European Union
Describe how the EU is governed, i.e., its institutions

The European Union (EU) is a unique cooperation of 27 states which is in the form of economic and political partnership. This came as a result of a series of treaties and commitment of member states in integration through the harmonization of laws and adoption of common policies on quite a number of issues. The sovereignty of the member states have been pooled in most economic and social issues and the quality of decision making is supranational. Decision making with regard to some areas such as foreign policy necessitate consensus of the member states. There are common institutions that are used in the setting and promotion of the collective interests of the EU, a total of seven institutions have been set up for this, including: European Commission, Council of the European Union (Council of Ministers), European Parliament, European Council, Court of…...

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References

Hoskyns, C. & Michael, N. (2000). Democratizing the European Union: Issues for the twenty-first Century (Perspectives on Democratization. Manchester University Press.

Nees, Greg, (2010). Germany: Unraveling an enigma, Intercultural press.

Sear, S. (2011). Managing the impact of the Euro, Hampshire: Gower publishing

These reasons and the opposition met in the public opinion must be taken into consideration by the governments of each members state and so there is a great impact over the admission of new members, such as Croatia.
The date of the accession of Croatia in the European Union seems to provide great debate, not only because the country is not considered ready to join the Union, but most importantly because the EU is divided by conflicting opinions regarding the necessity or the benefit of further enlargement. The debate about Croatia's admission is not centered on the accomplishments of the country, but on the necessity of the EU to be even further enlarged.

Admitting Croatia into the European Union can represent a very important step forward for this country and an example for other alkan nations that development can be achieved and that EU admission is desirable and worth working for.…...

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Bibliography (APA):

Accession of Croatia to the European Union, available at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_Croatia_to_the_European_Union ;

Archick, K., V.L. Morelli, "European Union enlargement," CRS Report for Congress, updated October 25, 2006, available at http://italy.usembassy.gov/pdf/other/RS21344.pdf;

Avery, G., and J. Batt, "Balkans in Europe: why, when and how?," Policy Brief, March 2007, available at  http://www.epc.eu/TEWN/pdf/Balkans%20in%20Europe.pdf ;

Enlargement strategy and main challenges," Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, Brussels, November 2007, available at  http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/06_11_07_eu_enlargement.pdf ;

Secondly, a more fundamental reimagining of the public sphere as a concept will undoubtedly help to dismantle some of the destructive and disruptive assumptions governing the Commission's response to public dissatisfaction. By focusing on "debate" as the central tenet of a healthy public sphere, the European Union's leadership is able to avoid facing any real public criticism, because that criticism may be treated as an illegitimate and uninformed debate position by the ruling authority. Thus, a "change in perspective from the 'public sphere' to, respectively, 'public discourse'" forces both ruled and rulers to discuss the formulation of policy on equal footing, because one side is not able to dictate what does and does not constitute a reasonable position (Steeg, 2002, p. 508). As can be seen in the Commission's discussion of its communication policy, the concept of "debate" in the public sphere functions as a kind of distraction from the…...

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References

Calhoun, C. (2002). Dictionary of the social sciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Commission of the European Communities, (2007). Communicating europe in partnership.

Brussels: Retrieved from http://eur-

lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2007/com2007_0568en01.pdf

National economic planning was extensively accepted in postwar Europe with the French indicative planning fostering a much accepted model of the government and the private sector joining hands in the modernizing the economy. Several European economists considered that the public policy and public money could be combined to shape a greater rational and a more reasonable economic system. (Springer, 1994, p. 72)
The significance of the European public policy for the EU member states has gone up in the last fifteen years. Especially, the association between the national and sub-national government has undergone change a great deal. The coming of the "Europe of the egions" is no more a buzzword, but rather a vital reality in the EU. Of course, the European Commission found in the regional governments a crucial supporter in fostering the Single European Market -- SEM and in doing so; it lessened the resistance of a lot…...

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References

Balchin, Paul; Sykora, Ludek; Bull, Gregory. 1999. The Regional Policy and Planning in Europe. Routledge.

