Foreign Policy
Nixon's Detente

Description

Detente was a cooling down, or thaw, among America, Russia and China's arms' race (Detente). The United States and Russia could either slow their weapons production or continue the arms race, which, people feared could end in a devastating war (Detente, CNN). Nixon and Henry Kissinger worked secretly on Detente at summit meetings in Beijing and Moscow. President Gerald Ford signed on to Detente in Helsinki in 1975. (CNN, Detente).

President Involved

Richard M. Nixon

Gerald Ford

People involved:

Leonid Brezhnev, Moscow Communist Party Chief, wanted to relax tensions with America (CNN, Detente).

illy Brandt, est German Chancellor, gave Brezhnev the idea for Detente.

President Richard M. Nixon and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger were the architects of the United States' plan for Detente.

President Gerald Ford took over the office after Nixon resigned and signed the treaty in 1975.

Foreign Policy

The U.S. Foreign policy of, reduction of arms and building better relations seem to contradict each…...

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Works Cited

An Outline of American History." (1994) Chapter 12. From Revolution to Reconstruction - An.HTML Project. 21 April 2003. http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/H/1994/ch12_p6.htm.

Detente." May 2002. History Learning Site. 21 April 2003.  http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/detente.htm .

Disarmament, Nuclear: International Agreements." 1994, 1995. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Fifth Edition. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995..21 April 2003.  http://www.slider.com/enc/16000/disarmament_nuclear_International_Agreements.htm .

CNN. "Detente: 1969-1975. Cold War: Episode 16." CNN Perspective Series. http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/16/.

Foreign policy decisions are often thought of as collective events, conceptualized more in terms of sociology, historical patterns, structures, institutions, and culture before the individual psychological variables are considered. Situational and circumstantial variables are considered tantamount to psychological traits, cognitive, emotional, or behavioral cues. Structural perspectives like realism, neoliberalism, and idealism had become more important than focusing on the actual actors making decisions, just as the behaviors of corporations cloud the behaviors of their leaders. Yet power brokers and state-level actors are individual people, with attendant backgrounds, biases, and beliefs. The cluster of variables impacting personal-level decision making likewise impacts macro-level decision making. Foreign policy decisions can and should be viewed with a psychological lens in order to better understand historical successes and failures, and perhaps ironically even used to inform more effective foreign policy.
Foreign policy analysis does in fact depend on a thorough understanding of psychological variables and constraints.…...

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Works Cited

Abshire, D. & Dickson, B. War by miscalculation. The Washington Quarterly 6(4), 114-124, 1983.

Alden, C. & Amran, A. Foreign Policy Analysis. New York: Routledge, 2012.

Boulding, K.E. The Image. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1961.

Greenstein, F.I. The impact of personality on the end of the cold war. Political Psychology 19(1), 1-16, 1998.

The U.S. And Russia reportedly have about 90% of all the nuclear weapons in the world. So if this treaty makes sense for both sides, and shows a newfound sense of cooperation between the two nations that were Cold ar enemies, why would there be dissention in the U.S. Senate?
That question can be answered a couple different ways. For one, there is a very divided and hostile political situation in ashington, D.C.; during the past two years the major pieces of legislation that Obama has pushed through have received not a single Republican vote. Obama's stimulus bill, $862 billion, that many economists say helped avoid a depression, did not get a single Republican vote. The biggest reform of all Street in the nation's history passed without a single Republican vote, and likewise, the healthcare reform act, a "major overhaul" -- that will provide 30 million Americans with health coverage…...

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Works Cited

Tapper, Jake. "Passage of Major legislation Can't Stop Obama's Poll Numbers From Dropping."

ABC News. Retrieved Dec. 17, 2010, from  http://abcnews.go.com .

United States Senate. "Treaties." Retrieved Dec. 17, 2010, from  http://www.senate.gov .

