Fiscal Policy
What are the three major categories of revenues for the federal government? Please comment on each and indicate their relative importance to each other. elative importance can be indicated by dollar amounts, percent of total revenue or expenditure or, though less informative, by ranking.

The three categories of revenues for the federal government include: individual income taxes, corporate income taxes and social insurance taxes. These areas are interconnected to each other based upon: the strength of the economy and areas they are focused on. For example, in 2009 individual income taxes were $1.01 trillion. This is the largest category for revenues received. While corporate income taxes were $223 billion and social insurance receipts were $915 billion. In the case of individual and corporate incomes taxes, the total amounts were impacted by shifts in the economy (which were down from the previous year). While social insurance receipts were up modestly. These…...

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References

The Budget and Economic Outlook. (2009). CBO. Retrieved from:  http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/99xx/doc9957/01-07-outlook.pdf 

Chinese Military Spending a Threat. (2012). Yahoo News. Retrieved from:  http://news.yahoo.com/chinese-military-spending-threat-japan-073505391.html 

Fried, C. (2010). Deficit Reduction Proposals. CBS News. Retrieved from:  http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505123_162-41141567/deficit-reduction-proposals-what-they-could-mean-for-you/?tag=mwuser 

Griffith, J. (2012). Turing the Tide. American Progress Action. Retrieved from:  http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/2012/04/griffith_testimony.html

Fiscal Policy
The three major categories of revenue for the federal government are individual income taxes, corporate income taxes and social insurance taxes. The most important of these are the individual income taxes, which represent 55.1% of the total budget revenues, or $1.396 trillion. The second-most important revenue category is the social insurance taxes, which account for $978 billion, or 34.6% of the total budget revenues. The third-most important category is the corporate income taxes, which amount to $290 billion, or 10.3% of total budget revenues. The "other" category of revenues accounts for the remaining 5.7% of total budget revenues.

The three major categories of expenditures are mandatory spending, discretionary spending and interest. The largest of these is mandatory spending, which accounts for $1.914 trillion, or 57.5% of total outlays. The second-most important category of spending is the discretionary spending, which accounts for $1.189 trillion, or 35.2% of total budget outlays. Interest…...

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Works Cited:

CBO (2009). The budget and economic outlook: Fiscal years 2009 to 2019. Congressional Budget Office. Retrieved February 9, 2013 from  http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/99xx/doc9957/01-07-outlook.pdf 

Fried, C. (2010). Deficit reduction proposals: What they could mean for you. CBS Moneywatch. Retrieved February 9, 2013 from  http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505123_162-41141567/deficit-reduction-proposals-what-they-could-mean-for-you/?tag=mwuser 

Moffat, M. (2013). Aggregate demand and aggregate supply practice question. About.com. Retrieved February 9, 2013 from  http://economics.about.com/od/aggregatedemandsupply/ss/aggregate.htm

Even the state needs resources, so it may decide to borrow money from the bank. JP Morgan could also emit bonds for the government, and a nice fee could be made out of that. However, should government spending be excessive, this could lead to inflation, which would seriously affect the bank's activity and profit margins.
The ways in which JP Morgan would feel the effects of fiscal policies are countless. The conclusion however is that the bank's well-being really depends, just like with all other companies, on the general favorable situation in the economy.

eferences:

1. -- Kelly, Tom- "Economics" - Chapter 12: Fiscal Policy - Baylor Business http://business.baylor.edu/Tom_Kelly/2307ch12.htm

2. Greg Ip. Why Today's Soaring Deficits Don't Inspire Fears; Though New Threats Loom, Complacency Has eigned Since '80s Concerns Faded

. Wall Street Journal. (Eastern edition). New York, N.Y.: Jul 12, 2004. On the Internet at http://gateway.proquest.com.libproxy.unm.edu/openurl-url_ver=Z39.88-2004& res_dat=xri:pqd& rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal& genre=article& rft_dat=xri:pqd:did=000000661569721& svc_dat=xri:pqil:fmt=text& req_dat=xri:pqil:pq_clntid=2877

Kelly, Tom-…...

