The Benefits of Omega -'s Fatty Acids on the Cardiovascular SystemOmega 3 fatty acids are beneficial to human health for various reasons. One of the most important benefits is their ability to improve eye health. Omega 3 fatty acids help to protect the eyes from damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) light, reduce the risk of developing macular degeneration, and improve night vision. Omega-3 fatty acids also positively affect heart health (Musazadeh et al., 2022). They help to lower cholesterol levels, reduce the risk of heart disease, and improve blood circulation.Additionally, omega-three fatty acids can help prevent blood clot formation, which can lead to heart attacks and strokes. Finally, omega three fatty acids also boost the immune system and reduce inflammation by producing acids that increase the production of immune cells called natural killer cells. Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell that helps to fight.The research article…...

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References

Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. DepaVajdat

Musazadeh, V., Kavyani, Z., Naghshbandi, B., Dehghan, P., & Vajdi, M. (2022). The beneficial effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on controlling blood pressure: An umbrella meta-analysis. Frontiers in nutrition, 9.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Fitness and Wellness
Fat is back. The American public is no longer fat-phobic. Fat is essential for the body to function in a healthy manner. The low-fat craze is dead and fortunately the supermarket shelves are no longer lined with cookies and crackers proudly proclaiming themselves to be healthy because they are low in fat. But it is critical that people get the right kind of fats, in the right balance. And that is where omega-3 fatty acids come into play.

Omega-3 fatty acids are called essential fatty acids. This means that your body cannot make them and you have to either get them through food or supplements (Ehrlich 2011). The best and most easily-absorbed omega-3s are found in fish. Salmon, tuna, and sardines are some of the most popular sources of omega-3s. All of these can be easily purchased at your local supermarket in canned form. 'Fatty'…...

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References

Ehrlich, S. (2011). Omega-3 fatty acids. University of Maryland Medical Center. Retrieved  http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/omega3-fatty-acids 

LeWine, F. (2013). Fish oil: Friend of foe? Harvard Medical School. Retrieved from:

 http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/fish-oil-friend-or-foe-201307126467

Managing ADHD with a Diet
Diet has attracted considerable attention in the healthcare sector with regards to its significance and role in addressing childhood and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As shown by recent research, this increased focus on diet is influenced by the fact that ADHD's development is strongly linked to nutrition since it's characterized by deficiencies in minerals, omega-3 fatty acids. There are reports that improved nutrition through intake of mineral and vitamin supplements. While this evidence is yet to be fully determined scientifically, there are proofs that omega-3 fatty acids could have impacts on a child's behavior. The other dietary factors that allegedly have significant effects on behavior include refined sugars as well as food additives and allergies (Collingwood, n.d.).

The role of omega-3 fatty acids in enhancing the behaviors of ADHD patients, especially children, has been strongly supported by evidence that show the link between nutritional/dietary factors…...

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Reference

Collingwood, J. (n.d.). Managing ADHD with Diet. Retrieved February 18, 2017, from  https://psychcentral.com/lib/managing-adhd-with-diet/

ole of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Endothelial Functions
ole of fatty acid on endothelial functions

Antioxidants and Marine N-3 Fatty Acids Improves Endothelial Function in Hypercholesterolemic People

The hypercholesterolemic people refer to the individuals who suffer from the high concentration of cholesterol in their bodies. These hypercholesterolemic people normally needs the improvement of their endothelial functions in order accommodate the high levels of cholesterol in their bodies. The individuals normally witness a change in their aortic consequently altering their endothelial functions. Hypercholesterolemia is responsible for alteration of dilatation function of the endothelium in the small blood vessels. Further, the alteration of the aortic functioning also makes the patients be susceptible to higher blood pressure. Studies show that the patients normally witness abnormality in the endothelium-dependent dilator function in the human circulation (Goodfellow et al., 2002). The extent of impairment (endothelium-dependent dilator) depends on the level of hypercholesterolemia. From this, it is true that…...

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Reference

Kris-Etherton, M., Harris, S., & Appel, J. (2002). Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty

Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease. American Heart Association, Inc. Circulation

106:2747 -- 2757, DOI: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000038493.65177.94

Goodfellow, J., Bellamy, M. Ramsey, M. & Jones, C, (2000). Dietary supplementation with marine omega-3 fatty acids improve systemic large artery endothelial function in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Volume 35, Issue 2, February 2000, Pages 265 -- 270,

These cells have an enzyme on their surface that attracts fat. The number and distribution of adipose cells has a genetic component, and is usually determined in early childhood.
Describe the major metabolic diseases associated with lipid metabolism, transport and storage for humans?

