hile they were free to marry, they could not marry anyone that lived outside their manor without their lord's permission. This type of landed estate began to cause problems of loyalty just before feudalism began to crumble under the popularity of capitalism. Some vassals were multiplied in the sense that they would attempt to acquire as much land as possible. This caused a conflict in loyalties, as one vassal could owe loyalty to many lords. This situation brought forth the term "liege lord" (335), which identified one lord that had power over the other lords should a conflict ever arise.
Noble points out how the feudal system "shows vertical bonds in its hierarchy of vassalic ties and its command of the peasant population" (353). It should also be noted that nobility also "joined in horizontal associations" (353) as well. Noble groupings were a "kind of substitute kinship, especially for the…...

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Works Cited

Chodorow, Stanley, et al. A History of the World. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich

Publishers. 1986.

Craig, Albert, et al. The Heritage of World Civilizations. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 2000.

Duiker, William. The Essential World History. Belmont: Thompson Wadsworth. 2008.

Feudalism can be described as the series of legitimate and military customs that prospered between the 9th and 15th centuries in medieval Europe. hile there are controversies among scholars regarding the emergence of this government structure, its first definite form appeared in the 9th and 10th centuries in the Frankish lands ("History of Feudalism" par, 1). This concept was a system for structuring the society through relationships emanating from the possession of land in exchange for labor or service. However, feudalism and the involved system were not considered as an official political system by the people living during this period. As a series of reciprocal legitimate and military customs among the warrior nobility, feudalism mainly consisted of three major ideas i.e. lords, vassals, and fiefs.
During the Middle Ages period, feudalism regarded as the law of the land and acted as the foundation with which the upper nobility classes would retain…...

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Works Cited:

"The Feudal Structure of the Medieval World." ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. .

"History of Feudalism in Europe." Infoplease - All The Knowledge You Need. Infoplease Part of Family Education Network, 2005. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. .

"Vassals." Middle Ages. The Middle Ages Website. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. .

As mercantilism and world trade grew, so too did the economic foundation of both Church and State. One of the main reasons reformers challenged Church authority was to point out the endemic corruption within the papacy, especially in relation to its unquestioned dominance.
However, the revival of Classical traditions and the enaissance humanist tradition also sparked the eformation. eformers like Martin Luther continued to revere the core tenets of Christian doctrine without respecting the hegemonic power of the Papacy. Some of the main issues reformers opposed included the hierarchical clergy. However, the eformation took a different form in different regions of Europe and was characterized largely by local factors.

The medieval Crusades were partly a response to the spread of Islam throughout Europe. In fact, the Islamic crusades sparked the fervent Christian crusades and both movements had their roots in religious fanaticism. Crusaders were like modern-day terrorists who envisioned a world…...

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References

Brehier, L. "Crusades." New Advent. Retrieved April 29, 2007 at  http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04543c.htm 

Feudalism in the Middle Ages." Retrieved April 29, 2007 at http://nc.essortment.com/feudalismmiddle_rgjn.htm

Kirsch, J.P. (1911). "The Reformation." New Advent. Retrieved April 29, 2007 at  http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12700b.htm 

The Middle Ages: Feudal Life." Retrieved April 29, 2007 at  http://www.learner.org/exhibits/middleages/feudal.html

Industrialization Benefits and Negatives
Feudalism was the primary economic base during the Middle Ages and enaissance. This was more of a patron system in which the means of production (land, any equipment, etc.) was owned by the Church or royalty. Workers then "leased" the right to work on the land, paying their tax in the form of product or service. However, with increased urbanization and tradecraft, ties to a feudal lord or castle were becoming rarer, thus necessitating a different form of monetary exchange. Steam as power for machines changed everything -- mining, farming, manufacturing, and transportation. With this change came changes in the social and cultural system as well. Every aspect of daily life in Europe, Canada, and the United States- and later other countries, changed because of industrialization. (More, 2000).

Once machinery deadly technologies with which to make war, and the move towards a larger middle and artisan class required…...

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REFERENCES

Railroads Following the Panic. (2001). U.S. History.com. 2001. Retrieved from:

 http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h873.html .

McNeese, T. (2006). The Transcontinenal Railroad and Western Expansion. Denver, CO:

Enslow Publications.

