Experimental design employs comparison as its strategy for the given research. It uses two groups, which the researcher uses for comparison purposes. These include the experimental group and a control group. The two groups used in a study have similarities, but the experimental group uses the independent variable, whereas the researcher the control group is not assignment of subjects to either control or experimental group because it is central to chance. Nevertheless, the researcher assigns cases to the two groups randomly. In order to determine the influence of the independent variable, investigators will measure the dependent variable, designated as scores, two times from both groups (Frankfort-Nachmias and Nachmias, 2008).
In addition, researchers take a single measurement, the pretest, for all cases before introducing the independent variable in the experimental group. Moreover, they also take a second measurement, the posttest, for both cases after exposing the experimental group to the independent variable.…...

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References

Frankfort-Nachmias, C., Nachmias, D. (2008). Research methods in social sciences 7 ed. New

York: Worth Publishers.

Walker, W. (2005). The strengths and weaknesses of research designs involving quantitative methods. Journal of research in nursing, 10(5), 571-582.

Dependent Variable 1:
Strength of Expressed Opinions on Questionnaire.

Independent Variable 2: Exposure to Indirect Intervention. Dependent Variable 2:

Strength of Expressed Opinions on Questionnaire.

Variables

Direct Intervention -- Test subjects will be exposed to conversation at the dinner table directed to them and including them on three separate occasions one week apart about the importance of consuming alcohol responsibly and about the dangerous consequences of drinking irresponsibly.

Indirect Intervention -- Test subjects will be exposed to modeled behavior of adults expressing concern over matters such as designating a non-drinking driver and avoiding excessive intoxication without any conversation about them or directed to them three separate occasions one week apart.

Controls

There will be a control condition in the post-test version of the experimental design. Specifically, the responses of test subjects will be compared to a comparable control group that is not exposed to the specified intervention.

Manipulation Check

The parents will be instructed to either engage in verbal…...

Experimental Design for Hypothetial Researh Study
Reent researh has emerged whih suggests that the ingestion of hoolate may lead to improved ognitive funtion within the realm of memorization and retention of information. Establishing a onlusive link between ertain hemial omponents found in hoolate and the improvement of memory funtion would be a signifiant point of progress for medial siene, espeially when the impat of Alzheimer's disease, early-onset dementia and other memory-redution ailments on senior itizens is fully onsidered. By expanding on the work of Jones and Wilson (2011) -- who improved soring on math tests two hours after subjets ate hoolate -- it may be possible to identify the partiular enzymes released during digestion whih serve to alter fundamental aspets of memory. Researh published by Wong, Hideki, Anderson, and Skaarsgard (2009) -- whih suggests that the impat of hoolate on memory improvement ours more frequently for women -- an also be…...

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cited in the Introduction, as the subjects who ingested chocolate before testing showing marked improvements over their baseline scores, while the control group exposed to a placebo chocolate substitute returned results which were nearly identical to their baseline. More specifically, women tested higher than their baseline at each duration interval of chocolate ingestion, and the gains experienced by women were significantly higher (on a statistical basis) than those produced by men. In terms of the previously stated hypothesis, the fact that women were consistently observed to record higher test scores after eating chocolate, and that these improvements consistently outpaced that documented in their male counterparts, would appear to suggest a biological basis for the discrepancy. Additional research must be performed from a molecular analysis standpoint to determine if a link between naturally occurring enzymes in chocolate and hormones like estrogen and progesterone which occur predominately in women. The conclusion to be drawn from this experiment is that chocolate contains a particular chemical capable of interacting with the brain on a biological level to stimulate improved cognitive function relating to memory and retention of information. Furthermore, this phenomenon has been observed to occur more frequently and more powerfully in women, suggesting that a component of female biology such as certain hormones may be producing an exaggerated effect. The null hypothesis stated prior to the experiment has been rejected, as chocolate appears to offer genuine benefits for those seeking to improve their ability to memorize facts and retain information.