Diseases associated with lipid metabolism, transport and storage included: high cholesterol, combined hyperlipidemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, high density lipoprotein, and hypertriglyceridemia,

How do unsaturated and saturated fatty acids differ from each other?

Saturated fats contain carbon atoms with a single bond between them and as many hydrogen atoms as possible bonded to the carbon atoms. Saturated fats contain carbon atoms with a double bond, and can therefore absorb more hydrogen atoms. Healthy diets are low in saturated fats, since they raise blood cholesterol levels.

What are the roles of Essential Fatty Acids (EFA) in humans?

There are two essential fatty acids: the omega-3 fatty acids and the moega-6 fatty acids. The roles of…...

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References

No Author Given (2007). Intestinal Uptake of Lipids, retrieved 6/20/2007 at http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/lipoproteins.html.

No Author Give (2007) Enzymes and Digestion of Lipids, retrieved 6/20/2007 at  http://www.afs.ttu.edu/home/swkim/ANSC3301/001/11%20Lipid-Dig-001.pdf 

No Author Given (2007). Lipids - 1, retrieved 6/20/2007 at  http://scidiv.bcc.ctc.edu/rkr/Biology130/lectures/pdfs/lipids130.pdf

Drugs thought to enhance serotonin-mediated neurotransmission have been shown to diminish appetite for carbohydrates. In a study done by Heraief, Burckhardt, Wurtman and Wurtman, (1985), they examined the ability of tryptophan (TP), serotonin's amino acid precursor, or a placebo to influence weight loss among 62 obese Swiss outpatients who were on a reducing diet known as the Protein-Sparing Modified Fast (PSMF) Diet which is often associated with severe carbohydrate craving. This diet provided relatively large amounts of protein but little carbohydrates, thus stimulating ketone body production. Its consumption also reduced the ratio of plasma TP to the summed concentrations of the other large neutral amino acids, thereby probably diminishing brain TP and serotonin levels. It was found that among moderately obese patients the TP significantly enhanced weight loss, especially during the first treatment month but also during the total. The TP didn't modify the reported adherence to the PSMF diet.…...

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References

Gordon-Elliott, Janna S. And Margolese, Howard C. (2006). Weight loss during prolonged branched-chain amino acid treatment for tardive dyskinesia in a patient with schizophrenia. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 40(2), p195-195.

Group, Edward F. (2009). Amino Acid Weight Loss. Retrieved March 12, 2010, from Weight

Loss & Obesity Web site: http://www.weightlossobesity.com/weight-loss/amino-acid-weight-loss.html

Heraief, Eric, Burckhardt, Peter, Wurtman, Judith J. And Wurtman, Richard J. (1985).

Found in both plant and animal products, such as olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil, and in some plant foods such as avocado (Nutristrategy [N], 2005). Phospholipids are major components of the cell membrane. Phospholipids limit the passage of water-soluble compounds through the membrane, enabling the cell to keep its contents separate from the outside environment. Lastly, just wanted to give five ways that one can cut one's fat intake by watching what foods one consumes. Convert some of the foods one eats. Eat plenty of vegetables, increase the amount of whole grains, concentrate on the proper fats that one's body needs, eat healthy proteins, consume more low and nonfat dairy foods (Nelson, Lichtenstein, & Lindner, 2005). Hope this all helps in one's decision. Good luck, hope you make healthy choices, and let us talk if there are questions.
eferences

Encarta Encyclopedia (2005). Lipids. etrieved August 11,2005, at http://encantra.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566842/Lipids.html

Nelson, M.E., Lichtenstein,…...

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References

Encarta Encyclopedia (2005). Lipids. Retrieved August 11,2005, at  http://encantra.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566842/Lipids.html 

Nelson, M.E., Lichtenstein, A.H., & Lindner, L. (2005). Strong Women, Strong Hearts. New York: G.P Putnam's Sons.

Nutristrategy (2005). Fats, Oils, and Fatty Acids. Retrieved August 11, 2005, from www.nutristrategy.com/fatsoils.htm

Even though users of light therapy are often advised not to look directly at the light source, the mechanisms of the eye focus incoming light onto the macula, the small region of the retina where vision takes place, and where age-related macular degeneration occurs. Since blue light wavelength make up only a small percentage of the light in white light, any form of light therapy using a high proportion of blue light therefore risks subverting a variety of defensive mechanisms that protect the retina against blue light hazard. These defensive mechanisms include the anatomical positioning and structure of eye and its surrounding features, as well as human posture, which makes it awkward for humans to gaze upwards for long periods of time. Sunnex iotechnologies, 2008)
The work of David H. Sliney entitled: "Ocular Hazards of Light" presented at the International Lighting in Controlled Environments Workshop states the following risks and…...

