Europe is, to a large extent, the crucible of world development. Certainly, Asia and the regions of the Middle East are significant too, but Europe is the birth of a Western culture that has spread throughout the globe and affected the world in numerous ways. For this reason, European studies are central to any academic curriculum program. As specific to the U.., Europe is particularly important since not only has Europe birthed the U.. But many of its citizens stem from there, the cultures are closely linked, and the U.. conducts a large part of its trade with Europe. For these reasons and more, it seems to be important that Europe and its development should be the first region addressed in a World Regional Geography course.
The following essay elaborates on the significance of European contributions to world development by tracing key points of European history through feudalism to globalization and…...

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Sources

Eckhard Polzer (2000) The Contribution of Europe to Globalization.

 http://www.cap-lmu.de/publikationen/2000/europe_globalization.php 

Harvey, David (2005), A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

History World. HISTORY OF FEUDALISM.  http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ac35

Europe After World War II
Historical Development Unification

Historical Development of Unification Ideas in Europe after World War II

Europe was torn to shreds by the ugly forms of national and ethnic hatred after World War II (1939-1945). Europe is geographically situated in middle of such a global power system, where failing of peace means global annihilation. After World War II, the Europeans established such a framework that can allow peace and regional cooperation to be fostered. They wanted to establish a "Common Market," that got established by 1957. The purpose of writing this essay is to highlight the historical development of Unification ideas in Europe after World War II.

Historical Development of Unification Ideas in Europe after World War II

Europe suffered both economical and political crises after World War II. The creation of European Union took place, various treaties were signed and some effective movements came in to being. Functionalism and federalism took…...

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References

Figure from Key Trends in Globalization. (2010, February 19). Retrieved May 8, 2012, from  http://ablog.typepad.com/keytrendsinglobalisation/2010/02/china-and-india-economic-growth-and-the-fight-with-inflation.html 

Haas, E.B. (1968). The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social and Economic Forces, 1950 -- 1957. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Lindberg, L. (1963). The Political Dynamics of European Economic Integration. London: Oxford University Press.

Milward, A.S. (1984). The Reconstruction of Western Europe 1945-51. London: SAGE Publications.

Europe's success can in part be attributed to its geography. In particular, abundant rainfall enabled it to grow ample food, and the cold climate protected it from significant invasion from warmer climates. With food supplies relatively easy to come by in most years, Europeans were able to focus their efforts elsewhere. They created art and they waged war. That their climate was also often uncomfortable convinced many to explore the world. People in hot, dry places like Africa or Arabia simply did not have these advantages. They developed entirely different ways of life, ones that Europeans may need to adapt to if the climate of Europe were to change.
The basic pattern of life revolves around food production, and when food production is easy if frees up time and energy for other pursuits. Though there are times of war and times of famine, Europe's history was generally shaped by agricultural abundance.…...

Europe and Africa
Understanding the Emergence of 'Ethnicity' and the Nation-State

The historical emergence of ethnicities and nation-states in Europe and in Africa is continually questioned and re-interpreted by historians, sociologists, anthropologists, and mass media. Depending on the perspective of the author and the intention of the narrative, ethnicity can be seen as a colonial construct or as an inherent cultural identity through which more similarities with other ethnicities may be noted than differences. However, because of political persuasion and imperialistic practices, especially in the modern era, ethnic emergence has been viewed as something disparate from nationhood. Bruce J. Berman, for example, quotes Samora Machel, "leader of one of the most radically modernist African regimes," as asserting, "For the nation to live, the tribe must die'" (Berman 306). This paper will analyze the play between ethnicity and nationhood, and ultimately show how we can compare the historical emergence of ethnicities and nation-states…...

Europe
hat are the top two or three reasons why Europe is facing a mid-life crisis?

The NPR story by Eleanor Beardsley -- published in 2010 -- begins by pointing to the extraordinary benefits that citizens in Denmark and France are entitled to. The author says that healthcare is free in many EU countries, and education is also free, and if a couple has a child there are stipends in that eventuality as well. But is this "welfare system" sustainable? The government of France is borrowing to be able to continue to pay for the social programs that all citizens enjoy, but in France, Germany and Spain -- and elsewhere -- the money is just not there to continue shelling out benefits for healthcare, education, unemployment and other social needs.

Reason #1: One of the top reasons why Europe is facing a mid-life crisis: social spending simply cannot be sustained at the present…...

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Works Cited

Beardsley, E. (2010). Can The European Welfare State Survive? NPR. Retrieved January

21, 2014, from  http://www.npr.org .