Experimentation is one of the common methods used in quantitative research. Premised on the positivist philosophy, an experiment is essentially conducted to investigate causal relationships between variables (Bryman, 2008). Indeed, this is one of the major strengths of experimental research compared to other types of studies -- it not only describes association between variables, but also explains causation between variables (Kothari, 2004). This essay describes the various components of an experimental method plan. The paper also explains threats to validity as well as nuances involved in interpreting results from an empirical study.
An experimental design has four major components: participants, materials, procedures, and measures (Creswell, 2014). Participants denote the subjects from which the required data will be obtained. The participants section should describe the process of selecting and assigning the participants. This involves explaining whether random or non-random procedures will be used to select participants, whether the participants will be randomly…...

experimental design feasible? Why or why not?
• What suggestions can you make for future studies of the DARE program?

The aims of DARE are long-term in nature, namely to encourage students to not abuse drugs over the course of their lifetimes. The only way to test this aim is to conduct a longitudinal study of a representative body of DARE graduates over at least a twenty-year period, to see if the intervention had a lasting effect upon their drug use habits. The control groups would be a group of students from similar demographics and geographical locations who did not have DARE or any other anti-drug program in their schools and a group of students who experienced an anti-drug education intervention substantially different than DARE. The selection of students would have to be balanced in terms of factors such as race, gender, and neighborhood, given that graduates of DARE programs might…...

goal of the research is to conduct an assessment of probable issues relating to hiring a deputy director for the organization, which has operated without an actual office manager for a year. Consequently, the research objective is to identify positive qualities that an individual must possess to be considered for the vacant position of an office manager. In light of the current situation, acquiring a manager with positive qualities is the objective for the study because of the need to lessen the negative results of change in management and promote employees' receptiveness of the new manager.
Experimental Design

This study will entail conducting an experiment, which involves manipulating at least one independent variable and observing the impact on certain results i.e. dependent variable. The experiment will be conducted in the field because the study involves human subjects. Given these considerations, the most suitable experimental design is true experiment, which entails random…...

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References

Shaughnessy, J.J., Zechmeister, E. & Zechmeister, J. (2003).Research methods in psychology (6th ed.). New York, NY: Mc-Graw Hill.

Sommer, B. (n.d.). Types of Experiments. Retrieved from The Regents University of California -- Davis Campus website:  http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/sommerb/sommerdemo/experiment/types.htm

featuring a QUANTITATIVE experimental design related criminal justice security management. Attach article ( a hyperlink article) posting. Please answer questions: Overview: Provide an overview study ( -write abstract; words).
Confidence in the criminal justice system, by David Indermaur and Lynne oberts

Indermaur and oberts (2009) commence by arguing the importance of the judicial system within any country, especially a developed one, where there is ongoing pressure to improve the quality of the criminal justice system. Throughout the past recent years then, various efforts have been made across the countries to reform and modernize the criminal justice system. The two authors as such strive to analyze these efforts and conclude on their effectiveness, based on the analysis of the confidence revealed by the people in the criminal justice system. In this examination, emphasis is placed on the reforms implemented in the UK and the confidence of the people in the criminal justice…...

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Reference:

Indermaur, D., Roberts, L. (2009). Confidence in the criminal justice system. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice. November edition.

Ball-And-Sock Experiment
he Experimental Design

I altered the experiment slightly to help make sure that it would demonstrate the issues it was supposed to demonstrate without adding extraneous variables. Specifically, I was concerned that if I walked around all day with a sock on my hand, every person who interacted with me would ask about my sock and that would get in the way of the main point of simply forcing me to not to rely on my dominant hand in my daily routine. Likewise, there seemed to be no point to introducing the variable of self-consciousness since left-handed people don't usually wall around self-conscious and worried what everybody else thinks about their being left-handed. So, I simply wrapped the fingers of my right hand in some first-aid gauze to make it impossible to use them and then I wrapped an Ace bandage around my hand and wrist so that in…...

