It is also worth noting that the Fed must understand how the relationship between its actions and the outcomes changes under different circumstances. For example, open market transactions put more money into the economy; they do not imply that spending will increase. Thus, more money in the economy will not necessarily lead to more growth, lower unemployment or higher inflation, even though the typical relationship is that they will.
The third part of the Fed's mandate is with respect to unemployment. The Fed notes that the central tendency of the unemployment rate in the U.S. is between 5.2% and 6.0%. This is basically the target range that the Fed has for unemployment The Fed only has the ability to influence employment. The employment issue is fairly complex, and there are a number of different variables. Monetary policy instruments are somewhat minor variables compared with some fiscal and trade policy instruments,…...

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Works Cited:

Bernanke, B. & Kuttner, K. (2005). What explains the stock market's reaction to Federal Reserve policy? The Journal of Finance. Vol. 60 (3) 1221-1257.

Federal Reserve. (2013). Statement on longer-run goals and monetary policy strategy. Federal Reserve.gov. Retrieved April 19, 2013 from  http://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/files/FOMC_LongerRunGoals.pdf 

Federal Reserve Education.org. (2013). Monetary policy basics Federal Reserve. Retrieved April 19, 2013 from  

The new government banks put heavy taxes on state banks, and they were forced to go under. After this, the government had a monopoly on banking and money again, and they used it to the fullest extent possible. One of the main problems with the banking system, though, was that there were still a lot of cash flow problems and other weaknesses that led to panics for individuals who were holding onto bank notes (Wells, 1987). There were many restrictions placed on new banks, and they could do virtually nothing. This was very frustrating for them, and they were not able to do anything that actually worked to help the economy in any way. Part of this came from a lack of branching out, but most was related to the strict control that was held over them.
Allowing the branching out of banks would have made things run more smoothly,…...

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Bibliography

Bankers Online. (2003). Regulation Z. Retrieved at  http://www.bankersonline.com/regs/226/i226.html 

Crutsinger, M. (2002). Greenspan says economic policy-makers will never be able to avoid all mistakes. AP Worldstream.

Dunbar, C.F. (1917). The Theory and History of Banking. 3rd Ed. New York: Knickerbocker Press.

FDIC. (1953). U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Annual Report. U.S. Department of the Treasury. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Annual Reports, 1908, 1914, 1915.

During most of the last 20 years (from August 1987 to January 2006), the Fed was headed by Alan Greenspan whose personal economic philosophy to a large extent guided the Fed's actions. One of the features of the Federal eserve's "accommodative" policies was encouraging low interest rates, which was partly responsible for the longest period of economic expansion in U.S. history in the 1990s.
Assessment of the Efficacy of the Fed's Actions

The impact of all actions by the Fed during the last 20 years has not been without controversy. Encouraging of historic low interest rates and increased liquidity during much of the nineties, while contributing to a "feel good" wealth factor, has also been responsible for an unprecedented "housing bubble" in the U.S. that is currently threatening to burst. The Fed's over-enthusiastic support of the Bush administration's tax-cut policies has also contributed to the biggest current accounts deficit in the…...

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References

Johannes, J.M. (2006). "Federal Reserve System." Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Retrieved on December 2, 2006 at http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574452/Federal_Reserve_System.html

Schneiderman, R.M. (2006). "Update -- Goodbye Goldilocks?" Forbes.com. 12.01.06. Retrieved on December 2, 2006 at  http://www.forbes.com/markets/economy/2006/12/01/ism-manufacturing-update-markets-equity-cx_rs_1201markets09.html 

What are the Tools of Monetary Policy?" (2006). Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Web site. April 5, 2006. Retrieved on December 2, 2006 at  http://www.frbsf.org/publications/federalreserve/monetary/tools.html 

Although the Federal Reserve Banks are privately owned, they are not operated for profit.

The 12 Federal eserve Banks are the private sector check and balance to the Federal eserve. They have three primary roles: 1) To Establish and implement sound monetary policy, 2) To provide a number of financial services to banks (hence the term, Banker's bank -- loans, clearing house, etc.), and 3) The supervision of banks or bank holding companies (companies who own several banks). This system keeps the nation's banks in check for following rules, not discriminating in lending practices, and having enough resources to service its depositors. The Open Market Committee is the Fed's actual arm of decision making -- recommending what to do with the supply of money, interest rates, and the manner in which it lends money to banks, which translates down to the interest banks charge the consumer.

The Fed gets information from government sources, outside economic think thanks, and its own boards. The Fed, too, is…...

