How does risk affect a company\'s financial decisions? What risks should a CFO consider in making a decision? Name at least five and describe each.To a large extent, the impact that risk has on the financial decisions of a company depends on the kind of financial decision being made. For instance, when it comes to capital structure decisions, a company could shy away from a high level of debt-to-equity ratio in an uncertain business environment (Fibozzi and Drake, 2009). This is more so the case given that significant debt could expose the company to a higher bankruptcy risk. The five examples of risk that a CFO ought to take into consideration have been highlighted below:a) Interest Rate Risk: This has got to do with the effect of shifting interest rates as it could have an impact on many other factors such as cost of borrowing.b) Financial Risk: This could relate…...

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References

Fabozzi, F.J. & Drake, P.P. (2009). Finance: Capital Markets, Financial Management, and Investment Management. John Wiley & Sons.

Melicher, R.W. & Norton, E.A. (2019). Introduction to finance: Markets, investments, and financial management (17th ed.). Wiley & Sons.

Financial esource Management
eaching a financial decision regarding heath care services

All forms of industries deemed financial management as expressive in origin till the 1960's. Its basic and sole role was to ensure financing for completing the business's operatives and functions. The department for business planning or marketing would project a net total for meeting the services and meeting daily demands; managers would calculate the assets required to complete a given project needed, equipment's, supplies and building. Financial management is a field which focuses on business securities as well as the markets in which they are in key demand. Also, more emphasis is made on how businesses can tap new markets and unlock their hidden potential. As a result, financial management books were pretty explanatory and predictable in origin during those times. (Sandrick, 2008).

These days, financial management plays a pivotal role in day-to-day operations of a business. The responsibility of financial management…...

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References

Allen, S., and M. Bombardieri. 2008. "A Healthcare System Badly Out of Balance." The Boston Globe, November 16.

Glaeser, E.L. 2004. "The Governance of Not-for-Profit Organizations." The International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law 6 (3).

Halvorson, G.C. 2005. "Healthcare Tipping Points." Healthcare Financial Management (March): 74 -- 80.

Helvin, L.K. 2008. "Caring for the Uninsured: Are Not-for-Profit Hospitals Doing Their Share?" Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics (summer): 421 -- 70.

If this investment was financed entirely with debt, the new capital structure would be 67.2% debt and 32.8% equity. If this investment was financed entirely with equity, the new capital structure would be 30.5% debt and 69.5% equity.
One rule of thumb for making such a decision is to match the asset type with the financing. Therefore, an asset that is expected to have a service life of five years would be financed with a five-year bond issue, so that the cash flows from the asset can be used to cover the costs of financing. In this case, the asset life is not known, so any financing type can be used.

Internal cash is not possible because the firm likely does not have $10 million in cash if it only has $17.2 million in assets and $17.5 million in annual revenues. A debt issue will leave the firm with a significantly…...

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Works Cited:

Investopedia. (2010). Net present value -- NPV. Investopedia. Retrieved October 2, 2010 from  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/npv.asp 

Wang, J. (2003). Capital asset pricing model. MIT. Retrieved October 2, 2010 from  http://web.mit.edu/15.407/file/Ch11.pdf 

Yahoo! Finance. (2010). Advanced bond screener. Yahoo!. Retrieved October 2, 2010 from http://reports.finance.yahoo.com/z1?b=1&so=a&sf=m&tt=1&stt=-&pr=0&cpl=-1&cpu=-1&yl=-1&yu=-1&ytl=-1&ytu=-1&mtl=6&mtu=24&rl=-1&ru=-1&cll=-1

MSN Moneycentral. (2010). Magna International financial statements. MSN Moneycentral. Retrieved October 2, 2010 from  http://moneycentral.msn.com/investor/invsub/results/statemnt.aspx?Symbol=MGA&lstStatement=Balance&stmtView=Ann

Financial Decision Making
The cliche "you get what you measure" refers to the way the choice of what to measure and how to measure it will impact on perceptions and actions. It is important that the correct measures are chosen that are aligned with the end goal; choosing wrong measure can give misleading information that may not provide the data needed and it may obscure the information that is needed for goals to be archived.

For example, if a firm is to be judged as a potential investment based on profitability, one may use profit margin or actual monetary profit level. If two firms have two different EBT margins, one at 2% and one at 15%, an investor may believe that the firm giving a 15% return is a better investment. However, if that firm is small and only has a low turnover a5% may be a very low turnover, and the…...

