foreign exchange markets have analyzed the period January 1st- April 2, 2004 for the U.S. dollar- Singapore dollar exchange rate. During this period of time, the exchange rate has decreased from 1.70190 on the 1st of January to 1.67210 on the 2nd of April, with a high of 1.71860 and a low of 1.66690. This means that the Singapore dollar has been strengthening against the U.S. dollar, gaining 0.0298 during this period, that is around 1.75%. The rate is subsequent to the general weakening characteristic of the U.S. dollar on the international financial markets.
The fact that the Singapore dollar has been strengthening has several consequences. For one, the exports from Singapore to the United States are somewhat discouraged. This is a direct consequence of the fact that one will gain less from an export to the United States. AS we know, an export is paid in the currency of the…...

However, using a portfolio balanced channel, agents of the government balance their portfolios among domestic money and bonds as well as foreign currency and bonds. When economic conditions change, the portfolio is adjusted to a new equilibrium which in turn, influences the exchange rate. Agents can also view futures on exchange rates by looking at how certain countries are intervening in monetary policy. This method requires the reading of signals, because the change of expectations rate will also affect the current market rate (Muss, 1981).
Finally, although there are many ways to influence foreign exchange markets, governments can use their foreign exchange currency reserves to prop up a currency that is falling. For example, if the British Pound is falling, a government could sell U.S. Dollars and put them in Pounds, thus increasing the value of the Bound. Governments can also borrow from other countries to purchase pounds, or to…...

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REFERENCES

Graham, a. (2000). Foreign Exchange Markets. London: Fitzroy Dearborn.

Levinson, M. (2006). The Economist Guide to Financial Markets. London: Profile Books. Retrieved from:   DYzN2ItZjE3Yy00Y2M0LTk2ZmUtZGU0NzA3NGI4Y2Y5/edit?pli=1&hl=enhttps://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_Qxj5U7eaJTZTJkO 

Muss, M. (1981). The Role of Official Intervention. Fairfax, VA: George Mason University Press.

Pettinger, T. (2007). Government Intervention in the Foreign Exchange Market. Economics Help. Retrieved from:   / macroeconomics/exchangerate/government-intervention.htmlhttp://www.economicshelp.org 

In fact, modernly, most banks no longer attempt intervention in the marketplace at all. It can be argued, however that there is some value to remaining aware of currency exchanges. For example, determining some for of hedging for long-term purchase contracts can help businesses avoid season-related losses (Mizen, 2003). On the same note, however, it is just as simple for a business to require payment of the agreed upon amount on the actual day of exchange, not in advance. This allows complete avoidance of any market shifts as that current day's market price will set the total. At this point, it becomes apparent that the only reason for intervening or exchanging funds early would be to make a profit in excess of the agreed upon purchase price. hile useful and a creative technique, the market is unpredictable and such measures can prove very risky.
As can be seen there is…...

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Works Cited

Giddy, Ian & Dufey, Gunter (2003). The Handbook of International Accounting. United States: Wiley Publications.

Mizen, Paul (2003). Monetary History, Exchange Rates and Financial Markets. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Taylor, Mark & Sarno, Lucio (2001). Official Intervention in the Foreign Exchange Market: Is it Effective, and, if so, How Does it Work? CEPR Discussion Paper, 2690.

Foreign Exchange Market of China
The foreign exchange market is a financial market for trading currencies. The market is decentralized and there are financial centers around the world that operate as places of trade, where different types of buyers and sellers can trade the currencies. Ultimately, these trades directly influence how each currency is valued relative to the world market. The foreign exchange market involves international trade and investment which in turn enables the currency conversion. The foreign exchange market is the factor that allows for trade to happen between countries that do not have the same currency, like China and the United States. When the currency is being traded, it ultimately determines the value of the dollar and of the yuan.

The spot exchange rate is the exchange rate where differing parties "agree to trade two currencies at the present moment" with the value of the currency "usually at or close…...

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Bibliography

Begg, D. (1997, May 8). Europe's single currency: The best way to fit it together. The Economist, Retrieved from  http://www.economist.com/node/149135 

Farlex. (2011). Spot exchange rate . Retrieved from dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Spot Exchange Ratehttp://financial

InvestorWords. (2011). Forward exchange rate. Retrieved from  http://www.investorwords.com/2065/forward_exchange_rate.html 

Kanamori, T., & Zhao, Z. (2006). Existing theories of exchange rate determination. Retrieved from  http://www.adbi.org/book/2006/05/16/1819.renminbi.exchange.rate/existing.theories.of.exchange.rate.determination/

Globalization is juxtaposed with this; nations are integrated on the level of economic prosperity. Nevertheless, Mills points out that many Christian principles prevail in the globalization paradigm: fair trade, the accountability of the government, the interdependence of nations and the upliftment of the poor are some of the issues mentioned in this regard.
According to the author, globalization is therefore a phenomenon that can be very beneficial from a Christian perspective. It is however important that the correct actions are taken and specific principles upheld.