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Bibliography

Figueiro, M.G., J.D. Bullough, R.H. Parsons, and M.S. Rea. Preliminary Evidence for Spectral Opponency in the Suppression of Melatonin by Light in Humans. Neuroreport, Vol. 15, 2004, pp. 313-316 in: Figueiro, Mariana, Bullough, John D. And Rea, Mark S. (2007) Light isn't just for vision anymore: implications for transportation safety. United States Department of Transportation Lighting Research Center Region 2 University Transportation Research Center Polytechnic Institute 31 Dec 2 -- "7

Figueiro, M., et al. Demonstration of additivity failure in human circadian phototransduction. Neuro Endocrinology Letters, Vol. 26, 2005, pp. 493-498.

Ingling, C.R., E. Martinez, and a.L. Lewis. Tonic-Phasic-Channel Dichotomy and Crozier's Law. Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 73, 1983, pp. 183-189 in Figueiro, Mariana, Bullough, John D. And Rea, Mark S. (2007) Light isn't just for vision anymore: implications for transportation safety. United States Department of Transportation Lighting Research Center Region 2 University Transportation Research Center Polytechnic Institute 31 Dec 2 -- "7 Report

Lack, Leon, Bramwell, Toby, Wright, Helen, and Kemp, Krystyn (2007) Morning blue light can advance the melatonin rhythm in mild delayed sleep phase syndrome

Biology
Explain how enzymes are involved in processes such as the breakdown of fructose.

Enzymes are integral to processes such as the breakdown of fructose, a monosaccharide. Thus, a deficiency in enzymes can cause malabsorption of fructose or other sugars. Chemically, enzymes are complex proteins. Some enzymes like fructokinase transform molecules into available energy via processes of metabolism. For example, fructokinase and aldolase B. are enzymes involved in the breakdown of fructose. Any imbalance or absence of these and other enzymes can lead to fructose intolerance in the person, leading to a number of medical symptoms. When fructose cannot be metabolized by enzymes, it may lead to reduced absorption of water in the intestines, which in turn may lead to "bloating, diarrhoea or constipation, flatulence, and stomach pain due to muscle spasms. (Breakspear Medical Group, n.d.).

Found throughout the human body, enzymes can be considered to be chemical catalysts that convert substances like…...

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References

Breakspear Medical Group (n.d.). Fructose metabolism -- acumen. Retrieved online:  http://www.breakspearmedical.com/files/documents/fructosemetabolism230910_AM_.pdf 

"Citric Acid Cycle Summary." Retrieved online:  http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/612citricsum.html 

"Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and other Energy-Releasing Pathways," (n.d.). Retrieved online:  http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect12.htm 

United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation (n.d.). What is mitochondrial disease? Retrieved online:  http://www.umdf.org/site/c.8qKOJ0MvF7LUG/b.7934627/k.3711/What_is_Mitochondrial_Disease.htm

Cocoa
THE CACAO TREE (THEOBROMA CACAO)

WHAT IS IN THE COCOA BEAN?

MAKING AND EATING CHOCOLATE

State of the At of Cocoa

Is Cocoa good fo you?

Buden of Poof

CHOCOLATE AS A FAT

EFFECTS ON BLOOD LIPIDS

WHAT IS OK

CHOCOLATE AND HEALTH AND DISEASE

Chocolate Caving

F. Migaine

G. Toxicity

H. Immune Function

Allegy

J. Othe Disodes

K. Behavio

L. Antioxidants

M. Caffeine

N. Dental Caies

O. Migaines

P. Obesity

Seum Cholesteol

K. Heat Health

Pacemakes and vitamin pills ae just among a few of millions of health poducts that ae sold daily aound the wold. But one of the most easily accessible of all is ight beneath ou noses: chocolate. Cocoa, the plant fom which chocolate is deived, has had a positive effect on today's society because of its active ole in daily health. The development and distibution of cocoa has had a positive effect on today's society because of its active ole in daily health.

Many people believe that chocolate is bad fo you -- that it's caloies outweigh its positive…...

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references for fats in foods: relationships to diet and body composition. Am J. Clin Nutr. 1991; 53:908-915.

