Fourth, as fiber optic lacks conductivity it does not heat up, expand, contract or lose any of its conductivity properties over time. Fiber optic cable therefore has a lower Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) as a result of not having to contend with the continual wear and tear on the metallurgical values of the wire (Ferelli, 23, 24).
The Specific Advantages of Fiber Cabling over Copper:

Taking a Closer Look

It's been established in this analysis that fiber optic cabling can support single-mode and multimode fibers which further differentiates this cabling technology from copper. There are finer gradations of differences in fiber optics vs. copper cabling however that is also explained here. First, fiber optic cables can also be built to order depending on their wavelength range, maximum propagation distance, maximum bitrates, and potential for cross-talk between wires. There are no configuration options for ordering copper cable that are comparable to these.…...

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References

R.P. Davey, D. Nesset, a. Rafel, D.B. Payne, and a. Hill. "Designing long reach optical access networks. " BT Technology Journal 24.2 (2006): 13.

Mark Ferelli. "Fibre channel momentum builds in enterprise and clustering markets. " Computer Technology Review: Storage Inc. 1 Jul 1998

Hatfield, D., W. Lamb, and L. Tegarden. "On the Shoulders of Giants: Co-location with Dominant Firms in the Emerging Fiber Optics Industry. " Industry and Innovation 14.5 (2007)

James Hunt. "A new way to monitor using fibreoptics. " Sensor Review 28.3 (2008): 199.

(Lesser underground cabling). Signal degradation is also less in optical fibres compared to coaxial copper cables. From the security perspective as well optical fibres are more dependable. Since they are safe from any kind of electrical or magnetic interference installation engineers have great relief as they do not have worry about the proximity of the cable to other electrical installations. Further, the absence of current implies that there is absolutely no interference between adjacent fibres, which means clear reception of signals. [ell College]
One aspect to consider however is the difficulty with respect to splicing two ends of an optical fiber. Unlike copper wires that can be simply soldered, joining optical fibres is more complex and requires precision. High cost is also factor to be considered as optical transmitters and receivers are much expensive and further, optical fibres are always at risk for 'fiber fuse', which can destroy the cable.…...

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Bibliography

Jeff Hecht, "A short History of Fiber Optics," Accessed on July 13th 2005, Available at  http://www.sff.net/people/Jeff.Hecht/history.html 

David R. Goff, "Fiber Optic Reference Guide: A Brief History of Fiber Optic Technology' 3rd Edition, Focal Press, 2002

http://www.fiber-optics.info/fiber-history.htm

Bell College, "Fiber Optics," Accessed on 13th July 2005, http://floti.bell.ac.uk/MathsPhysics/introduction.htm

In choosing to define standards and frequency spectrum levels of this stands, the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee chose to define a very broad public spectrum, which would allow for more efficient use of the standard for LA
and WAN deployments. The IEEE Standards Committee defined the range of 2.4GHz to 5 GHz as the public spectrum band that could be accessed and used for over-air modulation and demodulation. WiFi is the popular term used to refer to 802.11-based networks and their use at the lower ends of the public spectrum band.

The IEEE Standards committee also defined five variations of the 802.11 standard during its initial working sessions in the 1999 -- 2000 timeframe. The initial 802.11a standard was introduced in 1999, having an operating frequency of 5 GHz with a speed of 23 Mbits/second. The 802.11g standard was first introduced in 2003, and supported a 2.4 GHz operating frequency. The…...

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References

Arnold, S.. "MapReduce, Chubby and Hadoop. " KM World 1 Nov. 2010

Michael Cho-Hoi Chek, Yu-Kwong Kwok. "Design and evaluation of practical coexistence management schemes for Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11b systems*. " Computer Networks 51, 52, 55-60 .8 (2007): 2086.

R.P. Davey, D. Nesset, a. Rafel, D.B. Payne, and a. Hill. "Designing long reach optical access networks. " BT Technology Journal 24.2 (2006): 13.

Mark Ferelli. "Fibre channel momentum builds in enterprise and clustering markets. " Computer Technology Review: Storage Inc. 1 Jul 1998

Benefits and Disadvantages of Using Fiber Optics for Communication

There are a variety of benefits and disadvantages to using fiber optics for communication. The primary benefit of fiber optics is its bandwidth capacity. Optical signals have a much greater capacity for information than electrical signals. Scocco (2006) notes that the most advanced copper cables can only carry 1 GB/second. Optical fibers can theoretically carry 350 TB/second (350,000 GB/second). Even though this is a theoretical number, currently telecom carriers are already packing more than 1 TB/second, with a single optical fiber. Currently, using DSL technology, the twisted copper pair is use today can only transmit approximately 50 MB/second. In addition, signal reliability is significantly greater with fiber optics. Lastly, the size and weight of fiber optics is a fraction of that of coaxial cables. Yet, despite these benefits, there are disadvantages to fiber optical cables for communication as well.