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References:

1. -- Kelly, Tom- "Economics" - Chapter 12: Fiscal Policy - Baylor Business  http://business.baylor.edu/Tom_Kelly/2307ch12.htm 

2. Greg Ip. Why Today's Soaring Deficits Don't Inspire Fears; Though New Threats Loom, Complacency Has Reigned Since '80s Concerns Faded

. Wall Street Journal. (Eastern edition). New York, N.Y.: Jul 12, 2004. On the Internet at   res_dat=xri:pqd& rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal& genre=article& rft_dat=xri:pqd:did=000000661569721& svc_dat=xri:pqil:fmt=text& req_dat=xri:pqil:pq_clntid=2877http://gateway.proquest.com.libproxy.unm.edu/openurl-url_ver=Z39.88-2004& ;

Kelly, Tom- "Economics" - Chapter 12: Fiscal Policy

Ergo, economic growth through the private sector is not possible without federal deficit. In his own words, "while it is commonly believed that continual budget deficits will bankrupt the nation, in reality, those budget deficits are the only way that our private sector can save and accumulate net financial wealth" (Wray, 2009).
3. The eformation of Entitlement Programs

The article selected to answer the question relative to the future strategies that should be implemented to reform the entitlement programs is also written by andall Wray, not for any other reason but for the curiosity of revealing his stand on the topic. This curiosity is raised by the innovative stand he takes relative to federal debt, making it as such intriguing to identify the author's views relative to other issues as well. This second article is entitled Social Security: Truth or Useful Fictions? And is written in a structured manner so that…...

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References:

Wray, L.R., 2009, Teaching the Fallacy of Composition: The Federal Budget Deficit, Economic Perspectives from Kansas City, last accessed on October 21, 2009http://neweconomicperspectives.blogspot.com/2009/08/teaching-fallacy-of-composition-federal.html

Wray, L.R., 2009, Social Security: Truth or Useful Fictions? Economic Perspectives from Kansas, last accessed on October 21, 2009http://neweconomicperspectives.blogspot.com/2009/08/social-security-truth-or-useful.html

Fiscal policy of the United States is one of increased spending to help stimulate the economy. A good example of this can be seen with the President's proposal to spend $447 billion on encouraging employers to hire new workers and through government infrastructure projects. While at the same time, it is providing assistance to the states to help hire police officers, fireman and teachers. These different elements are important, because they are showing how the U.S. government's fiscal policy is focused on spending more to stimulate economic growth. (Stein, 2011)
Would you describe it as "expansionary" or "contractionary"?

This policy would be described as both expansionary and contractionary. Where, it is spending more money to stimulate the economy. While at the same time, it is relaying on dramatic reductions in spending. This is designed to provide support to those sectors of the economy that need the most assistance. (Stein, 2011)

How can American…...

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Bibliography

Fed Intervenes. (2011). Nikkei. Retrieved from: http://e.nikkei.com/e/fr/tnks/Nni20110318D18JF361.htm

Dapena, P. (2009). Clunkers. CNN. Retrieved from:  http://money.cnn.com/2009/10/28/autos/clunkers_analysis/index.htm 

Fox, E. (2010). How Will the Expiring Bush Tax Cuts Effect You. Forbes. Retrieved from:  http://www.forbes.com/2010/07/22/expiring-bush-cuts-affect-personal-finance-taxes.html 

Prasad, E. (2009). Assessing the G. 20 Stimulus Plans. Brookings Institute. Retrieved from:  http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2009/03_g20_stimulus_prasad.aspx

Fiscal Policy
Between 2007 and 2009 the U.S. economy experienced a severe recession. In an effort to stimulate the economy, the federal government passed a stimulus package. Explain the federal government's use of fiscal policy (the stimulus) to promote growth and employment. Support your ideas with concepts found in the assigned reading. Include the following in your response:

Government spending can contribute a significant amount of economic activity into the economy. hen the government purchases goods and services then this money is injected into the economy. The purchased goods create or sustain jobs that keep people employed. The stimulus can also be used to provide public goods and social services that provide for the less fortunate in society. hen the government injects tax money back into the economy then there is a multiplier effect. As a result of the multiplier effect, small changes in investment or government spending can create much larger…...

