1421: an exploratory study into female students' attitudes and behaviors toward binge drinking at Leeds University" by Carpenter et al. was to understand the perceptions of 12 female college students' attitudes toward binge drinking (2007, 8). Literature on the subject was rarely mentioned, aside from the citation of a few statistics regarding frequency of college-age female binge drinking, which served to support the undertaking of the study by Carpenter et al. (2007, 8). Participants were 12 female college students, and the tests took place in a university setting (Carpenter et al., 2007, 8). Tests took the form of two focus groups where, rather than given questionnaires, unstructured discussions were facilitated (Carpenter et al., 2007, 9) Both discussions were tape recorded and immediately transcribed afterwards (Carpenter et al., 2007, 9). Data analysis was thematic, the researchers looking for and emphasizing key points and themes that existed for all participants (Carpenter…...

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References

Carpenter et al. (2007). After Unit 1421: an exploratory study into female students' attitudes and behaviors toward binge drinking at Leeds University. Journal of Public Health, 30(1), 8-

13. doi: 10.1093/published/fdm083

Wiley, L. & Catizone, I. (2007). Behavior of College Women: A quantitative study of alcohol consumption and sexual experiences among college-aged women. Retrieved February 3,

2010 from University of New Hampshire website:  http://www.unh.edu/sociology/media/pdfs-journal2008/WileyCatizoneEDITED.pdf

Value of the article: The value of this article is in the information provided concerning the implementation of a large computer information system in a hospital.

Brooker, oss; Macpherson, Ian and Aspland, Tania (2001) Enriching the Outcomes of Action esearch: Connecting the Local with the Global Through a Hermeneutic Spiral. QJE Vol. 17, 2001. Online available at http://www.iier.org.au/qjer/qjer17/brooker.html

esearch question: The research question addressed in the work of Brooker, Macpherson and Aspland (2001) is how localized, qualitative data can move beyond description to authentic levels of analysis and interpretation as a basis for making an impact in the more global arenas of policy formulation and implementation within education systems.

esearch methodology: The methodology in this research is qualitative and in the form of a discussion and review of literature.

Major findings: The major findings of this study include the finding which states that the "...search for ways of making qualitative data and their analyses…...

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Research methodology: The research reported in an ethnography and states: "Arguing that ethnography on the Internet is a new qualitative research methodology Kozinet (2002) points towards adaptation of traditional features of ethnography to study the cultures and practices as they emerge through text-based computer-mediated communications." (Hair and Clark, nd) Stated is: "2002). Secondly, on the issue of process, traditional methods have focused on the taking of detailed field notes by the author as participant observer. This has then been followed by a review of accuracy; an identification of emerging patterns; review of extant literature on the area; the subsequent development of propositions; and finally the use of literature to develop Theoretical standpoints." (Hair and Clark, nd)

Major findings: There are five steps in the procedure of a critical virtual ethnography: (1) identify proactive communities: (2) negotiate access; (3) contact; (4) electronic depth interview; and (5) return results and analysis to the community. (Hair and Clark, nd)

Value of the article: The value of this article is within the information provided for research in the area of information systems.

English language. Let there be constructive argumentation and passion behind our claims. The state of a language is in many ways indicative of the people who use it. The character of people can be reflective of or demonstrated in the ways in which they use their language. This paper will be a discussion of the state of the English language in the context of the short piece "Politics and the English Language" composed by the astute and curious writer, George Orwell. This writer expresses a unique opinion as to what the specific problem with English is, how such a problem manifests, purport as to the affects of linguistic issues in society, and in some cases, propose solutions to such a problem. In the very least, the author exudes an air that the problem(s) with English is fixable. Therefore, the paper serves to examine the problems that Orwell speaks of…...

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References:

Orwell, George. All Art is Propaganda -- Critical Essays. Hartcourt, Inc., Orlando, Austin, New York, San Diego, London, 2008, Pages 270-286.

A special part of the walk-through is the online shopping part, wherein the researcher will ask the participant on how he/she goes about with his/her online shopping activity.
Note on triangulation

The proposed three-method design for this exploratory study is the researcher's way of ensuring that research results are triangulated. Combining the general findings from the diary and FGDs and specific online shopping behavior from the in-depth interviews would create a more complete picture on the general landscape and specific aspects of consumers' attitudes towards and behavior on online marketing strategies for healthcare products.

eferences

Bughin, J., a. Shenkan, and M. Singer. October 2008. How poor metrics undermine digital marketing. The McKinsey Quarterly.