Gifford, R. (2010). In Europe, Obstacles To A More Perfect Union. NPR. Retrieved January

21, 2014, from

A final European product is Dijon mustard (from Dijon), which is made by Unilever, a multinational that handles its own distribution. I know a lot of these are foods, but there are not that many non-comestibles that are from Europe, and the notebook isn't sold here, I brought it back myself.
Yugoslavia: The former Yugoslavia was always a fake country, a set of ethnic regions glorped together into a nation-state, so with the fall of Communism and the breakup of the U.S.S.., the disintegration of Yugoslavia was inevitable. Slobodan Milosevic was president of Serbia during the breakup, and exploited Serbian nationalism to create conflict during this breakup. With Slovenia, Croatia and BiH all declaring independence, and Milosevic seeking to fan the flames of conflict, the situation in Yugoslavia became a crisis. Serbian minorities in both Croatia and BiH agitated for independence or reunion with Serbian, fearing negative treatment as minorities.…...

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References

University of Oslo (2011). The Svalbard Treaty. Retrieved May 5, 2014 from  http://www.jus.uio.no/english/services/library/treaties/01/1-11/svalbard-treaty.xml 

Doughty, G. (2014). The Chunnel under siege. The Daily Mail. Retrieved May 4, 2014 from  http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-70041/The-Chunnel-siege.html 

The Economist. (2014). Beyond the river. The Economist . Retrieved May 5, 2014 from  http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21601314-recent-events-have-revived-interest-tiny-pro-russian-territory-moldova-beyond-river?zid=307&ah=5e80419d1bc9821ebe173f4f0f060a07 

Maltezou, R. & Papadimas, L. (2013). Thousands of Greeks rally in anti-austerity strike. Reuters Retrieved May 5, 2014 from  http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/20/us-greece-strike-idUSBRE91I1D520130220

Moreover, without instituting the plan, without the United States putting its currency where its rhetoric was, it is unlikely that Europe would have accepted the so-called Truman Doctrine later on as willingly as it did, or the status of NATO and the United Nations as anti-communist and peacekeeping forces dominated by the United States. The Truman Doctrine began with Greece, but was later invoked in the Berlin Airlift and other interventionist and anti-communist activities on the part of the United States. "The very existence of the Greek state is today threatened by the terrorist activities of several thousand armed men, led by Communists, who defy the government's authority at a number of points, particularly along the northern boundaries," declared Truman in 1947, advocating his famous doctrine for the first time. (the Truman Doctrine, 1947)
The Marshall Plan was not simply adopted for humanitarian reasons. At the time, the United States…...

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Works Cited

The Marshall Plan: 1947. The Congressional Record 20 Jun 1947. http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/57.htm

The Truman Doctrine. 1947. The Avalon Project. 1997. Yale School of Law. Last Modified 21 Jul 2005.  http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/trudoc.htm

The United States offered up to $20 billion for relief, but only if the European nations could unite and draw up a rational plan on how they would use the aid (Marshall1 pp). For the first time in history, they would have to cooperate with each other and act as a single economic unit (Marshall1 pp). Although Marshall also offered aid to the Soviet Union and its allies in Eastern Europe, Stalin denounced the programs as a trick and refused to participate, however the Russian rejection probably made the passage of the measure through Congress possible (Marshall1 pp).

It should be noted that the Marshall Plan also benefited the American economy, because the money would be used to buy goods from the United States that had to be shipped across the Atlantic on American merchant vessels (Marshall1 pp). The Marshall Plan worked and by 1953, the United States had pumped in…...

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Works Cited

The Marshall1 Plan (1947). Retrieved July 28, 2005 at http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/57.htm

The Marshall Plan. Retrieved July 28, 2005 at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan 

Truman Doctrine. Retrieved July 28, 2005 at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Doctrine

till the results of these revolutions were quite contradictive: France gained political freedoms for a short period of time, Italy was unified by monarchy was established, Austria-Hungary held political reforms against feudalism survivals, but in fact the very purposes were not realized. But their ideological role was vital, as their results led to the popularization of nationalist ideas in Europe, cultural unification of oppressed nations and further struggle for freedoms.
ince the mile of the nineteenth century European community had understood that nation could develop only under the ideas of nationalism, liberties and independence within the state, where people live, and where their interests and aspirations are reflected in current legislature. At the same time, nationalism in different European states gained radical features, such as expansion, superiority over other nations and struggle for new territories, markets and zones of economical and political interest. From one side these were colonial interests…...