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The first thing I noticed was that the most ordinary chores, such as brushing my teeth and accomplishing other personal hygiene tasks were extremely difficult and took much longer. On one hand, that represented an inherent limitation in the experimental design, because those issues do not ordinarily affect anybody who has always been left-handed; they would only be issues for people who have lost the use of their dominant hands and not anybody who has been left-handed since birth. However, from the perspective of a manager in business, it certainly is relevant to understanding the challenges of the thousands of injured military veterans whose lives have been changed by the loss of limbs in Iraq or Afghanistan since 2003 and 2011, respectively. However, I did immediately notice that my toothbrush is shaped for the right hand and that I cannot ever remember even seeing a toothbrush labeled "left-handed" in the drug store or supermarket. Possibly the most significant problem I encountered was that I was completely unable to drive my car even though it is an automatic transmission. The transmission shifter is on my right side and requires pushing a button with my thumb. I realized that learning how to drive must be that much more difficult for left-handed people because it probably is easier to use your dominant hand on the gear shifter.

In principle, the experiment reinforced how much most of us live our lives totally oblivious to many of the challenges faced by others. For example, males typically do not appreciate that when a female speaks in a group situation in the workplace, she might have concerns about the attitude of others (especially her superiors) about the competence of women, or about whether being proactive or assertive might be considered negatives when they would not be seen that way if she were male. Similarly, a Caucasian manager who lacks cultural sensitivity might not consider that an African-American or Hispanic coworker might worry that his colleagues think he might not have earned his position by merit and that he might have to work harder (and be more careful to avoid mistakes or about admitting to encountering difficulty with a task) to avoid reinforcing prejudicial assumptions that he received his position (or his educational degree) partly because of affirmative action.

In fact, the more I thought about it, the more I started considering that there might have been a point to the ridiculous aspect of the ball-and-sock design after all: because when I walk into a classroom or a job interview, the last thing on my mind is that the person might be making pejorative judgments about me as soon as they seem me and before I open my mouth. I realized that for my minority colleagues, that might not be the case: they might walk into every room feeling as though they have a sock and ball attached to their hands.

limiting a researcher's view of the problem are situational factors that can skew the results of her experiment, i.e., effects of pretesting, social threats, and group differences (Trochim, 2008, 188). External factors, such as possible sample size, can limit even the type of testing available to the researcher. As such, researchers have come up with a number of different types of designs over the years. This essay will compare and contrast two of these; experimental and quasi-experimental designs.
"Experimental designs are often touted as the most rigorous of all research designs" (Trochim, 2008, 186). hat is so rigorous about them is that they are the strongest type of design in regards to their internal validity (Trochim, 2008, 186). This is because the basic form of the experimental design uses random assignment, or chance to group participants. In effect, this makes the two groups, if selected from the same sample, basically…...

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Why would a researcher, who values internal validity, then choose a quasi-experimental design, that specifically lacks in internal validity? The reason is that experimental designs are not always the most effective. They're subject to social threats of internal validity, and have difficulties with external validity (Trochim, 2008, 188). An experimental design is "intrusive and difficult to carry out in most real-world contexts," and is basically an "artificial situation" created to "assess [a] causal relationship with high-internal validity." Resultingly, there are difficulties in generalizing the findings to the real world.

Alternatively, certain types of quasi-experimental designs are some "of the most intuitively sensible designs around" (Trochim, 2008, 210). This is because random selection is often not logical or possible. For example, say we wanted to understand the effects of a certain type of treatment on both developmentally disabled adults and adults that were not developmentally disabled. Random selection, or an experimental design, would be impossible here, because we already have our two groups; they're dictated by the difference.

The basic reasons one might choose an experimental design or a quasi-experimental design has to do with, I think, resources, and what exactly is being tested. I feel that there is no design that is "better" or "worse" -- applying those labels would not make any sense at all here, because every experiment has a different aim. What is good for one experiment may be bad for another. The most important thing, I feel, is simply to have an understanding of both, and the ability to employ each when necessary.

Threats to Validity in a Quasi-Experimental Design
Evaluating design choice: Walk Texas!

The research study by Bartholomew (et al. 2008) entitled "Walk Texas! 5-A-Day intervention for women, infant, and children (WIC) clients: A quasi-experimental study" is defined as quasi-experimental because it lacks a formal control group. The purpose of the study was to determine an intervention designed to improve the eating habits of low-income WIC clients. The participants were "primarily native Spanish speaking, Hispanic women, of low educational level" (Bartholomew 2008: 297). The study "utilized a pre-test post-test quasi-experimental design, with two intervention and two comparison clinics that were matched for size and ethnicity" (Bartholomew 2008: 297). The comparison clinics served as an informal control although participation in the experimental and control groups was not randomized, as would be the case in a true experimental study.