Elberse, a. July-August 2008. Should you invest in the long tail? Harvard Business eview.

James, W. April 2008. Exploring web language orientation in emerging markets: The case of Serbia and the Ukraine. Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, Vol. 16,…...

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References

Bughin, J., a. Shenkan, and M. Singer. October 2008. How poor metrics undermine digital marketing. The McKinsey Quarterly.

Elberse, a. July-August 2008. Should you invest in the long tail? Harvard Business Review.

James, W. April 2008. Exploring web language orientation in emerging markets: The case of Serbia and the Ukraine. Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, Vol. 16, No. 3.

Malhotra, N. 1996. Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation. New Jersey, Prentice Hall.

insufficient to express the concepts in the research question. Both are valid research methods, but are typically used to cover different subjects. quantitative approaches are used with refined questions that can be subject to statistical analysis, such that the outputs can be proved mathematically. This is called intersubjective certifiability. Qualitative methods are more subjective, but can have a much greater breadth to the information that they convey.
Exploratory research designs rely on qualitative research techniques because it allows for open-ended questions and answers. Furthermore, probing "provides the participant with the opportunity to respond in their (sic) own words, rather than forcing them to choose from fixed responses, as quantitative methods do" (FHI, 2012). Open-ended questions have the benefit of allowing the questions to be meaningful to the participant, or can yield results that were not anticipated by the researcher. Essentially, qualitative research allows for greater exploration of the subject by…...

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References

FHI. (2012). Qualitative research methods overview. Family Health International . Retrieved December 2, 2013 from  http://www.ccs.neu.edu/course/is4800sp12/resources/qualmethods.pdf 

Harvard. (2012). Quantitative methods for improving causal inference in educational research. Harvard Graduate School of Education. Retrieved December 2, 2013 from http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k88485

Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C., & Griffin, M. (2013). Chapter 7

ole of esearch in Social Work
esearch assists in placing social work in its changing political and social context. This implies the ability to define social work's current environment in terms of dynamics like society and politics. esearch assists in establishing a knowledge base and professional status of social work, for example it assisted in establishing evidence-based practice. esearch also assists in analyzing population-based research that identifies people at risk in social work (Leece & Leece, 2010). This is because is assists social workers to understand clients in their social contexts, give voice to clients. Overall, research provides epistemological and value issues that define the nature and purpose of social work.

Social Worker's need to understand research

The main reason social workers need to understand research is to understand effective use of scientific evidence on the social services they offer to clients. esearch assists the social worker to investigate social services and…...

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References

Allen, R., & Earl, B. (2009). Essential Research Methods for Social Work. 2nd ed., Belmont, CA:

Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

Leece, J., & Leece, D. (2010). Personalization: Perceptions of the Role of Social Work in a World of Brokers and Budgets. The British Journal of Social Work, 41(2), 204-223.

Regnerus Mark. (2012). How different are the adult children of parents who have same-sex relationships? Findings from the New Family Structures Study. Social Science Research

Social Work
The research in this study is exploratory and descriptive. The study begins with the declaration that this topic of study has been pursued in the past, yet the sampling methods used proved ineffective in defining or describing why less Asian-Americans utilize healthcare services in the United States. This research seeks to describe the problem of little use of healthcare with their study. The research in this study classifies the phenomenon of lack of healthcare service use/participation by Asian-Americans. The research problem is that Asian-Americans are not using the healthcare services available to them for a variety of reasons. The research problem is stated clearly in the first two pages of the study. In this study, there were no listed hypotheses, instead there are objectives. The objectives of the study are:

…(1) examine rates of mental health-related service use among immigrant and U.S.-born Asian-Americans during a 12-month period, (2) identify…...

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References:

Abe-Kim, PhD, J., Takeuchi, PhD, D.T., Hong, S., Zane, PhD, N., Sue, PhD, S., Spencer, PhD, M.S., Appel, PhD, H., Nicdao, PhD, E., & Alegria, PhD, M. (2007) Use of Mental Health-Related Service Among Immigrant and U.S.-Born Asian-Americans: Results From the National Latino and Asian-American Study. American Journal of Public Health, 97(1), 91 -- 97.