Yahoo News. "Senate kicks off debate over U.S. -- Russia arms treaty." Retrieved Dec. 17,

" that one administration official observed, "I can assure you a young generation of terrorists is being created" (Zaharna 2003).
At present, "The current [Israeli-Palestinian] conflict is mortgaging the future of both nations. A new generation of Palestinians is coming of age. More than 50% of the population of the est Bank and Gaza is under the age of 15," which means that the U.S. must act now before a new generation of terrorists is born (Enderlin 2002). As a result of the Israeli security measures to impose order on the est Bank, unemployment and poverty in Gaza and the est Bank are at unprecedented levels. "More than two-thirds of Palestinian children live on less than $1.90 a day," a situation of economic distress that makes the region a fertile breeding ground for terror and is also a public relations boon to nations that use the occupation as justification for anti-U.S.…...

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Works Cited

Clayton, Mark. "Breaking free." The Christian Science Monitor. Sci-Tech: Computers and Technology. 21 Oct 2004. 27 Apr 2007.  http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/1021/p13s02-stct.html 

Enderlin, Charles. "Shattered Dreams": an inside look at Israeli-Palestinian negotiations." Tolerance.org. 2002. 27 Apr 2007.  http://www.tolerance.ca/Article.aspx?ID=59&L=fr 

Haass, Richard. "The New Middle East." Foreign Affairs.

November/December 2006.

He suggests that other reasons were secondary and complementary to economic goals. First and foremost, Americans were interested in enriching themselves and the policy of the government reflected this goal.
Healy agrees that there were economic concerns but he argues that there was multiplicity of goals. He specifically emphasizes that Americans were concerned about German threat to American interests in the region. He also notes that Americans viewed Central Americans with disdain and racial arrogance, so their goal in the region was to "civilize" them and develop economically. hile I believe these are noteworthy points, they do not negate the fact that economic concerns were at the forefront of U.S. policy in the Caribbean. American leaders were aware that German military threat to American national integrity was severely limited. The threat Germany posed was directed at American economic interests in the region.

American racial arrogance also does not negate the fact…...

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Works Cited:

LaFeber, Walter. Inevitable Revolutions: the U.S. In Central America. W.W.: Norton, 1993. Print.

Healy, David. Drive to Hegemony: the United States in the Caribbean, 1898-1917. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Print.

S. held canal back to Panama, and, importantly, the Iran hostage crisis that erupted during the later years of his presidency. The crisis highlighted Carter's weaknesses as a negotiator and military leader as neither his diplomatic nor military attempts to release the hostages succeeded, and they were released a few moments after Ronald Reagan was sworn in as president.
Despite being welcomed on such a positive foreign policy note, Reagan had a great deal of foreign policy failures as well. Although he succeeded in his goal of building up the United States' military arsenal, in addition to fostering a better relationship with the U.S.S.R. And Mikhail Gorbechev throughout his later years as president, Reagan's involvement in the Middle East and Latin America was characterized by failure. In the Middle East, Reagan's unfaltering support of Israel increased other nations' hostility toward the West. Additionally, Reagan's support of the Contras and the Iran-Contra…...

Foreign policy regarding Israel & Palestine
The entire issue of Israel and Palestine is complicated by the position that the state of Israel is Jewish, to whom the Western countries have a guilt complex due to the actions of Hitler, and the fact that Palestine is Islamic and Islamic countries control most of the available petroleum of the world.

In looking at foreign policy, the main element of relationship between two countries when they are not neighbors, or closely connected through history is the commercial relationship, and that is what determines their decisions on bilateral and multilateral maters. The entire area of Middle East is where the American arms go, and this creates a lot of profits for the weapons manufacturers in U.S.. Even after the Gulf War has ended, and before the war in Iraq started, the total arms export to this region was more than $60 billion. Most of the…...

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References

Zaharna, R.S. Israel's Policy of Targeting Terrorists: Implications for the U.S. Volume 6,

Number 32. September 2001. Retrieved from   Accessed 4 September, 2005http://www.fpif.org/briefs/vol6/v6n32exjud_body.html 

Zunes, Stephen. Howard Dean: Hawk in Dove's Clothing? February 26, 2003. Retrieved from   Accessed 4 September, 2005http://www.commondreams.org/views03/0226-04.htm 

Zunes, Stephen. 10 Things to Know about U.S. Policy in the Middle East. 26 September, 2001.