When I first realized that Mills' article was going to address the Christian perspective of globalization, I must admit that I experienced a sinking feeling in the vicinity of my rib cage. I also admit to thinking something like, oh no, one of those. I expected the article to beat the whole globalization to a pulp, because it is reminiscent of the Tower of Babel and…...

Forward, Futures and Options Foreign Currency Markets
eview of Foreign Exchange Markets

Assessment of Foreign exchange Markets

Forward, Futures and Options Foreign Currency Markets

Forward currency market entails an agreement for sale or purchase of foreign currency at a set price and at a particular date. In this agreement, final cash settlements are undertaken only on the set date where the contracting parties realize their gain or loss. Forward currency contract is a private agreement that is not undertaken over -- the counter making the contract more flexible and less standardized compared to futures contract (Eiteman, Stonehill, & Moffett, 2001).

Futures contract is a standardized agreement trades on exchanges or in over-the-counter markets. The agreement is between the seller and the buyer where the seller is referred to as the one taking a short position and the seller is referred to as the one taking the long positing. For the agreement to be arrived at,…...

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References

Copeland, L.S. (2008). Exchange Rates and International Finance. United Kingdom: Pearson Education.

Eiteman, D., Stonehill, A., & Moffett, M. (2001). Multinational Business Finance. Boston: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.

Hull, J.C. (2006). Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

One of the more popular analytical methods that is used with MT4 that is used to coordinate share trades is based on the Fibonnaci series (each number in this series except one is the product of the preceding two numbers; i.e., 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 & #8230;). This Fibonacci series is used in quantitative trading systems such as MT4 to help traders modify their investments in real-time as the market changes as described further below.
2- Fibonacci

The Fibonacci series can be found throughout nature in the way a pinecone grows when viewed from above or the patterns in a seashell such as the nautilus. Humans have a natural affinity for the Fibonacci series which is also known as the "Golden atio" because it provides an aesthetic that is pleasing to humans (Gelet, 2009). Also pleasing to humans is the power of the Fibonacci series to help manage Forex…...

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References

Artis, M. & Weber, A. (2000). The Euro: A challenge and opportunity for financial markets.

London: Routledge.

About Us. (2010). PIPPoint Forex Brokerage. Retrieved from http://pippoint.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=75.

Salcedo, Y. (2004, April). Forex FCM report. Futures, 33(5), 33-34.

In addition, a series of joint ventures in which West German steel firms joined with East German firms and Krupp, Klockner, and Thyssen of Germany was pursuing other developmental initiatives in eastern Europe as well. Likewise, Arbed of Luxemburg was involved in steelmaking facilities in the former East Germany. According to Mangum et al., "The rising market for improved galvanizing for automobiles, appliances, canning, and other uses is producing a rash of joint ventures throughout the world. Some of these are internal to various countries and others involve international partners" (p. 74).
As a result, nearly 30% of the world's steel supply is now produced by plants belonging to companies that did not exist just 3 decades ago (Ahlberg, Pitkanen & Storsch 1999). As these authors point out, "Such upstarts have entered a global market that since 1980 has grown by less than 1% a year -- an average combining…...

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References

Ahlberg, J., A. Pitkanen and L.L. Schorsch. 1999. "Forging a New Era for Steel." The McKinsey

Quarterly 83.

Altunisik, M.B. And O. Tur. 2004. Turkey: Challenges of Continuity and Change. New York:

Routledge.

Foreign Exchange
There are price differences between the U.S. And UK sites for Toys 'r' Us. One example is the animated Talking Ben stuffed bear, which sells for $9.99 in the U.S. And £21.99 in the UK. The equivalent U.S. price in the UK should be £6.56, so there is a substantial price difference on this product.

Consumers do not, however, have the right to demand equal prices. Each nation represents its own market, so the economic conditions for each nation will be distinct. There are significant differences in the costs that underlie each product on retail shelves that are reflected in the retail price. Thus, the conditions for each market are different and the result will be different prices. Goods can flow across borders, but that does not imply that there is a global market -- each local market has its own conditions.

Furthermore, retail prices for consumer goods do not direct…...