Cost is perhaps the…...

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References

Fibre optics. (2009). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from Encyclopaedia Britannica Online:  http://www.search.eb.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/eb/article-9034170 

Hayes, J. (2005). Fiber optics technician's manual. Forence, KY: Thomson Delmar Learning.

Laser. (2009). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from Encyclopaedia Britannica Online:  http://www.search.eb.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/eb/article-256345 

Scocco, D. (21 Jul 2006). The pros and cons of fiber optics. Retrieved December 5, 2009, from  http://innovationzen.com/blog/2006/07/21/the-pros-and-cons-of-fiber-optics/ .

FDDI's emergence as a networking interface standard is assured given its adoption across both Token ing and TCP/IP-based networks and heterogeneous LANs that rely in large part on Fiber Optic cabling to ensure the highest level of performance possible.
Summary

Fiber optic cablings' unique set of advantages makes this specific type of connectivity solution ideal for high bandwidth requirements of LANs and WANs that transmit voice and data as the majority of their traffic. It departments that choose to implement Fiber Optics as their backbone cabling standard often include a series of repeaters to ensure the signals sent are strengthened before they reach their destination system. The development of cabling techniques for allowing for synchronous communication is also significantly changing how fiber optic cabling is used.

The role of fiber optic cabling in the creation of networks is clearly seen in the context of the OSI Model. The Data Link layer of…...

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References

ARC Electronics, (2007). BRIEF OVER VIEW of FIBER OPTIC CABLE ADVANTAGES OVER COPPER. Retrieved October 10, 2007, from Arc Electronics Web site:  http://www.arcelect.com/fibercable.htm 

Barry, S, & Jones, J (2004). Hardware and the OSI Model for the CCNA Exam. CCNA Exam Cram Book, 1, Retrieved October 10, 2007, at  http://www.examcram2.com/articles/article.asp?p=169517&rl=1 .

Webopedia (2007). What is fiber optics?. Retrieved October 10, 2007, from Webopedia Web site:  http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/fiber_optics.html 

Cisco Systems, (2006). FDDI Documentation. Retrieved October 9, 2007, from Cisco FDDI Documentation Web site:  http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/fddi.htm#wp1020577

Scientific Principles: "Timeline in Optics"
It is very clear that Optics is the physical science that examines the source and broadcast of light, how it fluctuates, what effects it yields, and other marvels that are connected with this interesting science. Many science nerds may be unaware that there are two divisions of optics. One of those divisions is called the Physical optics. The physical optics is related to the properties and nature of light itself. Also, it is clear that the geometrical optics are what concentrates with the principles leading image-forming assets of mirrors, and lenses, other devices, for example optical data computers.

This "Timeline in Optics" puts the emphasis on important developments and events in the science of optics from prehistory to the start of the 21st century. It likewise consist of associated expansions in other fields (the evolution of processors) and interconnected highpoints in the human worldview.

Concept

People rely on optics…...

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References

Darrigol, O. (2012). A History of Optics from Greek Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1 edition.

Fowles, G.R. (2009). Introduction to Modern Optics (Dover Books on Physics). New York City: Dover Publications; 2 edition.

J.Valasek. (1997). Introduction to Theoretical and Experimental Optics. Journal of Optics, 23(9), 34-45.

S, F.L. (2007). Introduction to Optics. Lansing: Prentice Hall.

Hiring Decision: Sales Manager
Important Considerations

Before deliberating on the best choice for the aforementioned position, it would be prudent to highlight a number of key aspects in relation to the case. To begin with, it is important to note that the performance of the sales division has not been exceptional in the recent past. The sales manager in this case will therefore be expected to play a critical role towards the successful revival of the division. An individual with some experience and/or knowledge of sales and marketing will therefore be appropriate for the position. The position will also require an individual who is not only knowledgeable but also sophisticated, and articulate especially in matters revolving around fiber optics. In addition to being willing to spend their free time with clients, successful applicants will also be required to travel extensively throughout the week.

Evaluation of Candidates

In the words of Gitman and McDaniel (2008),…...

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References

Gitman, L.J. & McDaniel, C.D. (2008). The Future of Business: The Essentials (4th ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.

Sims, R.R. (2002). Organizational Success through Effective Human Resources Management. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing.