Green SM, Delargy HJ, Joanes D. And Blundell JE A satiety quotient: a formulation to assess the satiating effect of food. Appetite. 1997; 29:291-304.

Seligson FH, Krummel DA and Apgar JR. Patterns of chocolate consumption. Am J. Clin Nutr. 1994;60:S1060-S1067.

Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health; 1989. NIH Publication No. 89-2925.

Kritchevsky D. Effects of Triglyceride Structure on Lipid Metabolism. Nutrition Reviews. 1988;46:177-181.

Desiccation Tolerance in Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes or eukaryote is the organism that makes up the microbial world. Prokaryotes are deficient of internal unit membranes and are self-sufficient cells or organisms. The best-known prokaryotic organisms are the bacteria. The cell membrane in prokaryotes makes up the cell's primary osmotic barrier and consists of a phsopholipids unit membrane. The ribosome carries out translation and protein synthesis and is present in the cytoplasm. Normally, the nuclear regions consist of circular, double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid.

Plasmids, the accessory self-replicating genetic structure is present in many prokaryotes with extra not necessary cell functions like encoding proteins to inactivate antibiotics. On the other hand, the eukaryotic cells have a nuclear membrane, well-defined chromosomes, mitochondria, a sector device, an endoplasmic reticulum and digestive system with many cell types. The prokaryotes are deficient of structural multiplicity and consist of millions of genetically distinct unicellular organism, which is well-known among eukaryotes and they…...

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References

Desiccation tolerance of prokaryotes" Retrieved at  http://www.cryonet.org 

Engineering desiccation tolerance in Escherichia coli" Billi, Daniela; Wright, Deborah J; helm, Richard F. Pricket, Todd; Potts, Malcolm; Crowe. John H. Retrieved at gov. plhttp://www.nencki.

Major groups of prokaryotes" Retrieved at  http://www.bact.wisc.edu 

Mechanisms of plant desiccation tolerance" Hoekstra, Folkert A; Golovina, Elena; Buitink, Julia. Retrieved at  http://www.plantstress.com

Amidation of Peptides in Humans
Modern biotechnology has experienced dramatic leaps in the body of knowledge concerning molecular processes in peptides and how they work. Many of these processes rely on amidation of peptides to achieve increasingly important medical and commercial applications. Peptides are created when two or more amino acids are covalently joined by peptide bonds, a process termed post-translational modification. One increasingly valuable application of post-translational modification is amidation. This paper provides an overview of peptides and their role in biological processes, how amidation of peptides works and its importance, and a description of the two functional domains of the PAM enzyme (PHM and PAL) and the roles they play in amidation. An assessment of whether amidation prevents C-terminal degradation is followed by a discussion of which peptides/proteins are susceptible to C-terminal degredation by carboxypeptidase. An analysis of whether E. coli can be modified to perform amidation will…...

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References

Allen, J.M. (1963). The nature of biological diversity. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Audesirk, T. & Audesirk, G. (1993). Biology: Life on Earth, 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Bradbury, A.F. & Smyth, D.G. (1988). Biosynthesis of peptide neurotransmitters: studies on the formation of peptide amides. Physiol Bohemoslov, 37(3), 267-74.

Brighton, P.J., Szekeres, P.G. & Willars, G.B. (2004). Neuromedin U. And Its Receptors: Structure, Function, and Physiological Roles. Pharmacological Review, 56, 231-248.

Nutrigenomics is an important field of study. It finds in roots in modern times, because of the direct relation to advances in science and technology. Nutrigenomics also straddles the nature vs. nurture divide. The publication of the relatively preliminary results of the Human Genome has given greater impetus to the idea of Nutrigenomics. One might assuredly say that the publication of the Human Genome is preliminary because the current versions of the genome are merely representatives of a very select group of individuals. (Lander et al., 2001; Venter et al., 2001) What makes individuals unique of course is the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs. It is these SNPs that give each of us our individuality. Hence each individual's genome is his or her genotype. A genotype is an individual's genome -- the genetic coding that identifies the character traits that govern existence. In the context of Nutrigenomics, a…...

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Bibliography

Antshel, K.M., & Waisbren, S.E. (2003). Timing is everything: executive functions in children exposed to elevated levels of phenylalanine. Neuropsychology, 17(3), 458-468.

Arn, P.H. (2003). Galactosemia. Curr Treat Options Neurol, 5(4), 343-345.

Buttke, T.M., & Sandstrom, P.A. (1995). Redox regulation of programmed cell death in lymphocytes. Free Radic Res, 22(5), 389-397.