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Question 3

Part A

The apparent profitability of a department will dependent on the way their costs and revenues are accounted for. In firms where there are several departments there will be overhead costs associated with resources which are used by all departments (Burns, Quinn, Warren, & Oliveira, 2013). For example, marketing may be undertaken for the firm as a whole, the HR and finance department may deal with all staff for all departments and if different divisions all share the same locations, there will be costs for the utilities and the maintenance which need to be shared out (Burns et al., 2013). The way these are shared out between the divisions will not impact on the bottom line for the firm as a whole, but it may impact on the apparent profitability of the different

budget process, "make" or "buy" decisions, and non-financial performance measures.
The initial budget process starts with the existing budget, and the information in this budget should be verified, and reconciled against actual performance. You have to know that your starting point is accurate. The second step in the budgeting process is to determine the information flows and measures that will be used to create the budget. A budget depends on having accurate information, and this step is necessary to ensure that the information is accurate. The third step in the budgeting process is to determine a methodology that will be used. When you have an existing budget and an ongoing business, that is usually the starting point, but there are still several different choices of methodology that can be used. Choose the one that is optimal for the type of business and its situation. The final step is to make…...

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References

Putra, L. (2014). Essential five steps on budgeting process. Accounting: Financial and Tax. Retrieved December 10, 2016 from  http://accounting-financial-tax.com/2009/02/essential-five-steps-on-budgeting-process/

The main purpose of this research study is to understand the psychology of decision-making and management of households with respect to Arab students living abroad. The study will take into consideration the impact of the difference in culture and also the influence of such culture in dealing with bank interest. The research model used in this study is the addition of a moderating variable. The data will be collected through questionnaires that will be designed, piloted, and distributed to the target population. Questionnaires will be designed in a way that can manage to gather accurate information on the aspects of psychology, financial decision-making and management of households. It is expected that the construction of accounts subsequent to considering the ambiguous expense, classification of expenses into different categories and psychology of belief in Islamic law, have a positive relationship with the level of spending and financial decision-making. Secondly, classification of expenses…...

Asking for $2.5 million in loan to purchase and develop land and construct a 6,000-foot travel center.
Competitive issues -- Center will be located between Hwy 45 and 635; there is high visibility, good access, limited competition, good traffic potential.

Market segmentation -- Will offer gas, convenience store items, restrooms, showers, game rooms, trucker lounge, scales, parking -- meant to be a regular stop for truckers on busy U.S. route.

Staff -- Initially run by management team; with supplemental hourly wage staff for check out, cooking, dining, hotel maintenance, etc. Owners to take $50K each for salary, total payroll just under $500,000 per annum.

Silvera and Sons Coffee Export -- Prepares green Arabia coffee beans grown in Brazil for export to the U.S. (specialty roasters) and then sell to Brazilian wholesalers. Asking for investment to expand from 72,000 bags per year to 120-160 bags per year. Coffee differentiates because it is high end,…...

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REFERENCES

Acme Consulting Business Plan. Retrieved from:  http://www.paloalto.com/sampleplans/bpp7/enu/live/acmeconsulting_live.pdf 

Interstate Travel Center Business Plan. Retrieved from:

 http://www.bplans.com/truck_stop_business_plan/executive_summary_fc.php 

Silvera and Sons Coffee Export Business Plan. Retrieved from:

Psychology, Financial Decision-Making, and Household Management
Reason for Selecting Subject

The reason I chose this subject is that in the recent times, the aspect of financial education and understanding has become a contentious and significant one. Its importance has been realized largely because there is increasing intricacy of financial products and also the increasing accountability and liability of people with respect to their own financial well-being. It is imperative to note that knowledgeable, financially educated customers are more capable of making proper decisions for their households and as a result are better suited to enhance their economic and financial security and welfare (Hilgert and Hogarth, 2003). What is more, in accordance to behavioral economics, psychology plays a significant role in the financial and economic decisions made within the household. For instance, consumers with a great amount of money will spend less as compared to consumers with smaller amounts. The same case applies…...

Ethics and Accounting - Financial Decision-Making
Ethics in Accounting and Financial Decision Making

The article Ethical guidance and constraints under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 by .M. Orin (2008), espouses the belief that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act did not go far enough in its desire to stop unethical financial practices by businesses. The article addresses what the Act actually does, which is to help companies practice more due diligence and lessen the chances of getting involved in unethical financial practices. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act involves important legal issues. The due diligence is one of those issues, but another is the need for accountants and lawyers to report the corporations they work with for wrongdoing if they see or suspect a serious financial issue (Coffee, 2002). This has been a concern for some because it technically compromises the attorney-client privilege. This was necessary, though, in the face of all of the corporate scandals that came…...

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References

Coffee, J.C. Jr. (2002, September). Leading issues under Sarbanes-Oxley, Part 1, New York Law Journal: 5.

Koehn, J.L. & Del Vecchio, S.C. (2004, February). Ripple effects of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The CPA Journal: 36-40.