Terrorist Groups Are Aligning to Conduct Global Terrorism.
Terrorism used to be a topic limited to only certain sectors of the world, such as the Middle East or South Africa. However, in recent years, it appears that no one is safe in any part of the world. A growing number of countries must take measures to protect citizens and visitors from the threat of terrorism. The Unites States is the latest addition to this list. It has become evident in recent years that terrorism is not a localized event any more, but has become an increasing global problem. It has also become obvious that terrorism requires a global solution as well. Evidence has been mounting that terrorist groups are beginning to connect and form alliances. This gives them greater strength and greater resources. It seems that they are finding common ground and are beginning to coordinate efforts. This will be the…...

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Works Cited

Office of the Secretary Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism (OSOCC) U.S. Department Of State. 1994 April: Patterns Of Global Terrorism, 1993. Department of State Publication 10136. 1994.   Accessed December 2002http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2000/2441.htm .

U.S. State Department (USSD) (1996) State-Sponsored Terrorism. 1995 Patterns of Global Terrorism. April, 1996. USIA Electronic Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, February 1997. Retrieved at Accessed December, 2002.http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itgic/0297/ijge/gj-9.htm.

United Stated Department of State (USDS) (1996a). Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1995. The Year in Review Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism. Department of State Publication. Embassy of the United States of America. Dag Hammarskjlds V g 31, SE-115 89 Stockholm. Released April 1996. Retrieved at  

S. Department of Health and Human Services et al., 2006). This first study will involve limited human exposure and extreme caution.
Most significantly, the study itself has to be based on sound scientific principles with a thorough knowledge of the properties of the chemical, and the potential results on the human subject. Standard clinical safety evaluations will include serial assessment of patient symptoms, physical signs, and clinical laboratory tests amongst other tests monitoring possible adverse effects. These tests will be of sufficient duration in order to catch potential negative effects. Safety hazards for patients and health care workers during and after administration of the radio labeled product will also be identified, evaluated and appropriately managed.

Finally, as prescribed by Section 505(d) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act) (21 U.S.C. 355(d)), adequate tests must be taken on the drug first before applying to a human individual. The drug must…...

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References

Farde, L. et al., 2007 Using Positron Emission

Tomography (PET) microdosing. Focus, The Organisation for Professionals in Regulatory Affairs,1-8

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services et al. (2006). Guidance for Industry, Investigators, and Reviewers Office of Training and Communication,  http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/index.htm 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration et al. (2004). Guidance for Industry Developing Medical Imaging Drug and Biological Products Division of Drug Information HFD-240

Possible one-on-one interventions may include the following retention of pharmacology

Introduction of cognitive behavioral therapy where Brian is shown how to deal with and manage his thoughts as well as how to be responsible for his own behavior rather than attempting to control that of others. This is particularly helpful with Brian's self-imposed isolation

Eclectic Rogerain counseling where counselor practices empathy, non-judgmental tolerance towards client, active listening, and encouraging client to formulate his own solutions

Insight into the conduct and feelings of Brian's mother as well as specific suggestion for how to deal with the mother's seeming apathy to Brian. Understanding can revolve around previous marital concerns, as well as her present medical concerns

Insight into the behavior of his biological father and strategies that may be effective in dealing with his father's abusive behavior and/or keeping away form his father.

Strategies for dealing with his disease and insight into its cause.

Social relationship skills that…...

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Means-Burleson, a.M. (2002). Aggression: Family and sibling correlates. Dissertation Abstracts International, 68(6B), 3015. (UMI

No. 3058213)

Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Down? The Value of the Dollar
International Currency Exchanges

Current Trends and Initiatives

Impact of the Euro on Dollar Valuation

Analysis of Current Trends and Initiatives on Dollar Valuation in the Future

Up or Down? The Value of the Dollar: A Historical Analysis of the Valuation of the U.S. Dollar

According to Michael Artis, Elizabeth Hennessy, and Axel eber (2000), capital losses can be caused by differential changes in the value of assets and liabilities, primarily exchange rate changes; these changes affect the value of a central bank's foreign exchange reserves. To date, exchange rate changes have only been a major problem for national central banks with very large foreign exchange reserves (i.e., Portugal); however, it might also become a problem for the European Central Bank in the future, whose balance sheet on the asset side will be dominated by the approximately 40 billion euro in foreign exchange reserves it has called up from the…...