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Works Cited

Investopedia. (N.d.). CFA Level 1. Retrieved from Investopedia:  http://www.investopedia.com/exam-guide/cfa-level-1/macroeconomics/multiplier-effect.asp 

Lopes, J. (2010). Re-enactment of the Glass -- Steagall Act 1933: is this a step in the right direction for global financial reform? Law & Financial Markets Review, 4(4), 428-432.

Given that the woman does already own her own property, this greatest capital for self-employment justifies the long-term prospect of self-employment.
3.

Miami-Dade County and the city of Miami have for a number of years remained somewhat ahead of state and nationwide unemployment levels. But as the recession drags on into its 18th month, it is clear that Miami is no longer insulated from the patterns impacting the rest of the nation. Indeed, this last year has seen the unemployment rate in Miami reach heights unseen since the massive influx of immigrants which diluted the job market in the early 1980s. According to an article by Andron (2009), the jobless rate in Miami-Dade county had climbed to 10.6% by this June. The article by Andron explains that though there are signs of economic recovery afoot, cities such as Miami are experiencing a jobless lag based on a long stretch of economic…...

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Works Cited:

Andron, S. (2009). Jobless rate surges in Miami-Dade; 1 in 10 unemployed. The Miami Herald.

Mutikani, L. (2009). WRAPUP 2-U.S. consumer prices confirm inflation in check. Forbes.com.

United States Department of Labor (USDoL). (2009). Regional and State Employment and Unemployment Summary. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Online at  http://www.bls.gov/news.release/laus.nr0.htm

Roberts' tax plan appeared to adequately address and balance these two conflicting concerns, and was defeated for primarily political reasons. Turning to this side of the issue, then, it can be seen that Roberts needs to build better compromises and coalitions, and perhaps find areas of the budget and/or other public policy that can be used to bring certain Republican legislators over to her cause. Political wins often have little to do with practical needs and more to do with appearances, and Roberts might have to "play the game" a little more than she has.
Recommendations

It does not appear likely that Oregon has anything like the clarity and consistency needed to create market-like equilibrium when it comes to the funding and spending of state programs, such as are proposed in the Tiebout Model. Rather than attempting to achieve this type of equilibrium or political consistency, then, it is recommended that…...

Decisions and policy changes have implications all around the globe, not just in the nation that makes these changes. Improving a nation's current account, which is a product of a depreciating dollar where investors move their money to foreign currencies and trade products, also helps to boost the legitimacy and perceived strength of an economy.
In Canada, this has the effect of depreciating the currency and boosting aggregate demand, which also helps to boost the country's GDP (Beetsma, Giuliodori, and Klaasen, 2006). This is a positive development within the economic functions of a country like Canada, whose currency has much influence on its trade deficit. It can be seen that economic and fiscal policy within the borders of one country often affects others around the world. There are many different fiscal policy tools and methods of manipulating action within the economy. The global economic recession has helped to illustrate this…...

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Works Cited

Andersen, T.M. (2007). "Fiscal Policy Coordination and International Trade." Economica.

Vol. 74, No. 1. pp. 235 -- 257.

Andres, Javier and Rafael Domenech. (2006). "Automatic stabilizers, fiscal rules and macroeconomic stability." European Economic Review. Vol. 50, No. 6. pp 1487-1506.

Beetsma, R., Giuliodori, M. And Klaassen, F. (2006), "Trade spill-overs of fiscal policy in the European Union: a panel analysis." Economic Policy. Vol. 21, No. 1. pp. 639 -- 687.

Fiscal Policy
The economic contraction also meant a decrease in demand, due to decreasing purchasing power for the consumers. The decrease in demand led to contracting businesses, resulting in increased unemployment, since the firms had less need for labor, given the fact that the demand decreased, along with the amount of business.

Traditionally, during a recession and after, the fiscal policy is designed so as to restart the economy. Restarting the economy means encouraging the businesses to produce to the levels prior to the recession, to create jobs and boost employment. With this in mind, the fiscal policy is designed to create the necessary facilities for the businesses in a tough economic environment, previously characterized by an economic contraction.

In order to encourage economic growth, there are two main, generally accepted fiscal policies that the government can apply. One is to lower taxes, the other is to increase governmental spending, in order to…...