Foreign Exchange
South Africa

he currency in South Africa is the rand. he rand is a free floating currency meaning that there are few controls on the value of the currency. While the rand is a reference currency in the southern Africa region, it is not considered to be a "hard" currency. he performance of the rand against the USD in the past year is as follows:

he chart shows the downward trajectory of the rand against the dollar. A year ago, the rand traded at 7.73 to the dollar, and today it is 9.12, a decline of 18%. his bodes well for a manufacturing operation in South Africa, where the already-low labor costs would be decreasing over time. It does not bode well for selling in South Africa, however, as the country's currency continues to get weaker, which means profits from South Africa will be worth less in dollar terms.

he trend is…...

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The Chinese yuan is not a floating currency. Its exchange rate is managed heavily by the Chinese government and as a result trades within a band set by the Chinese government, on a soft peg to the U.S. dollar. China's currency manipulation may perpetuate the band, but the country is under severe inflationary pressure. This puts the yuan on a steady, long-run appreciation, which can be seen in its chart for the past year:

The yuan one year ago traded at 6.29 to the dollar and today it trades at 6.23. This represents an appreciation of 0.9%. The country face high inflation for much of the year, but that inflation is reported to have dropped to 2.1% in March 2013. This inflation rate is not much different than that of the U.S., which would imply that the exchange rate should remain fairly stable. However, the overriding factor is China's currency band, which is likely to be maintained for the foreseeable future. As a result, the yuan will appreciate in the next year, but only by around the same amount as last year, so that the rate will be around 6.17 yuan to the dollar.

Overall, China represents the best option for Dorchester for selling it televisions. This is almost by default. South Africa is facing a weakening rand amid economic uncertainty. The country still has potential, but the timing is wrong given that the macroeconomic conditions are tough and the rand is depreciating faster than the inflation rate. The situation in Japan is worse. The economy might be better, but the yen is depreciating and there is deflation in the economy. This is bad news all round, and earning yen right now it not wise. This leaves China. China has its own problems -- growth is slowing and currency controls mean that there is a difference between earning yuan and being able to return those earnings to the United States. However, the slow appreciation of the yuan and some overtures to convertibility highlight the reality that China is a fairly safe country in which to invest, in terms of currency exchange rate expectations.

The stability is evident in the statistics as well. Between 1880 and 1914, the golden age of the gold standard, inflation averaged 0.1%. Between 1946-2003, even with Bretton oods, inflation average 4.1% (Bardo, n.d.). Short-term price changes, however, could be highly unstable. This is a consequence of the fact that the gold standard ignores fundamental economic principles. Any system where the value of a good is established by artificial means is subject to such shocks. Another drawback to the gold standard is that it gives governments very little discretion over monetary policy. Another drawback is the cost of producing gold. The gold standard relies on having physical gold reserves. Thus, gold must be produced, and for that there is a cost (Ibid).
ith the decline of Bretton oods, the gold standard died. It was replaced by the modern foreign exchange system. At the core of this system are fiat currencies.…...

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Works Cited:

Bordo, Michael D. (no date). The Gold Standard. Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Retrieved April 11, 2009 from  http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/GoldStandard.html 

Cohen, Benjamin. (no date). Bretton Woods System. University of California at Santa Barbara Retrieved April 11, 2009 from  http://www.polsci.ucsb.edu/faculty/cohen/inpress/bretton.html

Foreign Exchange isk Management
a) What are the causes of UK and Brazilian markets' revenues in Dollars being lower than expected?

One of the main causes of the revenue in dollars generated from the markets in Brazil and UK being lower than anticipated by the company is due to the depreciation of the countries' currencies against the U.S. dollar. Between January and September, the GBP constantly depreciated against the USD, an aspect that had not been anticipated by the financial team of the company.

b) How is the company doing in these markets?

The company is not operating well in these two markets as the revenues generated in the market have incessantly decreased in the nine months period. As the currency continue to depreciate against the dollar so has the expected revenue depreciated over the period.

c) Based on the given data, should it continue or cease the operations in these two countries: UK and…...

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References

Dohring, B. (2008). Hedging and invoicing strategies to reduce exchange rate exposure: a euro-area perspective. Economic Papers. Retrieved 21 October 2015 from:  http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/publication11475_en.pdf 

Gonnelli, A. (1993). The Basics of Foreign Trade and Exchange. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Public Information Department.

country can interfere in the foreign exchange markets. In many cases, the motivation for doing so lies with propping up exporters, by lowering the value of the domestic currency. While this is the most common reason for currency manipulation, it is not the only one. In some cases, currency manipulation aids in the cause of making debt disappear, lowering the value of that debt in order that it might be paid back early. This paper will discuss some of the different ways that countries can affect their exchange rates.
A freely-traded currency should reflect the economic strength of a nation, in particular the expectations for future interest rates. Where expectations for future rates are relatively low, that means that the economy is expected to perform worse. This is the case for Japan. The country has adopted a policy recently of a low yen, in order to provide some spark to…...