Compliance with the regulations is likely to be high when a regulation fits well with the existing market practices or when the regulations are supported by cultural norms and civic institutions. To elicit compliance with the fisheries policy in the European Union which is inhabited by people with different cultural practices, the stakeholders should consider partnering with civil society organizations and build support through education. To guarantee success of a regulatory framework in the context of the Common Fisheries Policy in the European Union, prior consultation with target population is imperative. This helps in finding out about factors that are central to the policy implementation. It also helps in securing group support. This helps in building a sense of ownership among the target group. This helps in increasing commitment to the objectives of the policy being rolled out. The regulator, in the process, comes up with better solutions (Organization…...

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References List

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2000). Reducing the Risk of Policy

Failure: Challenges for Regulatory Compliance. Retrieved July 28, 2013 from  http://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/46466287.pdf 

Riley, G. (2012). Government Failure. Retrieved July 28, 2013 from  http://www.tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/as-marketfailure-government-failure.html 

Stone, C. (1975). Where the Law Ends: The Social Control of Corporate Behavior. New York:

Conflict prevention theory may seem contradictory in a country that has just held a civil war, but it remains an important focus of U.S. foreign policy going forward in Libya. Socio-historical problems facing Libya stem from the tribal bonds that divide the nation. The United States must focus on finding a balance between the tribes rather than supporting a single tribe over the others, as it had when cooperating with Qaddafi. Politically, the three major cities of Libya are Tripoli, Misrata and Benghazi. These cities will have to find a way to power broker themselves in order to create a thriving democracy, based in Tripoli, but representative of the other two cities, as all three places are cornerstones of Libya's future as well as strong reminders of the country's past, on which a successful future can be built.

Libya is the only country of the four analyzed in this paper that…...

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References:

"Carnegie Corporation of New York: Search Publications." Carnegie Corporation of New York: Home. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. .

"Carnegie Corporation of New York: Search Publications." Carnegie Corporation of New York: Home. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. .

"Carnegie Corporation of New York: Search Publications." Carnegie Corporation of New York: Home. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. .

"QDDR." U.S. Department of State. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. .

Foreign Policy Dealing With Clothing Manufacturing in Over Seas Third Countries angladesh
The objective of this study is to answer as to what the problem is in dealing with U.S. clothing manufacturers who have their clothing created in third world countries such as angladesh in the view a leader and specifically a president in the free world. Specifically this work will answer as to what can be legally done and what sanctions might be put in place. This work will identify stakeholders and makers of the program and who would be involved in providing input during the programs development stage and what problems with the cultural environment might exist in addressing this problem. Further, this work will answer as to what might assist or present as a barrier to the program and examine historical implications and treaties or amendments that might be enforced. This work will additionally address how the message…...

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Bibliography

Fernandez-Stark, K, Frederick, S. And Gerei, G. (2011) The Apparel Global Value Chain: ECONOMIC UPGRADING AND WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT. Nov 2011.

THE APPAREL INDUSTRY AND CODES OF CONDUCT: A Solution to the International Child Labor Problem? (nd) United States Department of Labor. Retrieved from: http://www.actrav.itcilo.org/actrav-english/telearn/global/ilo/code/apparel2.htm

Third World Women in Factories (2010) Cultural Survival. 17 Sept 2010. Retrieved from:  http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/third-world-women-factories

Introduction The military experience that President Dwight D. Eisenhower took to the White House was largely without precedent. In sharp contrast to President Harry S. Truman’s years, some of the White House functions and structures were reorganized – with new positions being introduced in an attempt to promote the efficient running of government business. President John F. Kennedy, on the other hand, sought to ease the bureaucratic structure left by his predecessor. Just as we can compare and contrast the domestic policies of both presidents, and their approach to the conduction of government business, we can also evaluate their foreign policy perspectives with an intention of comparing and contrasting their outlook.
Discussion
Like Kennedy, Eisenhower had a keen interest in foreign affairs. His liking for organization as well as staff work was largely sourced from his role a military commander. Towards this end, he sought to ensure that the integrated policy review system…...

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References

Beschloss, M. (2016). Mayday: Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and the U-2 Affair. New York, NY: Open Road Media.

