connection between ADHD and Comorbid Mental Health Disorders

4. The Role of Parenting Strategies in Managing ADHD in Children

5. ADHD in the Workplace: Challenges and Strategies for Success

6. The Stigma Surrounding ADHD: Dispelling Myths and Promoting Awareness

7. Gender Differences in the Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD

8. The Relationship between Diet, Exercise, and ADHD Symptoms

9. ADHD Across the Lifespan: Challenges and Coping Strategies

10. ADHD and Substance Abuse: Understanding the Link and Preventative Measures
11. The Impact of Technology and Screen Time on ADHD....

1. The long-term psychological effects of childhood abuse on adult mental health
2. The link between childhood abuse and addictive behaviors in adulthood
3. Exploring the relationship between childhood abuse and intimate partner violence
4. The role of childhood abuse in shaping attachment styles and relationships in adulthood
5. Examining the societal impact of childhood abuse and neglect on future generations
6. Understanding the cycle of abuse and its perpetuation through generations
7. The intersection of childhood abuse and poverty: Breaking the cycle of violence and neglect
8. The impact of childhood abuse on academic achievement and educational outcomes
9. Exploring cultural and societal factors that contribute to....