Bouvet, Florence. 2006. European Union Regional Policy: Allocation Determinants and Effects on Regional Economic Growth. Department of Economics, University of California. [Online]. Available:

  December 2007].http://www.econ.ucdavis.edu/graduate/fbouvet/job_market.pdf [25

Magone, Jose. M. 2003. Regional Institutions and Governance in the European Union.

In 1957, the Treaty of ome led to the creation of the European Atomic Energy Community (EUATOM) and the European Economic Community (EEC), which would become better known as the European Community. These early federations were direct predecessors of the European Union, which was formally established through the Treaty of Maastricht in 1992. The Maastricht treaty strengthened the powers of the intra-national federation and created cooperative realms of defense, agriculture, environmental law, transportation, human rights, and international trade. The single market and the single currency, the Euro, were also established after the Treaty of Maastricht.
Membership into the European Community and European Union has expanded consistently over the past several decades and continues. In 1973, the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Denmark joined. Greece became a member in 1981, and in 1986 Spain and Portugal became members. In 1995, Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined. In 2004, ten countries, many of which…...

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References

The History of the European Union." Europa. Online at  http://europa.eu .int/abc/history/index_en.htm.

History of the European Union." Wikipedia. Online at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union .

European Union's Policy Towards The Conflict In The Middle East
The Palestinian-Israeli conflict has always been of major concern to Europe because of the importance of this festering issue that has defied all attempts at a satisfactory solution for the last half-century and because of Europe's proximity of the Middle East. Prior to 1973, the EU member countries had differing policies with the Gaullist France displaying a pro-Arab bias and countries like Germany and Netherlands having very close relations with Israel. Since that time, and especially since the Oslo accord of 1993, the European Union has tried to follow a unified and consistent policy with regard to the Middle East conflict. In this paper we shall review the background and general development of the policy; the problems that the policy has faced, and the current status of the policy. The paper also includes a general assessment of the EU's Middle East…...

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References

The European Union." (n.d.) Middle East: The Faultline. Le Monde, diplomatique. Mondediplo.com. Retrieved on April 10, 2003 at  http://mondediplo.com/focus/mideast/r1276 

The EU & the Middle East: Position & background FAQs." (May, 2002). The EU and the Middle East Process. European Union in the World: External Relations. Retrieved on April 10, 2003 at  http://europa.eu .int/comm/external_relations/mepp/faq/index.htm

European Commission welcomes Quartet's presentation of the Middle East Road Map." (April 30, 2003) The EU and the Middle East Process. European Union in the World: External Relations.

EUropean Union Enlargement
When ten countries recently joined the 15 existing European Union (EU) member-states, the event represented the largest enlargement of the European Union in its history (Golino, 2003). One of the major perceived benefits of this union is that the countries formed an economic, political and military coalition with a combined population of 450 million people and an economy that produces approximately one-quarter of the world's annual output.

The new members include eight Central European countries -- the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia -- plus Malta and the southern Greek-Cypriot part of Cyprus (Golino, 2003). Their inclusion is expected to further shape the future character of the EU, how it governs itself, and the global role it pursues. It is also seen as an affirmation of European identity and of a break from Europe's communist past.

The Eastern European and Mediterranean countries have had to introduce…...

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Bibliography

EU considers future expansion. (February 15, 2000). BBC News.

EU Enlargement into Eastern Europe & the Mediterranean - Enhanced Market Access for Hong Kong Exporters. (December, 17, 2002). World Tariff Online Database. Retrieved from the Internet at  http://www.tdctrade.com/econforum/tdc/tdc021203.htm .

Europe, America face a 'depth integration' (April 29, 2004). People's Daily, p. 7.

Golino, L. (August21, 2003). EU expansion reshapes future of Europe. Washington Times.