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Works Cited

Arthurs, Harry. (1996). "Globalization and Its Discontents." Journal of Business

Administration and Policy Analysis, 24-26, 132.

Artis, Michael, Elizabeth Hennessy and Axel Weber (Eds.). The Euro: A Challenge and Opportunity for Financial Markets. London: Routledge, 2000.

Charrette, Susan and Juann Hung. (1997). "The Looming U.S. External Debt. How Serious is

Black Colleges Homosexuality
In order to create more egalitarian, prosocial, and productive campus environments, it is necessary to understand attitudes toward homosexuality and homosexual students. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) students experienced relatively high rates of substance abuse, depression, and stress related to discrimination, difficulties forming social relationships, and low self-esteem (Heck, Flentje & Cochran, 2011). As Kirby (2011) points out, "Having a negative self-concept plays a major role in youth suicides, in how well one does in school, and in how one interacts with society at large." Therefore, the need for a more supportive social environment on college campuses is a pressing one.

Unfortunately, traditionally white universities and historically black universities in the United States have addressed the needs of the LGBT student community differently. Historically black colleges and institutions are defined as "institutions classified as higher education that were chartered prior to 1964 and created with the principal mission…...

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References

Burleson, Douglas A. "Sexual orientation and college choice: Considering campus climate." About Campus 14, no. 6 (January 2010): 9-14. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed October 14, 2013).

Eisen, V., & Hall, L. (Eds.). (1996). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people and education [Special issue]. Harvard Educational Review, 66(2).

Griffin, H. (2000). Their Own Received Them Not: African-American Lesbians and Gays in Black Churches. Theology & Sexuality: The Journal Of The Institute For The Study Of Christianity & Sexuality, 6(12), 1.

Heck, N.C., Flentje, A., & Cochran, B.N. (2011). Offsetting risks: High school gay-straight alliances and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. School Psychology Quarterly, 26(2), 161-174. doi:10.1037/a0023226

Descrptive Design
esearch Method and Design Proposal

A research design is the approach utilized for a study used as a guide in gathering and analyzing data. There are two popular methods of research; qualitative and quantitative research methods. Qualitative research is an inductive, holistic, subjective, and process-oriented method technique employed to understand, interpret, describe, and establish a theory on a given topic, phenomena, or setting. Investigators employ this technique when their studies attempt to describe life experiences and give them meaning. In most cases, the method has associations with words, language and experiences, rather than measurements, statistics and numerical figures. When the investigators use this method, they adapt a person centered, and holistic view to comprehend the given phenomenal without focusing on particular concepts. In addition, this method is dynamic and developmental, and it does not employ the use of formal structured instruments (Hodkinson, 2009).

Most importantly, qualitative data methods are flexible and…...

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References

Bickman, L. (2008). Chapter 1 Applied research design: A practical approach. Retrieved from  http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/23770_Ch1.pdf 

Grimes, A.D., & Schulz, F.K. (2002). Descriptive studies: What they can do and cannot do.

Lancet, 359, 145-149.

Hofferth, S.L. (2005). Secondary data analysis in family research. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 891 -- 907.

Finance-dominated proponents also maintain that boom economic periods generate a more varied divergence of valuations that fuel merger activity (Medlen 2007). In this regard, Medlen concludes that, "Taken collectively, these understandings may explain some of the merger activity in booms, but they involve certain asymmetries that undercut their explanatory power. High stock valuations allow stock to be utilized as currency and collateral for takeovers; yet stock booms also make targets expensive" (p. 202). Moreover, despite the commonly held perception that mergers are a "quick and dirty" way to grow a business and achieve organizational goals, there remains a lack of convincing empirical evidence in support of this perception (Medlen 2007). As Medlen points out, an "anomalous fact about mergers concerns the lack of evidence that mergers are profitable. This fact begs the question: why then are mergers carried out with such frequency and with such large levels of capitalization?"…...