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Since the mile of the nineteenth century European community had understood that nation could develop only under the ideas of nationalism, liberties and independence within the state, where people live, and where their interests and aspirations are reflected in current legislature. At the same time, nationalism in different European states gained radical features, such as expansion, superiority over other nations and struggle for new territories, markets and zones of economical and political interest. From one side these were colonial interests of European superpowers, with liberal governments as France and Great Britain, who were entering the new age in their development called imperialism and from the other side there were "old-fashioned" monarchies who saw the only way to prosperity in conquest and colonialism. The first case that brought these contradictions to surface was a Crimean War, when Russian and declining Ottoman Empire with allies in the face of Britain and France fought for domination in Black sea, then it was Berlin congress, which finished Russo-Turkish war of 1876-1878.

But by the means of repartitioning Europe, changing maps and establishing new states, imperial interests of major European superpowers could not be solved, as they dream about the whole repartition of colonial world. But they met the counter force in the face of nationalism of oppressed nations, who as well wanted to fight for independence and were not satisfied by territorial ambitions of European major powers.

All these contradictions (imperial and nationalistic) brought Europe and global community to WW1, which had to solve burning problems of European geopolitics by means of blood, cruelty and gunpowder. In order to see the most objective solution to of the problem it's important to refer to Woodrow Wilson's "14 points," who being an independent observe proposed the most reasonable solution to further conflicts at least on the territory of Europe: "to refuse from any colonial claims on European continent and to give the right to self-determination and establishing governments to every nation."

The $13.3 billion provided by the United States definitely contributed to European recovery (Introduction pp).

orld ar II had devastated much of the continent, leaving the local economies in ruin and millions homeless (Marshall pp). Moreover, the destruction of agriculture had led to conditions of starvation in many areas of the continent (Marshall pp). Many of the greatest cities were in ruins, others were severely damaged, and of particular concern was the damage to the transportation industry, such as railways, bridges, roads, and the number of merchant shipping boats that had been sunk (Marshall pp).

Due to the Marshall Plan, the four years following the ar saw the fastest period of growth in European history (Marshall pp). ithout the Marshall Plan, Europe would have had a very slow recovery, with many areas struggling for decades, and others falling to communism. It is very likely that ten years after the ar would have…...

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Works Cited

Introduction: The Marshall Plan. Retrieved July 21, 2005 at  http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/mars0.html 

The Marshall Plan. Retrieved July 21, 2005 at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan 

Truman Doctrine. Retrieved July 21, 2005 at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Doctrine

"I grant you the sacred charge of propagating our order under any and all conditions, because it is sure to have a lasting effect on posterity. As I've told you many times, the Priory de Zion has been the guiding force behind the Knights Templars, the French faction which has been our military might and the possessor of the holy grail which Mary Magdalene took into this country after the crucifixion of Jesus."

"That cup symbolizes the bloodline of our order as being descended from a divinity which has been passed down through the Merovingian ancestry and to which we are the rightful heirs. You must carefully preserve this knowledge I'm telling you and contain it only within our order, which strives to reassert our rights to the throne of the world."

"I will Jean. Wouldn't it be great if we were able to safeguard such a secret so that our order…...

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References

Baigent, M. Leigh, R. Lincoln, H. (1982). Holy Blood, Holy Grail. New York: Dell Publishing. p. 131

Loyd, L. (1975). The Origins of Anglo-Norman Families. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co. p. 45.

" However, despite legal change meant to reach all corners of European office and family life, former Italian Equal Opportunity minister said, "Laws are very far from reality." To achieve any real power in the civic realm, the law has to mimic the driving forces for social change in a manner accessible to the layman; equality has to be felt, and forced, on both sides. While British women are able to see their husband and rime Minister home with newborn babies, they also need to be able to pursue their jobs in such a manner that they do not lose out for the sake of family.
However, the struggle between family and work remains important for both sexes. France and Britain are at opposite ends of the European sphere, old rivals again facing new arguments as they aim to decipher the call for equality heard internationally. In 2001, the Genisson Law…...

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Power, Carla. "Women of the New Century; for European Women, Globalization May be Messy. But it's Bringing Fresh Opportunities for a Grou pof Dynamic, Young Entrepreneurs. The Workplace will Never be the Same Again." Newsweek. January 8, 2001. p. 14.

European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. "Gender Equality Plans at the Workplace." Eiro. May 2004. p. 3.