Central Intelligence Agency - CIA (2011). Congress, the CIA, and Guatemala, 1954. Retrieved from

Dobbs, C.M. (2010). Trade and Security: The United States and East Asia, 1961-1969. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Hook, S.W. & Scott, J.M. (Eds.). (2011). U.S. Foreign Policy Today: American Renewal? Washington, DC: CQ Press.

Hammond, P.Y. (1992). LBJ and the Presidential Management of Foreign Relations. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

JFK Presidential Library and Museum (2018). Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Retrieved from https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/nuclear-test-ban-treaty

Kaufman, B.I. & Kaufman, D. (2009). The A to Z of the Eisenhower Era. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.

Kinnard, D. (K). Adventures in Two Worlds: Vietnam General and Vermont Professor. New York, NY: Xlibris Corporation.https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol44no5/html/v44i5a03p.htm

Causes, Course, and Consequences of the Vietnam War against the USA As the world’s superpower, the United States got involved in the Vietnam War but left the country with a mortifying conquest, appallingly high fatalities, the public in America cuttingly divided, and the leaders unsure of the way forward regarding foreign policy. The Vietnam War is in history as American’s most protracted and enervating war that the country ever lost and had an overarching impact and consequences on multiple facets of the American life including foreign policy, domestic politics, and the economy.
Causes of the Vietnam War
The U. S. immersion in the Vietnam War was primarily caused by the communist containment policy developed when the Cold War began in combination with aspects of Wilsonianism (Thayer, 2016).  Two ideological superpowers divided Europe at the end of WW2. President Truman had anticipated that Eastern Europe that was newly conquered would hold free elections and…...

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References

Appy, C. G. (2016). American Reckoning: The Vietnam War and Our National Identity. Penguin Books.

Emerson, G. (2014). Winners & Losers: Battles, Retreats, Gains, Losses, and Ruins from the Vietnam War (reissue). WW Norton & Company.

Thayer, T. (2016). War without fronts: The American experience in Vietnam. Naval Institute Press.

What does the future hold for relations between China and Japan? Given their longstanding disputes and track record of going to war over resources, it would be reasonable to suggest that future relations between China and Japan are going to be characterized by a reluctant, pragmatic trade-off between bi-lateral commerce and the need to hammer out their respective differences over foreign policy current issues on which they currently diverge. Although Japan horsewhipped China militarily throughout the early 20th century in its quest for scarce resources to fuel its enormous war machinery, things have changed and China is no longer the second-class nation Japan faced prior to and during World War II. Moreover, because these two nations are both the main Asian economic juggernauts, the stakes are high for Japan and China as well as the rest of the international community. While there are no foreign policy crystal balls that can help…...

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References

Brown, K. (2016, August 31). The most dangerous problem in Asia: China-Japan relations. The Diplomat. Retrieved from

Chuck, E. (2016, March 31). Fact sheet: Who has nuclear weapons and how many do they have? NBC News. Retrieved from https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/fact-sheet-who-has-nuclear-weapons-how-many-do-they-n548481.

Economy, E. C. (2017, July/August). History with Chinese characteristics: How China’s imagined past shapes its present. Foreign Affairs, 96(4), 141-145.

Khatoon, S. (2017, January 1). The rise of China and India-Japan strategic partnership. IUP Journal of International Relations, 11(1), 52-55.

https://thediplomat.com/2016/08/the-most-dangerous-problem-in-asia-china-japan-relations/.

Foreign policy is one of the major issues that have played a critical role in the history of the United States. The significance of foreign policy in America’s governance system is shown in the influential role it plays during U.S. Presidential Elections. Foreign policy has been at the center of America’s politics, especially in the recent past because of the increased global security concerns. While foreign policy remains controversial issue in the United States, it’s derived from the nation’s democratic system. Presidential candidates and policymakers in the U.S. take different foreign policy perspectives that are geared towards safeguarding the interests of American people. In this regard, United States’ foreign policy is shaped by different policy traditions or schools of thought.
President Obama’s foreign policy fell into liberal foreign policy tradition, which is based on the belief that most countries will cooperate if adequate goodwill and confidence is established between them (Ondrejcsák,…...