Collins, F.S., Guyer, M.S., & Charkravarti, A. (1997). Variations on a theme: cataloging human DNA sequence variation. Science, 278(5343), 1580-1581.

Switching to Grass Fed eef
A new study from California State University in Chico reviewed over thirty years of research that compared the nutritional profiles of grain-fed beef and grass-fed beef. Overall the research done by the university revealed that grass-fed beef was better according to the report released in the latest Nutrition Journal. Grass-fed beef had more levels of omega-3 fatty acids (assist in enhancing cardiovascular health) and low levels of different documented unhealthy fats. eef from grass-fed animals also had less quantities of dietary cholesterol and higher levels of vitamins E and A plus antioxidants compared to beef from grain-fed animals. The research also found that grass-fed beef had two times the quantities of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), isomers, which have cancer fighting properties and also reduce the risk of getting diabetes and other medical problems (Pope, 2010).

Fatty acids profiles and antioxidant content

Red meat, regardless of whether the animal…...

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Bibliography

Clancy, K. (2006). Greener Pastures: How grass-fed beef and milk contribute to healthy eating.

Union of Cornered Scientists .

Daley, C., Abbott, A., Doyle, P., Nader, G., & Larson, S. (2010). A review of fatty acid profiles and antioxidant content in grass-fed and grain-fed beef. Nutrition Journal, 2.

Li, Y., Carrillo, J., Ding, Y., He, Y., Zhao, C., Zan, L., et al. (2015). Ruminal Transcriptomic

Naturally occurring trans-fatty acids are consumed in meager amounts and make up about half a percent of total energy intake including but not limited to meats and dairy products from cows, sheep, and other ruminants; these trans fats are produced by the action of bacteria in the ruminant stomach.
Therefore it is safe to assume that diet containing poly-saturated fats is a much clearer and present danger than environmental factors, which on their own cannot be discarded or disregarded.

Might there be environmental changes that go along with the homogenization of the American diet and the spread of the typical American diet around the world? What might those environmental risks be?

Yes. The whole industry and the various feeder industries associated with the fast food industry are more like to create environmental factors. For example Trans fatty acids and poly-saturated fats are the result of the specific kind of diet that animal…...

Depression is less prevalent in communities that naturally consume significant amounts of omega 3 fatty acids in their diets.  Omega 3 fatty acids naturally occur in fish, which has led to the belief that fish oils may help prevent or treat depression and other mood disorders.  Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are believed to help with mood disorders, though the method of interaction is not fully understood.  The theory is that they are anti-inflammatory, and they interact with mood molecules.  Clinical trials examining omega-3 therapy as a stand alone and as an add-on therapy support its use to....

Thesis Statement: Breastfeeding offers substantial benefits for both mothers and infants, promoting optimal health outcomes and fostering a unique bond between them. Its advantages range from providing essential nutrients to reducing the risk of diseases and enhancing cognitive development in infants, while also providing health benefits and convenience for mothers.

Introduction:

The practice of breastfeeding has been recognized as a fundamental aspect of parenting, providing infants with the optimal nutrition they need to thrive. This thesis delves into the multitude of benefits breastfeeding offers to both mothers and their infants, highlighting the positive impact it can have on health, development, and emotional....

1. Discuss the role of genetics in the development of ADHD and how it impacts learning and memory processes in individuals with the disorder.
2. Evaluate the neurological basis of ADHD and its impact on cognitive functions such as attention, working memory, and executive functions.
3. Analyze the relationship between ADHD and learning disabilities, and how these co-occurring conditions affect memory formation and retention.
4. Explore the effectiveness of different pharmacological interventions for ADHD in enhancing learning and memory abilities in individuals with the disorder.
5. Discuss the potential role of neuroplasticity and neurogenesis in improving learning and memory outcomes in individuals with ADHD.
6.....

1. Proper supplementation: Supplements like selenium, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids can help reduce inflammation and improve thyroid function.

2. Balanced diet: Eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains can help support overall health and manage symptoms of Hashimoto's.

3. Stress management techniques: Stress can exacerbate symptoms of Hashimoto's, so it's important to implement stress-reducing techniques like meditation, yoga, and deep breathing exercises.

4. Regular exercise: Regular physical activity can help improve thyroid function, boost metabolism, and reduce inflammation associated with Hashimoto's.

5. Herbal remedies: Herbs like ashwagandha, licorice root, and bladderwrack may help improve thyroid function and....