The purpose of the experiment was to see if low-income women who make use of the…...

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Reference

Bartholomew, J.B. (et al. 2008). Walk Texas! 5-A-Day intervention for Women, Infant, and children (WIC) clients: A quasi-experimental study. Journal of Community Health, 33:297 -- 303. DOI 10.1007/s10900-008-9103-y

Quasi-Experimental Design on the Effect of TV Adverts on Children
This study carries out the evaluation of a research titled "A quasi-experiment assessing the effectiveness of TV advertising directed to children" (Goldberg, 1990 p 445). The paper examines the extent the research hypotheses have been able to address the study. The paper also examines the research dependent variables and independent variables. Moreover, the study investigates the extent the author has adhered to both external and internal validity for the research.

esearch question the study Addresses

Goldberg, (1990) carries out the experimental research to investigate the potential impact of television advertising on children. Although, the author does not provide the research questions, nevertheless, the author tests two hypotheses using the quasi-experiment to assess the effectiveness of television advertising that has been directed to children.

ationale for the study

The rationale of the study is to assess whether children exposed to higher level of television advertisement can…...

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Reference

Goldberg, N. (1990). A Quasi-experiment Assessing the Effectiveness of TV Advertising directed to Children. Journal of Marketing Research JMR, 27 (4): 445

Khandker, Shahidur R., et al. (2010). Handbook on Impact Evaluation: Quantitative Methods and Practices, World Bank, Washington, D.C: 53-103.

Morgan, G. A. (2000). Quasi-Experimental Designs. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry: pp. 794-796.

Shadish, William R., et al. (2002). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston: 103-243.

threats to validity in an experimental design. Your response should include an evaluation of the choice of design, the author's rationale for the design choice, the types of validity presented and the critical differences among them, the author's performance in explaining them, and how you would assess the study's validity and the information you would require to do so.
Choice of research design:

The efficacy of female condom skills training in HIV risk reduction among women

andomized clinical trials are often considered the 'gold standard' of good medical research. This is because randomized trials make use of an experimental and control group and the randomization process is designed to eliminate possible selection bias, which causes correlative rather than correlative factors to potentially skew results. In the case of Choi (et al. 2008) according to the study "The efficacy of female condom skills training in HIV risk reduction among women" a "randomized trial…...

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References

Choi, K. (et al. 2008).The efficacy of female condom skills training in HIV risk reduction among women: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Public

Health, 98 (10):1841-1848

First

e., contemporary or historical issues (Eisenhardt 1989; in Naslund, 2005);
(3) the extent of control required over behavioral events in the research context (Yin 1994; as cited in Naslund, 2005); and (4) the researcher's philosophical stance, i.e., his/her understanding of the nature of social reality and how knowledge of that reality can be gained. (Naslund, 2005)

Naslund (2005) states that qualitative research methods "primarily create meanings and explanations to research phenomena" and include data collection methods such as:

(1) Observation;

(2) Fieldwork including interviews and questionnaires, diary methods, documents and texts, case studies; and (3) the researcher's impressions and reactions to observed phenomena. Quantitative research methods serve to make provision of a broad range of situations as well as being fast and economical.

Commonly utilized quantitative research methods include those of:

(1) Laboratory experiments;

(2) Formal methods; and (3) Numerical methods and techniques. (Naslund, 2005)

Naslund states that analysis identifies a number of interesting trends and trends that…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Experimental Research (2009) Experimental Resources. Online available at:  

Experimental esearch Methods in Business
Experimental esearch Methods

The author provides a survey of the literature illustrating applied experimental research methods in cross-sections of business and organization types. The advantages and disadvantages of the experimental research methods are discussed for each of the examples provided which run the gamut from depression-era agricultural economics to research conducted for the National Science Institute. While the article focuses on business research methods, the range of examples from multiple disciplines serves to demonstrate the adaptability of various methods to distinct contexts, the importance of thoughtfully developed research questions, and perceptions in the field regarding scientific rigor. The article is intended to guide students in their exploration of the breadth and depth of experimental research methods and to convey a sense of the challenges of applied scientific inquiry.