1). Prior to market introduction of a GMO for commercial use in any part of the EU, notification must be sent to the competent member state authority where the GMO will be released (Council Directive 90/220/EEC, art. 11 (1)). Notification must include a risk assessment with information necessary for evaluating the foreseeable risks posed by the GMO to human health or the environment, to which the competent authority will evaluate and provide written consent as a prerequisite release. In addition, a Proposal for Labeling and Packaging must accompany the notification (Council Directive 90/220/EEC, art. 11).
In cases of successful applications, the Commission adopts the measures, whereas noncomplying proposals are forwarded to the Council for decision (See Council Directive 90/220/EEC, art. 21). GMOs approved by either the Commission or Council may be used without prohibition, restriction, or impediment in any member state.

Council Regulation 258/97: Novel Foods Regulation

Aimed at providing a uniform…...

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Bibliography

Alteri, M. 1999. 'The Environmental Risks of Transgenic Crops: An Agroecological Assessment, in Biotechnology and Biosafety: Proceedings of an Associated Event of the Fifth Annual World Bank Conference on Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development' 33 Ismail Serageldin

Wanda Collins eds.

Brough, D. 2000. 'Euro Grain-GM Feed Labels Needed to Ease Fears', Reuters

English News Service, Mar. 1, 2000.

European Union and Euro Currency Crisis
One of the major long-term issues that have damaged the euro is the fear about whether the governments in Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Spain, and Italy will honor their $4.2 trillion debts (Burgen, 2012). Failure to honor these debts has far reaching consequences on European banks which own these countries debts. Struggling banks are likely to suffer investors' confidence and credit. Countries that are beneficiaries of credit from these banks have come up with austerity measures that have been synonymous with recession (The Economist, 2011). This has further deepened the fears that governments would be less likely to honor their debts. This has further weakened the banks. In spite of the fact that the euro zone has the capacity to run on its banks and governments bearing in mind that it has the backing of the European Central Bank (ECB), it has blatantly failed to put…...

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References List

Burgen, S. (July 2, 2012). Spain fails to match Euro 2012 successes with opportunities for its youth. The Guardian.  http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/02/spain-euro-2012 -

youth-unemployment

The Economist (Jan 1, 2014). Taking Europe's Pulse: Interactive Overview of European GDP,

Debts, and Jobs. The Economist.  http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2010/12/europes_economies

European Union egulations
EU law is used as a source of law to member states of the union. Article 288 of the (TFEU) states that, regulations expressed to have 'general application' means that it creates binding obligations to legal practitioners within the jurisdiction of the union. They create general law with the potential of affecting anyone who is within the reach. The EU law takes the nature of direct effect, which means it creates rights for individual persons without further implementation. In politi sis vs. ministry of finance, it was held that under the paragraph two of article 189; regulations shall have general applications and shall be directly applicable in all member states. Therefore, due to their nature, function and sources from community law they have a direct effect to the people; capable of creating individual rights, which should be protected by courts (Moens & Trone, 2011, p 372).Van Gend en…...

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References

Breuer, C. 2011. The Regional Puzzle. Chicago: Lit Verlang Munster.

Fieldman, D. 2010. English Public Law. New York: Oxford University Press.

Moens, G.J. 2011. Commercial Law Of European Union. Atlanta: Springer.

"Lingering concern persists about the incorporation of 10 mostly East European countries last year, which some feared would dilute EU prosperity" (Rice-Oxley 2005). hen Turkey desired to join the EU, member nations questioned its ability to be integrated into the common culture of the other member nations (Rice-Oxley 2005). Turkey's human rights record made it controversial as did its: "striking difference from the European norm in terms of economics, demography, culture, religion, and even basic geography," although some member nations argued that its incorporation would encourage its government to embark upon a positive course of reforms (Rice-Oxley 2005). Going back to the reasons that the union was created in the first place, the supporters of Turkey's admission argued as thus: do we want Turkey to "live under European norms and laws or tell it go off and imitate the worst performances of its neighbors" in the Middle East (Rice…...