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References

Kim, Y. & Ying, Y. (2007). An empirical assessment of currency devaluation in East Asian countries. Journal of International Money and Finance. Vol. 26 (2007) 265-283.

Palmer, B. (2012). If currency manipulation is so great for exports, why don't we do it? Slate. Retrieved November 24, 2014 from  http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2012/10/china_currency_manipulation_how_does_it_harm_the_u_s_and_what_can_we_do.html 

Staiger, R. & Sykes, A. (2008). Currency manipulation and world trade. National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved November 24, 2014 from  http://www.nber.org/papers/w14600 

The Economist. (2014). A fistful of dollars, or perhaps not. The Economist. Retrieved November 24, 2014 from  http://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2014/04/venezuelas-byzantine-exchange-rate-system

forward discount in predicting exchange rate modifications. The conclusion of the literature review is that the forward discount is a biased predictor and that are two possible explanations for this situation. One cause would be the presence of a time varying risk premium, and the other the failure of agents to make rational expectations (the inability to use all available information in an efficient manner).
The forward discount puzzle (as a predictor of exchange rate modifications) is a very discussed puzzle in the international finance literature, since its importance is quite high. As a result, numerous studies have concentrated on this issue, i.e. On the causes on the bias. Some authors (Fama, 1984), believe that this problem is traceable to the existence of a time-varying risk premium. Others connect it to learning effect (Lewis, 1989) or irrationality (Bilson, 1981) the "peso problem" (Krasker, 1980),

The "peso problem term" was introduced into…...

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REFERENCES

Beng, G.W. And W.K. Siong. (1993) Exchange Rate Expectations and Risk Premium in the Singapore/U.S. Dollar Exchange Rate: Evidence from Survey Data Applied Financial Economics, 3(4), pp. 365-73.

Bilson, John F.O., (1981) The Speculative Efficiency Hypothesis, Journal of Business, 54, pp. 435-452

Cavalgia, S.W., F.C. Verschoor and C.C.P. Wolff (1993a) Further Evidence on Exchange Rate Expectations Journal of International Money and Finance, 12 (1), pp. 78-98.

Cavalgia, S.W., F.C. Verschoor and C.C.P. Wolff (1993b) Asian Exchange Rate Expectations Journal of the Japanese and International Economics, 7(1), pp. 57-77.

Theoretically speaking, there is only one factor affecting the exchange rate of a country adopting a floating exchange rate regime: the supply and demand of the respective currency on the international market. In this sense, if demand exceeds supply, then the value of the currency will go up and the respective currency will appreciate. On the other hand, if supply exceeds demand, the currency will depreciate and the price of the currency will decrease.
Starting from this statement, however, we can discuss several different factors that make the demand and supply vary, affecting thus the exchange. First of all, we have the level of the interest rate in a country. If the interest rates are higher, then foreign investors will choose to enter the national capital markets, purchase local currency and invest in local bonds or T-bills, which bring high returns, due to high interest rates. This mechanism will lead to…...

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Bibliography

1. Fixed and Floating Exchange Rates. (2003). On the Internet at  http://www.tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/exchangerates/fixed_floating.htm 

2. S Johnson (July 2004). Dollar falls as data put focus on U.S. deficit. Financial Times

3. Fixed and Floating Exchange Rates. (2003). On the Internet at

The financial market is a platform where individuals and entities trade financial securities, such as stocks, bonds, and currencies. Its key components include stock exchanges, bond markets, and foreign exchange markets. The main functions of the financial market are to facilitate the allocation of capital, price discovery, and risk management for participants. It also provides liquidity and enables investors to buy and sell financial assets.
The financial market also plays a crucial role in economic growth by channeling funds from savers to borrowers, aiding in capital formation. Additionally, it serves as a barometer of the overall health of the economy, reflecting....

Components of the Financial Market

The financial market is a complex and dynamic system that plays a crucial role in the allocation of capital and the facilitation of economic growth. It consists of various components that interact to facilitate the flow of funds between borrowers and lenders. These components include:

Financial Institutions
Banks: Provide lending, deposit-taking, and other financial services.
Investment banks: Underwrite and sell securities, providing capital to corporations and governments.
Broker-dealers: Execute trades for clients in various financial instruments.
Insurance companies: Provide protection against risk by offering insurance policies.
Mutual funds: Pool investments from multiple individuals to provide diversified portfolios.
....