Orin, R.M. (2008). Ethical guidance and constraints under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Journal of Accounting Auditing and Finance: 141-171.

Financial analysts play a number of roles within an organization. They made assessments of the value of investments the firm has or may have in the future. They can specialize in determining the value of projects. In addition, financial analysts are engaged in risk assessment, and take steps to determining the best ways for the firm to mitigate the risks that have been identified. Overall, financial analysts use a multitude of different knowledge sets including taxes, finance, economics and risk management to assist the company in making the best financial decisions for the firm (BLS, 2010).
a )The net profit would be the gross profit less operating expenses, interest expenses and tax expenses. Thus, the net profit is: $1,000,000 - $345,000 - $125,000 = $530,000. From this the taxes are removed: $530,000 * (1-.3) = $371,000. The preferred stock dividends of $57,000 must then be removed in order to determine the…...

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Works Cited

BLS. (2010). Occupational Outlook Handbook 2010-11 Edition. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved May 21, 2011 from  http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos301.htm 

Loth, R. (2011). Financial ratios tutorial. Investopedia. Retrieved May 21, 2011 from  http://www.investopedia.com/university/ratios/

Aside the attraction of customers, the money invested in marketing have created the desired outcome of a strong and reputable brand. Another pivotal element in the financial strategies has been that of maximizing the efficiency of managing inventories. This was necessary in order to continually strengthen the brand as well as achieve the profitability goals. Alongside with operating principles, supply-chain renovation and inventory management, financial management represents the pillar of the Nike business model (Filbeck, Krueger and Preece, 2007).
7. Discussion

It is extremely difficult to generalize the approaches of multinational organizations to financial management as each individual entity will employ those courses of action which best suit its needs as well as its characteristics. Whilst Ford continued to invest its resources in the manufacturing of large and luxurious vehicles in an attempt to drive the market, McDonald's has recognized the necessity in satisfying customer needs and has as such made…...

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References:

Adams, B., 2007, McDonald's Strange Menu Around the World, Trifter,   last accessed on July 13, 2009http://www.economywatch.com/finance/financial-management.html 

Filbeck, G., Krueger, T., Preece, D., 2007, CFO Magazine's "Working Capital Survey": Do Selected Firms Work for Shareholders? Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics, Vol. 46

Nizamuddin, A.M., 2007, Multinational Corporations and Economic Development: The Lessons of Singapore, International Social Science Review, Vol. 82

Schindehutte, M., Morris, M.H., Kocak, A., 2008, Understanding market-Driving Behavior: The Role of Entrepreneurship, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 46

The ratios that derive from the financial accounting statements are used frequently in finance to determine the health of a company (Russo, n.d). hen a lender wants to know what interest rate to charge a borrower, it looks at the liquidity and solvency ratios of the company to determine the likelihood of default, and assigns the interest rate based on that analysis. This is just another example of how the information that accountants compile and audit is used in financial management.

The same can be said for the investments side of finance. For example, when one wants to invest in a company, or in derivatives relating to that company, accounting information is critical. Usually this is financial accounting information, but if managerial accounting data can be found then that is also sometimes used. Formulas such as Black-Scholes are used to value derivate holdings of companies for the production of financial accounting…...

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Works Cited:

Russo, S. (no date). The importance of financial information. Valencia College. Retrieved February 5, 2013 from  http://faculty.valenciacollege.edu/srusso/ch18bus.htm 

Simpson, S. (2011). The difference between finance and economics. Investopedia. Retrieved February 5, 2013 from  http://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/11/difference-between-finance-and-economics.asp#axzz2K45yGnjc

Financial Analysis of Affordable Health Care Plan in Maryland
The implementation of the Affordable Health Care Plan in Maryland requires comprehensive analysis of the financial aspects of this health policy relative to its health benefits, especially in enhancing health coverage to the low-income individuals and families in this state. The financial analysis process of this health policy requires identifying the most suitable means for addressing financial uncertainties in the process and examining the economic viability and financial aspects of allocation process. These are crucial elements to consider because they affect the economic feasibility of the proposed health policy and helps in determining its suitability in addressing the existing health care issues and concerns.

According to McLaughlin & McLaughlin (2014), there are three major approaches that can be used to handle important uncertainties in the financial analysis of a proposed health policy (p.302). These three approaches are adding a risk premium to the…...