Introduction

The study of business topics has not always been inherently scientific. Certainly the work of Max Weber and Frederick Winslow…...

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References

Campbell, A. (2004). A quick guide to research methods, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 25(3), 163-165.

Cooper, D.R. And Schindler, P.S. (2011). Business research methods. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Demarco, T., Hruschka, P., Lister, T., Robertson, S., Robertson, J., and McMenamin, S. (2008). Adrenaline junkies and template zombies: Understanding patterns of project behavior. New York, NY: Dorset House Publishing Co., Inc.

Elliott F.F. (1929, October). Experimental method in economic research, Journal of Farm Economics, 11 (4) 594-596. [Oxford University Press on behalf of the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association]. Retrieved http://www.jstor.org/stable/1229899

Experimental Research
An experiment is a form of quantitative research that tests causal relationships. The researcher manipulates and controls the conditions under which individuals are observed to behave. Experimental research starts with a hypothesis and then modifies something in a particular relationship. The researcher has control over the environment, variables and individuals under study. At the end of the experiment, the outcome is compared with the situation before the modification. An experiment consists of a number of components:

Treatment or independent variable

Dependent variable

Pre-test

Post-test

Experimental group

Control group

Random assignment

Classical Experimental, Pre-Experimental, Quasi-Experimental and the Solomon Four-Group designs all differ in how they treat these components, thus impacting the reliability and validity of the experiment.

Classical Experimental Design comprises random assignment of cases to groups, a pre-test and a post-test, an experimental group and a control group. Each group is exposed to different conditions or stimulus materials. Random assignment is used to increase the likelihood that each…...

1. The two theoretical perspectives behind research are the positivist perspective and the interpretivist perspective.

- Positivist perspective: This perspective focuses on the idea that knowledge can be gained through objective observation and measurement. Positivists believe that there is an objective reality that can be studied and understood through empirical evidence and scientific methods.

- Interpretivist perspective: This perspective emphasizes the importance of understanding the subjective meanings and interpretations that individuals attach to their experiences. Interpretivists believe that reality is socially constructed and that individuals' interpretations of the world are shaped by their unique perspectives, beliefs, and values.

2. Research question: How....

Developmental Psychology: A Comprehensive List of Essay Topics

Cognitive Development

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development: An Examination of its Stages and Implications
Information Processing in Children: How Age and Experience Shape Cognitive Function
Language Development and the Role of Environment: Exploring the Interplay of Nature and Nurture
Cognitive Biases in Children and Adolescents: The Impact of Cognitive Immaturity on Decision-Making
The Development of Memory in Infancy: How Early Experiences Influence Retrieval and Recognition

Social and Emotional Development

Attachment Theory: Bowlby's and Ainsworth's Perspectives: Implications for Infant-Caregiver Relationships
Socialization and the Development of Prosocial Behavior: How Children Learn to Cooperate and Share
Moral....

The choice of research design can impact the validity of study findings in a few key ways:

1. Internal validity: The extent to which the study design accurately measures the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Different research designs (e.g., experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational) have different strengths and weaknesses in terms of internal validity. For example, experimental designs are generally considered to have higher internal validity compared to correlational studies because of their ability to control for extraneous variables and establish causation.

2. External validity: The extent to which the findings from a study can be generalized to other populations,....

1. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Human Employment

Discuss the potential benefits and drawbacks of AI on job automation and the future of work.
Analyze the ethical considerations and societal implications of AI-driven job displacement.
Explore strategies for mitigating the negative impacts of AI on employment and fostering a more equitable and sustainable labor market.

2. The Role of AI in Healthcare

Describe the advancements and applications of AI in healthcare, such as medical diagnosis, personalized treatment, and drug discovery.
Examine the ethical implications of AI-assisted healthcare decisions and the importance of ensuring patient safety and privacy.
Discuss the potential....