Feudalism and Manorialism in Europe and Japan Europe and Japan together with other parts of the world experienced a period when politics was decentralized. During this period, loyalty was owed to a lord and combat was part of everyday life. Some of the trends that characterized this period include feudalism and manorialism, which manifested differently despite extending across regions. Feudalism and manorialism were two frameworks in which the Japanese and European medieval culture was developed. While feudalism was an economic structure that influenced how land was managed, feudalism was a social structure that was embedded in an exchange of pieces of land for military service. This paper examines how Europe and Japan dealt differently with feudalism and manorialism. The evaluation is conducted on the premise that while trends may extend across geographical regions, they manifest differently as shown in World History. The Basis for European and Japanese Feudalism As previously indicated,…...

This kept strict limits on society and what it could accomplish. In addition, Japan placed extreme importance on the family, with a very strong paternal leader, who was the "law" of the family unit. Thus, the landowners were powerful in society, but in the community, the fathers were the most powerful, and who the family looked to for guidance and understanding. Therefore, complete control did not lie with the feudal lords, and so, society was less constricted, and held on to feudal values longer. In fact, much of modern Japanese society still has roots in the feudal system, such as the continuing importance of the father in Japanese families and society. Writer Scalapino continues, "The element of feudal influence can be seen most clearly in two respects: the feudal system greatly strengthened the hierarchical nature of the family, and also facilitated the integration of the family into larger social-economic…...

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References

Bloch, Marc. Feudal Society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1961.

Sansom, G.B. Japan: A Short Cultural History. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1978.

Scalapino, Robert a. Democracy and the Party Movement in Prewar Japan. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1953.

Any one who tried to gain enough power and wealth would be considered a threat to the power of the church and was therefore quickly deposed of their wealth.
Weber proposed that even though Catholics tolerated a greater display of outward wealth, Protestant doctrines asked the followers to concentrate on mundane pursuits. It also asks its followers to accept a lower station in life without a hierarchical structure to force the issue. There were no examples of upward mobility or examples of extravagance to follow. The Protestant faith in promoted a pride in one's work and the "work and Save" ethic. The members were self-motivated, not forced into submission by the Church. This was a key difference between these two philosophies. Weber claimed that this attitude was much more productive than the Catholic idea of wealth attainment. The Calvinists had a word which meant ones calling, or duty on earth.…...

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Bibliography

Ashley, D. And Orenstein, D. 1995. Sociological Theory: Classical Statements, third edition, Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Baechler, J. 1988. The Cradle of Capitalism: the Case of England

John A. Hall & Michael Mann, Europe and the Rise of Capitalism (Blackwell, 1988).

Bendix, R. 1977   Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait. University of California Press.http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0520031946&id=63sC9uaYqQsC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&sig=g-kn8gtBIRvG-ss0I_-BmrBz9YE "

fragmentation and integration of economic and political power has contributed to the growth of market economies, but this has in fact historically been the case since the Middle Ages. The sprawling political and economic entities of the Middle Ages - especially, of course, the Holy Roman Empire - were (like feudalism) based on ancient ties of family and fealty. Until these entities were broken down by the series of lengthy wars newer and more purely economic relations between newly defined political entities could not be established.
Yet even as entities like the Habsburg Empire were disintegrated, nations were integrating their economic and political power through the process of colonization, a process that supplied the colonial powers with sufficient raw resources and cheap labor to commit themselves (without too much sacrifice to their own citizens) to the process of industrialization.

Feudalism and capitalism are based on fundamentally different assumptions about the world…...

Nature of Capitalism
Susan Strange's theories of capitalism

Giovanni Arrighi's theories of capitalism

Capitalism, an economic which has dominated the Western world after the catastrophic failure of feudalism (Encyclopedia Britannica,2006). No consensus exists for an accurate definition of the term as well as how the term has been employed as a historical category (owman & Littlefield, 1999, p.1). . In this paper however, we analyze and define the capitalism while also comparing as well as contrasting the theories of Susan Strange, Karl Polanyi and Giovanni Arrighi on capitalism. We also explain how the three of them handled the issues of capitalism.

Capitalism, an economic which has dominated the Western world after the catastrophic failure of feudalism (Encyclopedia Britannica,2006). No consensus exists for an accurate definition of the term as well as how the term has been employed as a historical category (owman & Littlefield, 1999, p.1).However, a general agreement exists that capitalism has…...

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References

Arrighi, G (1978). Towards a Theory of Capitalist Crisis

Encyclopaedia Britannica,(2009)"Economic systems." Encyclopaedia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite. (Chicago:)

Encyclopaedia Britannica (2006)Capitalism.