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References

"How Will the Uninsured in Maryland Fare Under the Affordable Care Act?" (2014, January 6). The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved September 20, 2015, from  http://kff.org/health-reform/fact-sheet/state-profiles-uninsured-under-aca-maryland/ 

McLaughlin, C.P. & McLaughlin, C.D. (2014). Health policy analysis: an interdisciplinary approach (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Financial Stakeholders in a Business
Main financial stakeholders, their power and influence in a business

Stakeholders refer to people affected or have an interest in the objectives and operations of the business. The business has a variety of stakeholder segments, which have been broadly categorized as follows:

The classification of stakeholders varies in terms of interests to the activities of the business and their power to influence key decisions. The fact is that key stakeholders do not enjoy equality in terms of their influence and power. This is evident across all business sectors. Senior managers tend to have more influence compared to mere environmental activists (Schaltegger & Burritt, 2010). The table below defines the main financial stakeholders and their impact on the business:

Main financial stakeholders

Main Interests

Impact on the Business

Shareholders

Dividends, share price growth and profit growth

Election of directors

Banks & other Lenders

Principal and interest to be repaid maintain a credit rating (Schaltegger & Burritt,…...

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References

Cowton, C., & Haase, M. (2008). Trends in business and economic ethics. Berlin: Springer.

Dawkins, S. (2007). CIMA Exam Practice Kit Management Accounting Decision Management: 2007 Edition. Burlington: Elsevier Science & Technology.

Dayananda, D. (2012). Capital budgeting: Financial appraisal of investment projects. Cambridge [u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Lewis, R., & Trevitt, R. (2013). Financial accounting. Cheltenham: Nelson Thomas.

The financial strategy establishes the budgets for all organizational departments, and as such directly influences the performances and resources of the respective departments. The financial strategy ascertains whether the company would be able to adequately research the market, identify customer needs and properly address and serve the target market. The financial strategy also defines the levels of product development and specialization, which directly influences the levels of customer satisfaction and adjacently the organizational sales.
All in all, the financial strategy is one key factor in attaining organizational success and it is an integrant party of the overall business model. In other words, it has to be factored in when making any business decision and in turn, the financial strategy has to be created in such a manner that it supports the company in attaining its objectives.

In such a context then, the economic agents have to place a greater emphasis on…...

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References:

Burk, J.E., Lehman, R.P., 2004, Financing your small business, Sphinx Pub.

Graham, T., 2007, CIMA exam practice kit management accounting financial strategy, 3rd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann

Shapiro, J., Developing a financing strategy, Civicus, last accessed on October 20, 2011http://www.civicus.org/new/media/Developing%20a%20Financing%20Strategy.pdf

Financial strategy, ADVFN,   last accessed on October 20, 2011http://www.advfn.com/money-words_term_7104_Financial_strategy.html 

Planning for the Future: Lessons from the Headlines

In an era marked by rapid technological advancements, geopolitical shifts, and environmental challenges, effective planning has become more essential than ever. The news headlines are replete with stories that highlight the importance of foresight and adaptability in navigating an increasingly complex world.

Climate Change Adaptation

The devastating effects of climate change are making it imperative for communities and governments to plan for extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and other climate-related risks. The recent floods in Pakistan, which displaced millions of people and caused widespread damage, serve as a sobering reminder of the urgent need....

1. The role of transparency and accountability in local government financial reporting
2. The impact of fiscal decentralization on local government accounting practices
3. Balancing fiscal responsibility and service delivery in local government budgets
4. The challenges of measuring efficiency and effectiveness in local government expenditures
5. The ethical considerations of financial decision-making in local government
6. The role of technology in improving local government financial management
7. The implications of political influence on local government accounting practices
8. The challenges of integrating sustainability goals into local government budgets
9. The importance of citizen engagement in local government financial decision-making
10.....

Key Factors Contributing to the Persistence of Poverty in America

Poverty, a multifaceted issue that afflicts millions of Americans, is a persistent problem that has plagued the United States for decades. Understanding the complex interplay of factors that perpetuate poverty is essential for developing effective strategies to break its cycle. Here are some of the key factors contributing to the persistence of poverty in America:

1. Economic Inequality:

The gap between the wealthy and the poor has widened significantly over the past several decades. This growing inequality limits economic mobility and opportunity for low-income individuals, leaving them vulnerable to poverty.
Lack of....

1. Integrity: Accounting professionals should uphold high standards of honesty, integrity, and trustworthiness in all their professional and personal dealings.

2. Objectivity: Accountants should remain impartial and unbiased in their work, providing accurate and reliable information without allowing personal interests or biases to influence their judgment.

3. Confidentiality: Accountants have a responsibility to maintain the confidentiality of client information and to ensure that sensitive financial data is protected from unauthorized disclosure.

4. Professional competence: Accountants should strive to maintain high levels of expertise and professionalism in their field, staying up-to-date on relevant laws, regulations, and best practices.

5. Professional behavior: Accountants should conduct themselves....