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REFERENCE

Osgood, C. (n.d.). "The Fed Today." Federal Reserve Education. Cited October, 2010,

from  http://www.federalreserveeducation.org/resources/fedtoday/

Federal Reserve
There are three purposes of money: to act as a medium of exchange; as a store of value and as a unit of account (Helfield, 2011). Money as a medium of trade facilitates exchange, in that the counterparties are able to trade money for goods, instead of trading goods for goods, which is more complicated. As a store of value, money does not deteriorate (save via inflation), which is not the case with perishable goods. Money is a unit of account, meaning that money has a readily understood value -- we all know what a dollar is, and this makes it easier to track the amount of money one has or the value of something.

A central bank manages a country's monetary system by managing the amount of money in the system. A central bank can do this in a number of different ways, known as monetary policy instruments. Three…...

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Works Cited:

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System press release. November 3, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2011 from  http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/monetary/20111102a.htm 

Helfield, N. (2011). The meaning of money: Its purposes and functions. Gold Eagle. Retrieved November 19, 2011 from  http://www.gold-eagle.com/editorials_03/helfield022803.html

What are areas of comparative advantage of the United States and its trading partner? What are the benefits and disadvantages specific to this free trade agreement?
The country that was selected which has a trading agreement with the United States is Mexico. The biggest advantages that this is providing to everyone are: increased exports. According to the Office of the U.S. Trade epresentative, this is resulting in a sharp rise in sales for the following products including: vehicle parts ($56.7 billion), machinery ($63.3 billion), electrical machinery ($56.2 billion) mineral fuel / oil ($26.7 billion), plastics ($22.6 billion), grains ($2.2 million), red meats ($2.7 billion), fruits ($1.9 billion), vegetables ($1.8 billion) and private commercial services ($63.8 billion). These areas are offering competitive advantages for both countries. This is because they are reducing the costs that consumers have to pay for a host of products and services. ("North American Free Trade Agreement,"…...

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References

Fed Keeps Stimulus in Place. (2012). Reuters. Retrieved from:  http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/30/us-usa-fed-idUSBRE90T0TF20130130 

North American Free Trade Agreement. (2013). USTR. Retrieved from:  http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/north-american-free-trade-agreement-nafta 

The Abandoned City of Detroit. (2012). ZFein. Retrieved from:  http://zfein.com/photography/detroit/index.html

Federal Reserve Board
The First District (Boston) economy shows few signs of improvement. Retailers cite disappointing December (2002) results, although some gained in January and February (2003). Most manufacturing contacts report weak demand for goods. Commercial real estate markets in New England remain very slow - no one wants to buy. Most software and information technology providers report that demand is declining. The outlook for Boston is highly uncertain and virtually no contacts are making plans based on expectations of an upturn.

Tourism

Conditions in the travel and tourism sector in the First District seem to remain weak; contacts report hotel occupancy rates in the Boston area remain low because of light corporate and international travel.

Insurance

Those in the insurance industry report prosperous financial results, in combination with continuing rate increases for the last quarter of 2002. Companies in the property and casualty arena continue to purport high demand and healthy revenues, as rates…...

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Works Cited

Federal Reserve Board. Federal Reserve Board Beige Book (December 2003).

Validity and reliability have not been addressed in this paper at all. There is no empirical test being proposed for the paper. The a priori conclusion of the paper, in the absence of research, begs serious questions about the validity of this research. If you think you already know the answer, why ask the question?

6.

In terms of style, the proposal sounds disjointed, and the giant paragraphs do not help. Ideas are somewhat developed, however. There are some minor grammar/spelling errors, such as capitalizing 'gold standard' and 'fiat money.' Slang phrases like "blown away" should be avoided. Avoid first person if possible. Citations need to be improved dramatically, using proper APA style. The lack of proofreading is apparent. The style needs to be tighter as well, to improve professionalism. Stick to the facts.

7.

There are not nearly enough citations in the body of the work. Use APA style in the reference page…...

Federal eserve Tools
The Federal eserve has certain actions it implements to help in the promotion of national economic goals and to influence the overall availability of money (Board of Governors of the Federal eserve System, 2012). These actions make up what is known as monetary policy, which consists of three tools that the Federal eserve uses to influence the economy with aims of pulling the economy out of recession. During a financial crisis such as that experienced in the United States in 2007-2008, The Federal eserve was the only official body that had the power to make a real difference (Cecchetti, 2009). These three tools include open market operations, the discount rate, and reserve requirements (Board of Governors of the Federal eserve System, 2012).