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Works Cited

Browne, Anthony & Nicola Smith. (14 Dec 2005). "How French farmers make themselves rich through EU." The Times. Retrieved 14 Jan 2008 at  http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,13509-1927728,00.html 

Burke, Albert. (2001). "Sweden and the European Union." A Doubtful Referendum. Retrieved 14 Jan 2008 at  http://www.nnn.se/n-model/eu/vote1.htm 

De Rossa, Proinsias. (2005). "How the European Parliament works." Guide to the European Parliament. Retrieved 14 Jan 2008 at  http://www.derossa.com/asp/guideEPworks.asp 

The history of the European Union." (2008). EUROPA. Retrieved 14 Jan 2008 at  http://europa.eu /abc/history/index_en.htm

Eight more countries join the EU in May, 2004 (Czech Republic; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Hungary; Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia); soon after, Malta and Cyprus are welcomed into the EU. In 2007, Bulgaria and Romania were welcomed as members of the EU.
In October, 2004, the now twenty-five EU countries sign a "Treaty Establishing a European Constitution" which is "designed to streamline democratic decision-making and management" of the EU (http://europa.eu). The constitution states that the EU is "open to any European country that fulfills the democratic, political and economic criteria for membership"; when a new member asks to join, that member must be approved unanimously by the other 27 states.

Currently there are several countries that are being considered as potential members of the EU; they are Turkey (that is now a member of NATO), Croatia, Albania, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, and the Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (http://europa.eu). The "Copenhagen Criteria" (rules…...

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Works Cited

Europa. "Europe in 12 Lessons / the History of the European Union / Key Facts and Figures

About Europe and the Europeans." Retrieved Dec. 28, 2010, from  http://europa.eu .

Jahn, George. "Hungary's tough new laws worry other EU countries." The Washington Post.

Retrieved Dec. 28, 2010, from   (2010): 1-3.http://www.washingtonpost.com .

Increased regulations could take even this advantage away from the industry.
Eventually, even the EU airline industry, despite its relative health in comparison to the United States, may chafe at the additional economic burdens it is being forced to suffer at the hands of the regulatory commission. Recently, French President Jacque Chirac proposed to tax air travel for all member states as a way to finance development aid. Although this fortunately would not affect the United States, this mania for increased, homogenizing regulation that favor more powerful EU member states and harm poorer nations and the disregard for more international representative bodies that govern industries with worldwide clientele like the airline industry could be a troubling trend. As the EU consolidates its power, and as there is no real international court of appeal to deflect the regulations that affect only the EU, technically, although not in actual practice, the EU's…...

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Works Cited

As bankruptcy looms, airlines face new regulation." EurActive. Updated September 20, 2006, [Oct 14, 2006]  http://www.euractiv.com/en/transport/bankruptcy-looms-airlines-face-new-regulation/article-144588 

Stier, Ken. "The Not-So Friendly Skies of Europe." Fortune Magazine. May 25-2006. [Oct

14, 2006]  http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/05/15/8376910/index.htm 

Study Says Airline Service Worsens," CNN.com, April 3, 2006, [Oct 14, 2006]  http://money.cnn.com/2006/04/03/news/companies/airline_quality/index.htm

S. have two different approaches. While the EU represents the "soft power" the United States is the proponent of the "hard power" (Kagan, 2003). However, it is considered that the issue of soft power is representative for the way in which states would later on develop their foreign policy and their strategic coordinates. However, in the case of Iraq and Iran it can be said that the current hard power approach cannot be used to the maximum because the U.S. In particular does not take into consideration the actual implications of culture, for instance. On the other hand however, the soft power of the EU could make better use of the influence and position of Turkey in the attempt to deal with issues such as terrorism,
However, one of the most important aspects of the geopolitical position of Turkey is its closeness to Iraq and Iran. Since the 9/11 attacks these…...

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Bibliography

Barkey, H.J. And P.H. Gordon."Cyprus: The predictable crisis." The National Interest. 2001. Accessed 7 May 2008, at  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_2001_Winter/ai_81765319/pg_6 

Calvocoressi, P. World politics since 1945. Budapest: Open Society Institute, 1996.