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References

Ahern, K.A. & Weston, J.F. (2007). 'M&as: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly.' Journal

of Applied Finance, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 5-7.

Babbie, E. (1990). Survey Research Methods (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth

Publishing Company.

Scale to Measure Celebrity Endorsers
In this study by Ohanian, a scale used in measuring celebrity endorsers' expertise, trustworthiness as well as attractiveness is developed. Psychometric scale development protocols are followed for testing the data reliability and validity as well. In addition, this study uses two exploratory and confirmatory samples to initiate a 15-item scale measuring the celebrity endorsers' characteristics. This article complies fully with Churchill's recommendations in several fronts as outlined below.

Several sources are researched on to identify words, phrases, and adjectives to use for this research's questionnaire; this results in the development of several adjectives describing personality traits. During the construction of the scale, 182 adjectives are identified of which some were eliminated to about 139 adjectives. Additionally, the 139 descriptors were further trimmed by a group of 38 college students; the researcher believed the words were unfamiliar with respondents, to 104.

For the identification of celebrities for the study,…...

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References

Churchill, G.A. (1979). A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 64-74.

Lages, C., Lages, C.R., & Lages, L.F. (2005). The RELQUAL Scale: A Measure of Relationship Quality in Export Market Ventures. Lisbon, Portugal.

Ohanian, R. (1990). Construction and Validation of a Scale to Measure Celebrity Endorsers' Perceived Expertise, Trustworthiness, and Attractiveness. Journal of Advertising, Vol.19, No.3, 39-52.

Zheng, B., Hall, M.A., Kidd, K.E., & Levine, D. (2002). Development of a Scale to Measure Patients' Trust in Health Insurers. Health Services Research Vol 37 No.1, 187-202.

Interviews vs. Questionnaires: Purpose and Distinction in Research

Introduction

Interviews and questionnaires are two widely used data collection methods in research. While both involve obtaining information from respondents, they differ significantly in their purpose, approach, and advantages. Understanding the distinction between these methods is crucial for researchers to select the most appropriate tool for their research objectives.

Purpose and Objectives

Interviews

Purpose: To gather in-depth, qualitative data from a small number of respondents.
Objectives:
Explore complex issues and perspectives
Understand motivations, beliefs, and experiences
Uncover hidden meanings and narratives

Questionnaires

Purpose: To collect quantitative data from a large number of respondents.
Objectives:
Measure variables and....

Purpose of Questionnaires in Research

Questionnaires are widely employed in research to gather data from a specific population or sample. They consist of a series of questions aimed at collecting information on various aspects of the research topic. Questionnaires serve several critical purposes in the research process:

1. Data Collection:

The primary purpose of questionnaires is to collect data on the research topic. They allow researchers to gather information on respondents' demographics, opinions, attitudes, behaviors, and experiences. This data is essential for understanding the research problem, testing hypotheses, and drawing conclusions.

2. Quantifying Responses:

Questionnaires typically use closed-ended questions, which allow respondents to select pre-defined....

Purpose of Interviews in Research

Interviews are a qualitative research method used to gather information and insights from individuals through direct, face-to-face interactions. Interviews play a crucial role in research by providing rich and nuanced data that can help researchers delve into the subjective experiences, perspectives, and beliefs of participants.

Types of Interviews

There are several types of interviews, each suited for different research purposes:

Structured Interviews: Highly standardized, with predetermined questions and limited flexibility.
Semi-Structured Interviews: More flexible, allowing for some deviation from a set list of questions to explore particular areas of interest.
Unstructured Interviews: Free-flowing conversations where the researcher follows....

The Subversive Role of Nostalgia in Julian Barnes's Work

In the literary landscape, Julian Barnes stands out as a master of nostalgia, exploring its complexities and contradictions with a keen eye and incisive wit. While many essays delve into the overt manifestations of nostalgia in his work, a lesser-known but equally fascinating aspect lies in its subversive role.

Barnes's nostalgia is often a double-edged sword, cutting through the comforting haze of the past to reveal its darker undercurrents. In his novel "Flaubert's Parrot," the narrator, Geoffrey Braithwaite, embarks on a pilgrimage to the French countryside in search of traces of his literary....