The main tool used by the Federal eserve to influence monetary policy is open market operations. This tool entails the purchases and sales of federal agency and…...

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References

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2012). Federal open market committee. Retrieved 6 March 2012 from  http://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/fomc.htm .

Cecchetti, S.G. (2009). Crisis and responses: the Federal Reserve in the early stages of the financial crisis. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23(1), 51-75.

Mankiw, G. (2007). How to avoid a recession? Let the Fed work. Economic View: The New York Times. Retrieved 6 March 2012 from  http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/23/business/23view.html .

Federal eserve in stabilizing the economy using monetary policy tools. The paper is divided into six major sections. The first section introduces the Federal eserve by highlighting its objectives, roles, and composition. The second section explains its role and effectiveness in stabilizing the current U.S. economy. The next section discusses some important economic indicators which the Federal eserve can analyze for better economic stabilization. The fourth section is dedicated for a brief discussion on different monetary policies which the Federal eserve can use to influence the money supply in the country. The final two sections explain the strengths and weaknesses of monetary policy as compared to fiscal policy and its effect on the aggregate demand and supply model.
Introduction: The Federal eserve

The Federal eserve System is the central bank of the United States of America. It is also called as Federal eserve or simply as Fed. It is the prime…...

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References

Federal Reserve, (2013). Economic Research and Data. Retrieved on February 25th, 2013,

Federal Reserve, (2013). Federal Open Market Committee. Retrieved on February 25th, 2013, from

Federal Reserve, (2013). The Structure of the Federal Reserve System: The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Retrieved on February 25th, 2013, from

What tools are used by the Federal Reserve to implement monetary policy? Monetary policy refers to the actions undertaken by the Federal Reserve, which is the central bank, to control credit and its flow within the United States economy. Significantly, what occurs with money and credit influences interest rates and also the performance of the nation’s economy as a whole (Federal Reserve Education, n.d).
The Federal Reserve presently utilizes numerous tools in the implementation of monetary policy about its statutory obligation to nurture maximum employment and stability in prices. The following are the tools:
1. Open market operations (OMO)
The Fed carries out OMO in domestic markets. The terminology open market implies that the Federal Reserve does not decide on its own concerning the kind of securities dealers it will carry out business with on a certain day. Instead, this choice emanates from an open market whereby the different securities dealers that the central…...

Case Assignment: Banking Industry and Regulation: To Regulate or Not to Regulate? Introduction
In order to be effective, regulation must focus on issues that make a difference. For instance, a school might regulate the use of the drinking fountain—but if it has a drug problem, no amount of drinking fountain regulation is going to make one ounce of difference in curbing drug use by students. The same analogy can be applied to the banking industry in the U.S. The U.S. has a central banking problem—i.e., it has given over its natural sovereign right to coin its own currency to a group of bankers, who print money when and lend it to the government at interest. This practice effectively places the Federal Reserve in a sovereign position, since it wields a sovereign power, recognized for centuries—millennia even—throughout all history all over the world. Why this transfer of power was approved by Congress in…...

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References

Calfas, J. (2017). Americans have so much debt they’re taking it to the grave. Retrieved

from  

Macey, J. (Winter 2006). Commercial Banking and democracy: The illusive quest for

deregulation. Yale Journal on Regulation. New Haven: Vol. 23, Iss. 1; p. 1

Reserve Requirements. (2016). Retrieved from

 https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/reservereq.htm 

Strahan, P. (Jul/Aug 2003). The real effects of U.S. banking deregulation. Federal

Reserve Bank of St. Louis: Vol. 85, Iss. 4; p. 111http://time.com/money/4709270/americans-die-in-debt/ 

The Federal Reserve -What is the mission, or goals, of the Fed?
The Fed concerns itself with the enhancement of “the stability, integrity, and efficiency of the nation’s monetary, financial, and payment systems so as to promote optimal macroeconomic performance” (Federal Reserve, 2018).
-Explain the structure of the Fed and the hierarchy of governance.
The Federal Reserve entities charged with decision making regarding the nation’s economic stability are; the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, The Federal Reserve Banks, and the Federal Open Market Committee (Federal Reserve, 2018). The Federal Reserve System is overseen by Congress.
-Is the Fed a public or private entity? Who owns the Fed?
The fed is a public entity. The Fed is an independent institution, and is not owned by any specific person/entity. It is overseen by Congress.
-If issuing Federal Reserve Notes stimulates the economy, why not print money indefinitely?
Printing money indefinitely would not stimulate the economy. Instead it would cause inflation,…...