Heilbroner, R.L. (2008).Capitalism. New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Second Edition (2008)

capitalistic economy surfaced right after the era of feudalism ended. The capitalistic economy system favors a handful of wealthy private entities that control rest of the economy. These corporate actors utilize the resources and labor in their favor to create a monopoly of their own. The profits are multiplied by these corporations and the government acts responsible for ensuring taxes payments and in return the masses are provided social justice. In the first quarter of 20th century when industrial revolution was taking place, capitalism seemed like a great idea as formulation of unions and governments helped the under privileged.
Originally the idea of capitalistic economy was supposed to keep check and balances on the supply and demand functions. The scenario should have been in the best interest of the society as corporations were compelled to share profits with the overall society. But after orld ar 2 as the industrialization period…...

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Works cited

Ed Fin (February 1, 2003). All social and economic problems caused by an unfair distribution of wealth. Retrieved January 12th, 2012 from Policy Alternatives  http://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/commentary/all-social-and-economic-problems-caused-unfair-distribution-wealth 

John J. Macionis & Linda M. Gerber (May 2007). Sixth Canadian Edition of Sociology, Chapter 11. Retrieved January 12, 2012 from Pearson  http://wps.pearsoned.ca/ca_ph_macionis_sociology_6/73/18923/4844438.cw/index.html 

Roger B. Butters (2007. Teaching the Benefits of Capitalism, Free Market Forum 2007 Panel 3: How to Teach Economics, Pg: 4. Retrieved January 12, 2012, from Hillsdale College Seminar database  http://www.hillsdale.edu/images/userImages/afolsom/Page_6281/Butters.pdf

crusades on the west?
Effects of Crusades on the West

For centuries, the Muslims had been attacking and usurping Christian lands. With no real boundaries differentiating territories, it was impossible to fathom any measure of cordiality to exist between the two

The wars that then raged, The Crusades, as the western world sought to exact revenge have altered the present and the future so much that the effects are being felt even today. According to Edward Gibbon

, a chronicler belonging to the Enlightenment era, the effort would have been better utilized to seek and forge better and peaceful relations with the Muslims. This, according to him and others of his ilk, was highly improbable, because the warmongers would have instead indulged in infighting, instead. According to the eminent historians of the Enlightenment age, the crusaders were instigated by vested interests and were a rather gullible misdirected lot that were swayed away by…...

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Phillips, J. The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople. (2005). New York: Penguin.

The Medieval Era. "The Crusades - Long-Term Effects. The Political Effects of the Crusades on Europe." (2014).  http://themedievalera.wikispaces.com/The+Crusades+-+Long-Term+Effects 

Thomas Madden, "Concise History of the Crusades." Rowman & Littlefield. (1999). http://www.storialibera.it/epoca_medioevale/islam_e_cristianita/crociate/articolo_en.php?id=1820

In this encouragement, American would help to touch off something
perhaps all the more miraculous given the proximity to its oppression to
the European peasantry at large. First in the doctrines which would be
formulated in the wake of French independence and secondly in the way that
Napoleon Bonaparte would begin the spread of such doctrines to a continent
driven by inequality, America's revolution could be said to have been the
opening round in the deconstruction of colonialism and feudalism throughout
Europe and thus, the world.
Drafted in the image of the American Declaration of Independence,
though perhaps more ambitious and sweeping even in its trajectories, the
Declaration of the Rights of Men would dictate a universal principle
arguing that all men are born equal and that any distinctions made between
men according to the social conditions must be terms agreed upon by all
parties. The constitutional document underscoring the spread of liberal
ideology throughout Europe, it would be taken up by Bonaparte in…...

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Works Cited

Center for History and New Media (CHNM). (2005). Monarchy Embattled.

George Mason University. Online at

.

Chew, Robin. (2004). Napoleon I: Emperor of the French. Lucid Caf?.

Online at http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95aug/napoleon.html.

Locke, John. (2003). Two Treatise of Government, 14th. ed. Cambridge

French Revolution
The final crisis of the French Monarchy occurred in 1789, with the official beginning of the French Revolution. Although this was the year in which the first official battle of this martial encounter was fought, it is vital to realize that the monarchy had been floundering for some time prior. There were numerous factors that contributed to the disfavor the monarchy found itself in at the end of the 18th century. Some of the more eminent of these political, financial, and environmental causes helped to weaken the French Monarchy's hold over its subjects, as judged by the standards of the present 1. Concurrently, there were military woes that accompanied these factors and which contributed to the mounting unpopularity of this government. However, an analysis of these factors reveals that the most prominent cause of the French Revolution pertained to the zeitgeist of the time in with Enlightenment ideals…...