Network/IT Communications
Selecting the type of cable to be used when developing a LAN from the ground up can be a complex process with many considerations, including issues of functionality and of cost. Twisted pair cables provide a cheaper alternative to other cable types and are also the most flexible type of cable, but they are less secure and are more prone to losses in data integrity than are other standard cable types (Hsieh, 2012). Fiber optic cables provide the best protection against interference and are the most secure cable for use in a network, but the cost can be prohibitive and the heightened performance aspects are not necessary in all applications (Hsieh, 2012). Coaxial cables come in two varieties, thinnet and thicknet, with thinnet being both cheaper and more flexible than twisted pair cables (though still more expensive and less flexible) and also provide a decent amount of security and…...

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References

Bonsor, K. (2012). How satellite radio works. Accessed 9 October 2012.  http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/satellite-radio1.htm 

Hsieh, C. (2012). Network cabling. Accessed 9 October 2012. http://pluto.ksi.edu/~cyh/cis370/ebook/ch02b.htm

Major, M. (2009). Making connections. Accessed 9 October 2012.  http://majormike.us/?p=197 

Rodgers, J. (2008). Wired vs. Wireless: Sometimes There's No Substitute for a Cable. Accessed 9 October 212.  http://www.osnews.com/story/19748/Wired_vs_Wireless:_Sometimes_Theres_No_Substitute_for_a_Cable

The diffused infrared configuration however, uses a transmitter that fills a given office space with signals. The signal receiver can then be located anywhere in the office area in order to successfully receive the I signal.

The Spread spectrum LANs

This form of arrangement utilizes the multiple-cell configuration. Each of the cells are appropriately assigned a unique center frequency that lies within a specific band in order to avoid signal interference. This transmission technique makes use of two methods; frequency hopping as well as direct sequence modulation

The Frequency hopping method uses signals that jumps from a given frequency to the other within a specific bandwidth. The transmission unit then "listens" to a give channel and if successfully detects any idle time (a time when no signal is transmitted),then transmits the packet via the full channel bandwidth .In case a channel is deemed "full," the transmitter then "hops" to the next channel and…...

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References

Bruce, WR (2002).Wireless LANs End to End, Ron Gilster (ed.), John Wiley & Sons.

Burell, J (2002) 'Wireless Local Area Networking: Security Assessment and Countermeasures: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks', Dec. 2002, retrieved 22 March

2011, < http://telecom.gmu.edu/sites/default/files/publications/Jim-Burrell-December-2002.pdf>

Cisco (n.d)"Cisco HWIC-AP WLAN Module for Cisco 1800 (Modular), 2800 and 3800."

Guided media includes Twisted Pair, Coaxial, and Fiber Optic. Unguided media includes terrestrial microwave, satellite microwave, radio and infrared technologies (Warner, 2008). The security strategies for each class of media must taken into account how each codes, decodes and manages the stream of data across these media types.
For guided media there are several levels of security including access, protocol stability and security, locking data elements and packets, and the use of Cyclic edundancy Checking (CC) for accuracy and authentication of specific access points,. These media also require the use of protocols that can be used for protecting down to the packet level data being transmitted. The reliance on advanced TCP/IP protocols and options is a case in point.

For unguided media the challenges are more significant as these are by nature broadcast technologies. The protocols that these networks transmit must be protected down to the packet and frame level, including…...

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References

Heegaard, P.E., & Wittner, O.J. (2010). Overhead reduction in a distributed path management system. Computer Networks, 54(6), 1019.

Kritzinger, P.S., Krzesinski, a.E., & Teunissen, P. (1980). Incorporating system overhead in queuing network models. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 6(4), 381-390.

Viennot, L., Jacquet, P., & Thomas, H.C. (2004). Analyzing control traffic overhead vs. mobility and data traffic activity in mobile ad-hoc network protocols. Wireless Networks, 10(4), 447-455.

Warner, M. (2008). IP-based centralcasting. Broadcast Engineering, 50(6), 62-n/a.

System Design: Oahu Base Area Network
The aim of this paper is to examine and discuss the Navy's decision to build the largest local area network (LAN) connecting the U.S. Pacific Fleet using information-gathering techniques and design methods. The system has the capacity to connect sailors and marines within the 102-million square miles of the Pacific Fleet's command coverage. Moreover it will provide the indispensable access for supplying and training the U.S. Navy. The Oahu Base Area Network (OBAN) will be the largest LAN in the world when all the phases are complete. It was started way back in 1998. It is the supporting network for the six naval commands in the Pearl Harbor, Hawaii area. Phase one has been completed. Other phases have begun in San Diego, the Pacific Northwest and the Pacific Far East, following the original business model (Kaylor, 2000). The uniqueness of this system is in its…...

market case analysis for Verizon FiOS TV offered by Verizon Communications. The analysis consists of product, pricing, promotional, and distribution strategies which Verizon Communications should follow in order to operate in the industry in the most competitive and profitable way. The analysis of industry and competition is also given as a part of marketing research strategy.
Verizon Communications is one of the leading communication services providers in the World. Its major products and services include Verizon FiOS TV, FiOS Internet, FiOS Digital Voice, set-top box, and receiver sets. This paper presents a marketing analysis for Verizon FiOS TV -- one of the most successful communication services offered by Verizon Communications in the United States and some other countries. Verizon FiOS TV is a high quality fiber optic cable network for home television entertainment. Verizon Communications offers its Verizon FiOS TV in all the major cities and towns of the United…...