Cook, S.A., Douglas Dillon. "Turkey's Problematic Middle East Role." Council on Foreign Relations. 2008. Accessed 7 May 2008, at  http://www.cfr.org/publication/16057/turkeys_problematic_middle_east_role.html 

Jung, S., and S. Kubacek. (2005) "Economic Aspects of Turkey's Accession to the EU - How Turkey's Membership Is Challenging the EU." Student Economic Review, Vol. 19.

European Union External Relations Law The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union among 28 European nations that spans most of the continent. Created following the end of World War II, the EU was initially focused on promoting free trade between member states in order to improve their standards of living and reduce the likelihood of future conflicts. As a result, the European Economic Community (EEC) was created pursuant to the 1957 Rome Treaty in 1958 to facilitate trade between the organization’s founding members (Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands). The EEC’s name was changed in 1993 to the European Union to reflect the expanded focus of the organization beyond trade to include legal, environmental and human rights issues. Despite the recent withdrawal of Great Britain from the EU, the organization remains stable and enjoys an enormous market for its goods and services.[footnoteRef:2] This paper reviews the…...

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References

Amadeo, Kimberly (2017, July 18). “The world’s largest economies.” The Balance. [online] available:  

“A Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe” (2004). European Union. [online] available: https://europa.eu/european-union/sites/europaeu/files/docs/body/treaty_establishing _a_constitution _for_europe_en.pdf.

Communication from the Commission, Europe in the World – Some Practical Proposals for Greater Coherence, Effectiveness and Visibility, Brussels (2006).

Dinu, Gheorghe and Dinu, Diana (2012, January 1). “The Procedure before European Court of Justice.” Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 205-209.

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“Foreign and Security Policy.” (2017). European Union. [online] available:  https://europa.eu/european-union/topics/foreign-security-policy_en .

Nadirsyah Hosen (2017). “EU external relations: Law and policy.” Monash University. [online] available:  https://www.monash.edu/pubs/2017handbooks/units/LAW4683.html .https://www.thebalance.com/world-s-largest-economy-3306044 

- The role of social media in shaping public perception of the Russia/Ukraine war
- The impact of the media's portrayal of the conflict on international relations
- The significance of the historical and cultural ties between Russia and Ukraine in the conflict
- The role of propaganda in influencing the attitudes and beliefs of the people in Russia and Ukraine
- The economic consequences of the war on both Russia and Ukraine
- The humanitarian crisis resulting from the conflict and the international response
- The implications of the war on global security and stability
- The potential for a peaceful resolution to the conflict and....

1. "Exploring Poland's Rich Cultural Heritage"

2. "The Impact of Poland's Historical Events on its Modern Identity"

3. "Poland's Transition from Communism to Democracy: Lessons and Challenges"

4. "Poland's Role in World War II and its Aftermath"

5. "Preserving Poland's Natural Beauty: Environmental Conservation in a Changing World"

6. "Poland's Economic Growth and the European Union: Opportunities and Challenges"

7. "Uncovering Poland's Folklore: Traditions, Myths, and Legends"

8. "Poland's Educational System: Achievements and Innovations"

9. "Poland's Contribution to Science, Technology, and Innovation"

10. "Poland's Unique Culinary Traditions: From Pierogi to Bigos"
11. "The Symbolism and Importance of 'Jeszcze Polska nie zgin??a' as Poland's National Anthem"

The national anthem of Poland, known....

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5. Unveiling the Velvet Revolution: Understanding the Polish Political Shift of 1989

6. Shaping History: Investigating the Polish Political Transformation and Its Global Impact in 1989

7. A Turning Point in History: Assessing the Implications of the Polish Political Transformation of 1989

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9.....

The Dawn of a New Era: Poland's Political Transformation in 1989

The year 1989 witnessed a pivotal shift in Polish history, marking the end of four decades of communist rule and the dawn of a new era of political and economic transformation. This seismic change was sparked by a series of significant events that culminated in the first democratic elections in Poland since the end of World War II.

1. The Rise of Solidarity:

The catalyst for Poland's democratic revolution was the emergence of Solidarity, a trade union movement that became a symbol of resistance against the communist regime. Led by Lech Walesa,....