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Bibliography

Acemoglu, Daaron, Cantoni, Davide, Johnson, Simon, Robinson, James. "The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution." NBER Working Paper Series. Retrieved 4/3/2016.  http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf 

Davies, Norman. The History of Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Doyle, William. The Oxford History of the French Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press,1990.

Langer, William. The Encyclopedia of World History. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1972.

Many different views abound on the origins of modern capitalism, causalities that range from economic to political, from religious to cultural, or for some, an amalgamation of societies need to expand and the resources necessary to fuel that expansion. Max Weber's the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is a study of the relationship between the ethics of ascetic Protestantism and the emergence of the spirit of modern capitalism. An ascetic Protestant is one who practices self-denial and self-discipline. Weber argues that the religious ideas of groups such as the Calvinists played a role in creating the capitalistic spirit. Calvinism focused on predestination and God's infinite power, a hierarchical system that transcended religion and moved into economic and social activities.

This is true not only in cases where the difference in religion coincides with one of nationality, and thus of cultural development . . . . The same thing is…...

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REFERENCES

Durkheim, E. (1997). The Division of Labor in Society. New York: Free Press.

____. (2008). The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. New York: Oxford University

Press.

Grusky, D., ed. (2000). Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological

One of the major problems faced by Charlemagne in his efforts to extend the level of education was the fact that there were very few educated persons available to teach others. Years of neglect had left the educational field with few individuals possessing the background necessary to teach others. hat little scholarship that still existed in Europe was concentrated in and around Rome and Charlemagne initiated an aggressive program to attract the leading Italian scholars to his court. By recruiting these scholars to his court, Charlemagne ensured that the full body of available knowledge would be made available to himself and his subjects. From this pool of scholars, Charlemagne built his program of learning and began slowly to establish his own body of Frankish scholars. From this group, the future European learning environment would be built (Einhard) and the future of the European educational system would be ensured.

The curriculum used…...

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Works Cited

Barbero, Alessandro. Charlemagne: Father of the Continent. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.

Brown, A.R. "Feudalism." 15 June 2010. Encyclopedia Brittanica Online. 18 July 2011 .

Butzer, P.L. Science in Western and Eastern Civilization in Carolingian Times. Barcelona: Birkhauser Verlag, 1993.

Cantor, N.F. The Civilization of the Middle Ages: a completely revised and expanded edition of Medieval History, the life and death of a civilization. New York: Harper Collins, 1993.

Louis XIV and Charles II were both monarchs at the time of significant civic unrest and allegations of government overreach and abuse, and, as such, they have many similarities.  However, the differences between the two monarchs are notable as well.  The individual differences may not be as meaningful as understanding their differences when placed into the context of the French and English monarchies and also what was happening in their countries during their reign.

Charles II was the king of England after a bloody English civil war that resulted in the execution of his father Charles....

Chivalry refers to a code of conduct that was developed in the latter part of the Middle Ages in various parts of western Europe, most notably in what are parts of modern day France and Britain.  Though it may be referred to a system or the chivalric code, it is not actually a codified system of norms or behaviors, but instead an informal code of moral behavior.  Its origins can be traced back to around 1170, though it draws upon moral codes from earlier times, especially the Carolingian Empire, which featured a similar idolization of the soldier/warrior.

Chivalry is a very....

I. Introduction
A. Opening statement about the importance of freedom
B. Briefly define what freedom means

II. Historical Perspectives on Freedom
A. Discuss the concept of freedom in ancient civilizations
1. Examples from Roman and Greek societies
B. Explore the idea of freedom in the Middle Ages
1. Limitations on freedom during feudalism

III. Modern Interpretations of Freedom
A. Analyze the development of democratic societies
1. Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment era
B. Examine the role of freedom in shaping human rights movements
1. Provide examples from the Civil Rights Movement and women's suffrage
C. This section should highlight the....

The Hundred Years' War: A Tumultuous Conflict that Shaped Medieval Europe

The Hundred Years' War was a protracted conflict between England and France that spanned from 1337 to 1453, leaving an indelible mark on the political, social, and military landscapes of medieval Europe. The term "Hundred Years' War" is a modern historiographical designation, as contemporaries referred to the conflict as the "Great War" or the "English War."

Origins and Causes:

The roots of the war can be traced to the complex feudal relationships between the French monarchy and the English kings, who held extensive lands in France. Edward III, King of England (1327-1377),....