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References

Kotler, P., Brown, L., Burton, S., Deans, K., & Armstrong, G. (2010). Marketing, (8th ed.). U.S.: Prentice-Hall

Kurtz, D.L., MacKenzie, H.F., & Snow, K. (2010). Contemporary Marketing, (2nd ed.). Toronto: Nelson Education

Lamb, C., Hair, J., & McDaniel, C. (2012). Essentials of Marketing, (7th ed.). Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Lancaster, G., & Withey, F. (2007). Marketing Fundamentals, (2nd ed.). U.K: Butterworth-Heinemann

Network equirements
With the acquisition of a newly leased building, UMUC requires a new network. The network includes coverage for the following places: six (6) instructional computer labs, a student computer lab, six (6) various offices, an admission office, library, and five (5) general classrooms. The network should encompass the following devices with respect to location:

Each computer lab should have 22 computers. The network should allocate 21 computers for students and one computer for each instructor. The network should allocate a collective total of 132 computers, given the requirement of six total instructional labs.

The student computer lab requires 31 computers.

The network should allocate one computer for each of the six various offices-six computers in total.

The admission office requires five computers.

The library requires 15 computers, 10 for students and 5 for faculty.

Five individual classrooms each require a computer.

Network IP Addresses

Each device of the network must have a unique IP address. eese (2015)…...

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References

Freudenrich, C. (2015, March 3). How fiber optics work. Retrieved March 1, 2015, from  http://computer.howstuffworks.com/fiber-optichtm 

Geese. (2015, January 1). How to subnet a network. Retrieved March 1, 2015, from http://www.bradreese.com/how-to-subnet-a-network.pdf

Hilton, J. (2015, January 1). Network connections. Retrieved February 28, 2015, from  http://www.geekinspired.com/networking/network-connection-devices/

Modern technology however has enabled ion-exchange techniques allowing manufacturers to prepare erbium for commercial purposes (Wiki 1).
There are many commercial and non-commercial purposes for erbium today. Its uses include use as a photographic filter and "as a dopant in fiber optic laser amplifiers" (Wiki 1; Mears et al. 1026). A compound of erbium, "erbium oxide" is often pink in color and has various uses commercially including coloring glass or porcelain products (Wiki 1). Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, technological instruments used to help magnify an optic signal, often incorporate erbium to enhance communication; these fibers may also be used in fiber lasers (Mears et al. 1026).

Electron configuration and different charge states (valence of element with 1 example of existing compound that illustrates each valence state)

As stated previous in its naturally occurring state erbium contains 6 stable isotopes as follows: Er-162, 164, 166, 167, 168 and Er-170 (Wiki 1). In its "trivalent…...

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References

Abragam, a and Bleaney, B, Electron paramagnetic resonance of transition ions.

Clarendon: Oxford University Press 1970.

Alibaba. "Gold and rare metal suppliers." Alibaba.com. Corporation. Accessed 2, May 2007. http://hongyuan.en.alibaba/com/

Columbia University Press. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. New York:

planning, assessment and measurement of proposed idea plays the most important role. Steve Jobs, Michael Dell and ill Gates are renowned names for their ideas in computer businesses. ut in fact there is no mystery behind any successful business; just you need is the right procedure and decisions to follow.
Preparing a business model is the first step towards the path of successful business. However, before you start developing model one must estimate whether idea has the potential to return enough value to the business, sponsors, stakeholders and customers. For this purpose, one must do complete research of the target market.

This assignment is based on building a computer company that would supply desktop, PCs, software and hardware parts to the customers. It first requires identification of target market and needs whether there is an opportunity for this business. Develop model and structure your business accordingly; how the hardware and software…...

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Bibliography

Cisco Systems. (n.d.). Network Essentials For Small Businesses: A Step-by-Step Planning Guide. Cisco Systems.

Global Trade. (2012, Feb 25). Computer Hardware and Peripherals. Retrieved Aug 9, 2012, from GlobalTrade.net:  http://www.globaltrade.net/f/market-research/text/United-Kingdom/Computers-Telecommunications-Internet-Computer-Hardware-and-Peripherals.html