Fiscal Policy:
The United States fiscal policy affects all types of economic and financial decisions within the country. In addition, the U.S. fiscal policy has significant financial and economic effects on other countries across the globe because America is the largest economy worldwide. Generally, monetary policy is geared towards influencing the performance of an economy as evident in various factors like employment, economic output, and inflation ("U.S. Monetary Policy," n.d.). This is achieved through the effect of the policy on demand across the economy i.e. The willingness of individuals and firms to spend on goods and services. Some of the most common monetary policy tools that affect demand include government spending and taxes. However, many individuals remain largely unfamiliar with fiscal policy and its related tools. As the nation's central bank, the Federal eserve System carries out monetary policy and influences demand through either increasing or lessening short-term interest rates.

Effect…...

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References:

"Bailout." (n.d.). Investopedia. Retrieved March 8, 2013, from  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bailout.asp#axzz2MxjuulOz 

Miller, S. (2008, November 30). Government Bailouts: Good or Bad for America? Retrieved

March 8, 2013, from  http://www.articlesbase.com/business-articles/government-bailouts-good-or-bad-for-america-665232.html 

"U.S. Monetary Policy: An Introduction." (n.d). About the Fed. Retrieved March 8, 2013, from  http://www.frbsf.org/publications/federalreserve/monetary/index.html

Fiscal Policy
Effects of Fiscal Policy

Suppose the government imposes tax cuts for 95% of all households. How does this affect Wal Mart?

The impact of tax cuts on households will result in an increase in spending. This is because families will have more disposable income available (which can be used to purchase a variety of goods and services). Over the years, this policy has been utilized to stimulate economic growth. A good example of this occurred in 1964, when Congress enacted 18% tax cuts to spur consumer spending. The results were that the economy showed consistent levels of strengths throughout the 1960s. ("Do Tax Cuts Stimulate the Economy," 2010)

In the case of Wal Mart, this will lead to an increase in profit margins, sales and earnings. The reason why, is because the firm is one of the largest discount retailers in the world. The fact that the economy has continued to…...

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References

Do Tax Cuts Stimulate the Economy? (2010). Investopedia. Retrieved from:  http://www.investopedia.com/articles/07/tax_cuts.asp#axzz1tGBC4qez 

Hawley Smoot Tariff. (2012). U.S. State Department. Retrieved from: http://future.state.gov/when/timeline/1921_timeline/smoot_tariff.html

Farfan, B. (2009). April 2009 Same Store Sales Figures. Retail Industry. Retrieved from:  http://retailindustry.about.com/od/samestoresalesfigures/a/april2009samestoresales.htm 

Freedman, M. (1997). The Case for Free Trade. Hoover. Retrieved from:  http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/7125

fiscal policy is one of the tools available to the government to influence the national economy and to make an effort to bring positive changes in it. The term fiscal policy refers to the disbursement made by the government to provide goods and services to the general public. Moreover, it is considered as a means to finance different government expenditures including expenditures for providing goods and services to the general public, spending on defense of the country, investing in different development projects etc.
In this regard, government uses two methods of financing. First is through taxation and the second is through borrowing. While considering the issue of taxation, it can be said that taxation can be implemented in a number of ways. For instance, in developed economies, taxation ranges from personal to corporate income. There are also some value added taxes as well some collection of revenue through royalties and…...

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References

Fiscal Policy: from the World Wide Web:  http://www.finpipe.com/fiscpol.htm 

N. Gregory Mankiw: Macroeconomics: Worth Publishing: July 1999

At a general level, the fiscal policy decreased the individuals' purchasing powers, which subsequently translated into lower levels of consumption. In other words, people bought commodities at higher prices, but they lowered their purchase volumes. The government will probably end up with the same level of federal revenues, but their collection structure will suffer modifications. In other words, the same amount of taxes was once collected through lower taxes and higher purchases, whereas now, the same amount of revenues is collected through higher taxes, but lowered purchase volumes.

The second part of the fiscal policy materialized in even more devastating impacts. The first impact was felt by the economic agents who first registered decreasing sales of their products and services. Secondly, they suffered as they were forced to pay higher taxes and contributions to the state budgets. Their organizational revenues were as such subjected to a dual hit. The result was…...