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References

Ferguson, N. (2016, March 13). Barack Obama’s Revolution in Foreign Policy. Retrieved October 3, 2017, from  

Mead, W.R. (2001). Special providence: American foreign policy and how it changed the world. Madison Avenue, NY: Taylor & Francis Group.

Mead, W.R. (2010, January 4). The Carter Syndrome. Foreign Policy. Retrieved October 3, 2017, from  http://foreignpolicy.com/2010/01/04/the-carter-syndrome/ 

Ondrejcsák, R. (2009). American Foreign and Security Policy Under Barack Obama: Change and Continuity. Retrieved October 3, 2017, from  http://cenaa.org/analysis/american-foreign-and-security-policy-under-barack-obama-change-and-continuity/ 

The Economist. (2001). Four Threads, One Mighty Rope. The Economist. Retrieved October 3, 2017, from  http://www.economist.com/node/863363 https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/03/obama-doctrine-revolution/473481/ 

 

It is difficult to state that the national security apparatus is underperforming when you have clear statistical results: no attacks in the last five years. This means that something must be functioning at full parameters there and that the informational community is also operating with those in other countries to obtain these results (the attacks planned for London and stopped are a good example in this sense).
On the other hand, a counter argument to this statement is that the war is not against national terrorism: it is a global war on global terrorism, the U.S. have pledged to wipe out terrorism on a global scale and this, as shown in the article, is not yet giving full results. Indeed, the attacks in London and Madrid are a good example in this sense, if we consider only some of the most important cases of extremist Arab terrorism.

As to the ush…...

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Bibliography

1. Foreign Policy and the Center for American Progress. The Terrorism Index. July/August 2006. On the Internet at  http://web0.foreignpolicy.com/issue_julyaug_2006/TI-index/index.html 

Foreign Policy and the Center for American Progress. The Terrorism Index. July/August 2006. On the Internet at

We would start this essay by looking at the Department of State’s list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations.  Looking at that list is a great way to identify transnational terrorist groups.  Working from those groups, you could the identify a transnational group that is linked to a domestic terrorist group.  The County Reports on Terrorism also reveal how international terrorist groups work and can provide some insight into their ties to domestic organizations.  Working this way may be important for the integrity of your research because the designation of groups as domestic terrorist groups changed....

Certainly! Here are some essay topic ideas related to Barack Obama:

1. Analyzing the major accomplishments and legacy of Barack Obama as President of the United States.
2. Exploring the challenges and obstacles faced by Obama during his presidency and evaluating his responses.
3. Investigating the impact of Obama's healthcare reform, the Affordable Care Act (ACA), on the American healthcare system.
4. Discussing Obama's approach to foreign policy, focusing on significant events such as the Iran nuclear deal or the Paris Climate Agreement.
5. Examining the Obama administration's efforts to address climate change and promote clean energy.
6. Assessing the economic policies and strategies implemented by....

1. The Rise and Fall of Adolf Hitler: A Study in Tyranny

2. Hitler's Impact on World History: A Critical Analysis

3. Hitler's Leadership Style: Authoritarianism and Propaganda

4. Understanding the Psychology of Adolf Hitler: Roots of Hatred and Manipulation

5. The Holocaust and Hitler's Final Solution: Examining the Darkest Chapter of WWII

6. Hitler's Role in the Axis Powers: The Axis Pact and its Consequences

7. Hitler's Legacy: Lessons from History on Preventing Dictatorship and Genocide

8. Hitler's Military Strategy: Blitzkrieg and the World War II Campaigns

9. Hitler's Ideology: Nazism, Anti-Semitism, and the Quest for Aryan Supremacy

10. Hitler's Downfall: The Battle of Berlin and the End....

Policy Analysis and Evaluation

The effectiveness of different policy interventions in addressing social issues (e.g., poverty, healthcare, education)
The impact of policy changes on specific populations or industries
The role of evidence-based policymaking in improving policy outcomes
The challenges and opportunities of implementing and enforcing policy
The ethical implications of policy decisions

Policy Design and Development

Innovative approaches to policy design (e.g., behavioral economics, collaborative governance)
The factors that influence policy adoption and implementation
The role of stakeholders in policy development and evaluation
The impact of technology on policy design and implementation
The challenges of balancing competing interests in policymaking

Policy Implementation....