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References

Federal Reserve (2018). About the Fed. Retrieved from

https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed.htm

Federal eserve Board is the most powerful financial institution in the country and is actually the Central bank of United States. This institution is responsible for regulating financial system of the country by formulating monetary policies and by changing the fund rates. The Fed is not completely independent and works together with the administration and the Department of the Treasury. It is responsible for formulating and implementing monetary policies in the United States. Even though not independent Federal eserve has the power to single-handedly introduce appropriate regulations and changes in order to control the financial markets. Federal Bank is commonly referred to as the Fed and it has lately been in the news quite consistently and persistently. The headline-making monetary measures have made the public take notice of the way monetary system works in the United States.
USA Business in its (1995) issue wrote, "The Fed exercises control over money and…...

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References

Financial Institutions., USA Business, 05-31-1995.

David L. Scott, federal funds rate., Wall Street Words, 01-01-1988

Fed's Ferguson: Monetary Policy Still 'Accommodative'" DOW JONES NEWSWIRES, Wall Street Journal online October 29, 2004 3:22 P.M.

Federal eserve
The key information in the January 14, 2004 Federal eserve summary ranged from mildly encouraging to 'no change' as far as the economy was concerned. Virtually all areas were experiencing small amounts of employment growth, although there were pockets of decline as well. ("Beige Book," January 14, 2004)

In fact, retail sales were up a small amount, mainly because upscale retail stores were having a good season, although the lower end of the market was faring less well. ("Beige Book," January 14, 2004)

Layoffs and flat wages were a big part of the employment picture. The "Beige Book" reported:

Louis reported layoffs in the biotechnology, food, and tobacco industries. Petrochemical producers suffered from overcapacity in the Dallas district and continued to lay off workers in the Atlanta district. In addition, producers of paper goods in the Boston and Philadelphia districts reported some weakness. (January 14, 2004)

Housing starts were one of the few…...

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References

Dinsmore, Christopher. (January 30, 2004) "Expert says expect job growth, higher interest rates this year; profits, exports to rise. (Business) The Virginian Pilot. Retrieved February 5, 2004 at  http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc3.asp?DOCID=1G1:112745792&num=16 

Richards, Meg. (January 30, 2004) "Wall Street's mood swings over Fed statement puts interest rates in focus." AP Worldstream. Retrieved February 5, 2004 at  http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc3.asp?DOCID=1P1:90244398&num=8 

Summary." ("Beige Book.") (January 14, 2004) Federal Reserve Bank. Retrieved February 5, 2004 at  http://www.federalreserve.gov/fomc/beigebook/2003/20030115/FullReport.htm 

Thieberger, Victoria. (January 15, 2004) "Fed sees steady rates, gradual pickup in jobs." Reuters. Retrieved February 5, 2004 at  http://biz.yahoo.com/rf/040115/economy_fed_5.html

Key Events Preceding the Wall Street Crash of 1929:
1. Post-World War I Economic Boom (1918-1929):
Unprecedented economic growth fueled by wartime production and consumer spending.
Rapid expansion of industries such as automobiles, construction, and manufacturing.
High levels of speculation and investment in the stock market.
2. Easy Credit and Speculation (1920s):
Federal Reserve's expansionary monetary policy made credit widely available.
Brokers encouraged investors to buy stocks on margin (borrowing money).
Speculation became rampant, with stocks being bought and sold rapidly for quick profits.
3. Stock Market Bubble and Overvaluation (1927-1929):
Stock prices soared to record highs, fueled by speculation and easy credit.
....

Individuals hailing from financially disadvantaged backgrounds frequently face significant obstacles in establishing financial stability and cultivating healthy saving habits. These challenges can profoundly impact their ability to achieve their life goals. This essay will explore the intricate connections between financial stability, saving habits, and goal attainment for those from poor families, shedding light on the underlying complexities and potential strategies for overcoming these hurdles.

Financial stability refers to a state of financial security characterized by consistent income, minimal debt, and a manageable budget. For those from poor families, achieving financial stability can be a daunting task. They may be confronted with....

Impact of the US Election on Global Politics and Economics

Political Landscape

The outcome of the US presidential election shapes the global political landscape in several ways:

Foreign Policy: The president is responsible for formulating and executing US foreign policy. Changes in the White House can lead to shifts in diplomatic alliances, military interventions, and trade agreements. For example, the Trump administration withdrew from the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Paris Agreement on climate change, while the Biden administration has recommitted to both.
International Institutions: The US is a key member of international organizations such as the United Nations, NATO, and the World....