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References:

Auerbach, A.J., 1997, Fiscal policy: lessons from economic research, MIT Press, ISBN 0262011603

Michele, H., 2006, Fiscal policy and monetary policy: how they work together to stabilize the economy, Associated Content,   last accessed on October 5, 2010http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/57081/fiscal_policy_and_monetary_policy_how.html?cat=3 

O'Grady, S., 2010, Greece paves way for IMF rescue deal by agreeing savage cuts, The Independent,   last accessed on October 5, 2010http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-paves-way-for-imf-rescue-deal-by-agreeing-savage-cuts-1959630.html 

Monetary fiscal policy, Country Studies,   last accessed on October 5, 2010http://countrystudies.us/united-states/economy-7.htm 

Monetary vs. Fiscal Policy
With the onset of the "Great ecession" and its aftermath, U.S. Government institutions unleashed a torrent of fiscal and monetary policy activities designed to forestall an economic calamity. Two years after the official end of the recession in July 2009, fiscal and monetary policy levers are still active in their attempt to jumpstart an economy that has been anemic in its growth rates and slow to add private sector jobs. Fiscal and monetary policies are critical to engendering an environment in which individuals and business can work, save, and invest and thereby advance the economy in aggregate.

Fiscal and Monetary Policy and their Influences

"Fiscal policy refers to the government's choices regarding the overall level of government purchases or taxes" (Mankiw, N.G. 2009. P.371); while monetary policy is concerned with "decisions by policy makers regarding the nation's money supply" (Mankiw, N.G. 2009. P.232). Fiscal policy tools impact the economy…...

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References

Federal Reserve.gov. (2011). Monetary Policy. Federal Reserve.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2011 from  http://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/openmarket.htm 

Mankiw, N.G. (2009). Brief Principles of Macroeconomics (5th ed.). Mason, Ohio:

South- Western Cengage Learning

U.S. Treasury.gov. (2011). U.S. Treasury Mission. U.S. Treasury.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2011 from  http://www.treasury.gov/Pages/default.aspx

Essay Topics Related to President Trump and President Biden

Domestic Policy

Fiscal Policy Differences: Examine the contrasting approaches to fiscal policy employed by Presidents Trump and Biden, highlighting their impact on the economy and national debt.
Immigration Reform: Analyze the evolution of immigration policies under Presidents Trump and Biden, considering their motivations, implementation, and implications for the nation.
Healthcare Debate: Discuss the heated debate on healthcare under Presidents Trump and Biden, examining the Affordable Care Act, Medicaid expansion, and drug pricing reforms.
Education Reform: Compare the educational initiatives and policies proposed by Presidents Trump and Biden, evaluating their effectiveness and potential....

Consumer Confidence and Economic Growth

Consumer confidence serves as a vital indicator of the overall economic health of a nation. It measures the level of optimism and trust consumers have in the economy, directly influencing their spending patterns and investment decisions. Changes in consumer confidence can have a profound impact on economic growth.

Positive Changes in Consumer Confidence

When consumer confidence is high, individuals are more likely to spend money on discretionary items, such as travel, entertainment, and durable goods. This increased spending stimulates economic activity, leading to higher production, job creation, and overall economic growth.

Increased Consumer Spending: Consumers with strong confidence....

Impact of Commercial Office Space Tax on the Market
The imposition of a tax on commercial office space can have far-reaching implications for the real estate market. Here's an analysis of how the market typically responds to such a tax:
1. Reduced Demand and Renting Activity:
The tax increases the cost of occupying commercial office space, making it less affordable for businesses.
As a result, demand for office space declines, leading to a decrease in renting activity.
Tenants may seek alternative, less expensive options, such as subletting, co-working spaces, or working remotely.
2. Lower Rental Rates:
With reduced demand, landlords must adjust their....

Mixed Economies: Striking a Balance Between Intervention and Market Freedom

Mixed economies represent a hybrid economic model that combines elements of both government intervention and free market principles. This delicate balance aims to leverage the strengths of both systems while mitigating their respective drawbacks. Understanding how mixed economies achieve this equilibrium is crucial for grasping their complexities.

Government Intervention

Government intervention in mixed economies primarily focuses on areas where the free market has proven inadequate or inefficient. This includes:

Public Goods and Services: The provision of essential goods and services, such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure, that are not adequately supplied by private....