Should Tony Take a Break?" BBC News. March 23, 2000.

For Conrad and Coppola, colonialism and imperialism destroys the psyches of both the oppressor and the oppressed. In Heart of Darkness and in Apocalypse Now, the protagonists struggle between their sense of duty, loyalty, and obligation with their sense of compassion and sheer disgust. Marlow and illard both signify the probable state of mind of many American soldiers during the war in Vietnam, and of many European traders during the colonial era. Their illusions shattered by what they encounter in the jungle, Marlow and illard can nevertheless not completely wrest themselves from their origin and cultural identity. One of the reasons Kurtz is such a legendary figure in both stories is that the man attempted to traverse the worlds. Both Kurtzes suffer immensely as a result, and both come across as being egomaniacal and completely deluded. The Kurtzes simultaneously despise the native peoples and love them, but their love is…...

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Works Cited

Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness.

Coppola, Francis Ford. Apocalypse Now Redux. 1979 feature film.

Class notes and lectures: "Introduction to Heart of Darkness," and "European Imperialism in Africa."

Cesaire portrays France's less intrusive but still stridently nationalistic colonization of Africa is as a creating void of national identity, rather than as an imposition and a source of cultural clash and conflict, as chronicled in India by Smith.
It is important to remember of the earlier document of Cesaire that the author spoke to a populace still attempting to define itself anew, linguistically as well, as a nation after the legacy of French involvement, as embodied in the film "The Battle of Algiers." Cesaire thus gave more emphasis to national and collective psychological healing than healing personal guilt and interfamily conflict, given his own historical vantage point and his own cultural context in a less stridently self-examining world than Smith's Great Britain, and a nation less immediately comfortable with its personal identity. Also, unlike India, Algeria was a more religiously and linguistically unified society and had a more coherent…...

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Works Cited

Apocalypse Now Redux. Directed by Francis Ford Coppola.

The Battle of Algiers." 1967.

Cesaire, Aime. "Discourse on Colonialism." 1955. Class handout.

Smith, Zadie. White Teeth. New York: Random House, 2000.

Europe faced after WWII and the fall of communism in 1991: How has Europe managed the transition away from communism?
After World War II, Europe was devastated physically and economically from the conflict in a manner far different from the United States. The U.S. had not seen war on its soil. ritain, in contrast, had been razed by the blitz, and its far-flung empire was crumbling. France had likewise been torn apart, and Germany had been bombed into submission. There was also the looming specter of communism on the Eastern horizon. Stalin was determined to use Eastern Europe as a 'buffer zone' against Western European encroachment. Soon, the West and East were polarized into two different alliance systems, that of NATO and the Warsaw Pact. All efforts of Eastern Europe to extricate itself from the Warsaw Pact were met with swift suppression by Moscow, as manifested during the brief Czechoslovak…...

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Bibliography

Amsden, Alice. "Beyond Shock Therapy." The America Prospect. 19 Dec 2001.

  [30 Apr 2012]http://prospect.org/article/beyond-shock-therapy-why-eastern-europes-recovery-starts-washington 

Brager, Bruce L. "Yalta." From The Iron Curtain: The Cold War in Europe.

Reprinted at   [30 Apr 2012]http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/articles/yalta.aspx 

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This could be a challenging assignment because if there is a defining principal to describe Native American beliefs, it would probably be that there is no defining principal to describe Native American beliefs.  Native American tribes practiced a range of different religions and they included, but were not limited to, polytheistic, pantheistic, monotheistic, henotheistic, animistic, and shamanistic religions.  There were some shared elements among Native American belief systems, but many differences, as well.  In addition, it can be very difficult to understand Native American beliefs at the time of contact with Europeans because of the tremendous losses....

In order to really understand resistance in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, it is important to look at all of the characters and not just the highlighted European males, such as the protagonist Marlowe, that sit at the center of the story.  That is because resistance is the undercurrent behind all of the action in the story.  The main characters are always acting against the threat of resistance by the African people who are often portrayed as victims, but are consistently offering resistance to the colonizers, as evidenced by the arrow attack by the natives on the ship. ....

If you want to find out arguments about infectious diseases, we are tempted to tell you to visit almost any social media site, where you are almost sure to find people debating the efficacy of face masks to slow the spread of COVID-19.  However, the reality is that you actually want to avoid looking at sites like that if you are trying to develop a good essay about infectious diseases because internet arguments notoriously fail to follow the steps to developing a good argument.  You want to make a claim, provide support for that claim, and address....