Ethnography
In seven weeks, I conducted seven separate field observations in two different gym settings. Amid the clanks of weights, metal on metal, and the grunts and groans of young men, I conducted detailed observations and compiled a series of field notes. My research focus was on differences between age, gender, and socio-economic class with regards to attitudes towards working out, gym culture, and the use of supplements including steroids. One of the research settings was Dean's Gym in Murrysville. The other gym was the Power Center at Duquesne University. At both places, my role was as active participant-observer. As a member of one of the gyms and a former member of the other, I had an in-group status but was also able to objectively seek information from demographic cohorts different from my own. Informants ranged from young to old, male to female.

One of the primary research questions I asked was,…...

There is plenty of time to re-resent petty humiliations or wince over one's own stupidity or insensitivity. riting ethnography is a purgatory of pensees d'escalier (Metcalf)."
Part of Ethnology

As a whole, we are all part of ethnology. Everyone is a part of some type of culture, and this culture is open to interpretation by any ethnographer.

Our cultures are what shapes who we are, and how we react to a given circumstance. These cultures many times have beliefs and practices that are several centuries old, and have stood the test of time.

Conclusion

Ethnography is a method of sociology research which explores the ways of life of a culture. There are a number of different types of ethnography, and each sociologist must decide the method to employ in their research. hile there are many different cultures throughout the world, we all share the common thread that we are part of ethnology.

orks Cited

Ethnographic Research.…...

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Works Cited

Ethnographic Research. (accessed 18 November, 2004). ).

Lassiter, Luke Eric. "Authoritative Texts, Collaborative Ethnography, and Native American

Studies. The American Indian Quarterly. (2000): 22 September.

Metcalf, Peter. "A life in the day of: ethnography and biography." The Southern Review.

Ethnography
Le Petit Cafe in Brighton Beach is a Russian-owned pastry shop managed by my father Oleg Reyngach. ith a clientele that consists almost entirely of Russian immigrants living in the local community, Le Petit Cafe offers a wonderful opportunity for an ethnographic study. hat the patrons lack in terms of ethnic and linguistic diversity, they make up for in terms of socio-economic class and gender diversity. Blue collar and working class individuals commingle with white-collar young executives. The ratio of females to males is about equal, and age is also varied. hat makes Le Petit Cafe a rich ethnographic field study is the way the organization lends insight into the way globalization has affected the immigrant experience. Themes related to multiculturalism and hegemony also become clear, as the Russian community thrives by sticking together while at the same time enjoying the fruits of enculturation and assimilation. As a participant-observer at…...

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Works Cited

"Culture and Power." Chapter 2

Guest, Kenneth J. "Anthropology in a Global Age." Intro to Cultural Anthropology. Chapter 1

"Mapping the block" Assignment.

"Migration" (Chapter 13).

The culture industry, which is centered in cities, thus robs the individual of their freedom to participate in the culture-at-large, forcing them into the role of pure consumer. The unity of style as it manifests itself in cultural products is an expression of social power. The greatest artists thus have a mistrust of style, as the hierarchies of power have constructed it; their greatness thus lies in their inherent flaws, which are truer to life. By suggesting that the forms of real life are fulfilled via their aesthetic derivatives, art and culture thus position themselves on the same platform as ideology. Those who fall victim to the ideology of the culture industry are inevitably the poor and working-class; and as the ideology of the culture industry is contingent on the capitalist myth of success and failure, it is those same individuals who are enslaved by such an ideology who…...

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Works Cited

Fischer, Claude S. To Dwell Among Friends: Personal Networks in Town and City. Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1982.

"Qualitative studies, particularly ethnographic research, can explain in great detail the nuances of African-American family life and the parental activities and behaviors that may account for youth outcomes" (urton, Allison, & Obeidallah, 1996; Jarrett, 1995).
The results of the study indicated that the presence of uncles in the lives of African-American male youth identified as at risk, fostered successful transitions into young adulthood, positive adolescent development, and the informal social controls that served to keep youth violence and delinquency in check. The data the study generated, according to Richardson, may serve to provide an alternative approach and perspective in understanding the numerous forms of African-American fatherhood. ecause much of the sociological research on African-American families continues to be approached through a Westernized perspective, the multifaceted familial unit that is in many ways the African-American experience is continuously deemed deficient. Until such time as a genuine and unbiased view of the…...

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Bibliography

Burton, L., Allison, K., & Obeidallah, D. (1996). Ethnographic perspectives on social

context and adolescent development among inner city African-American teens.

In r. Jessor, A. Colby, & R. Shweder (Eds.), Essays on ethnography and human development, (395-418). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Coleman, J. (1990). Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard

Ethnogaphy
The Young Republicans goup meets evey Thusday on campus, and they allow non-membes to attend meetings. Theefoe, fo the puposes of this study I chose to analyze the goup dynamics and pattens of this specific club. Although the club lists foty official membes, the political club meetings usually contain fewe than twenty people. About seventy pecent of the student membes ae Caucasian; the emainde ae East Asian and Afican-Ameican. Usually men outnumbe women about thee to one. The meetings ae patly social in natue, with food and beveages seved duing a chat time, afte which political issues ae fomally discussed. A few of the membes ae goup leades such as the pesident and secetaies. These leades guide the discussions and oganize goup activities outside the meetings. These activities include collective lette-witing and attendance of political allies and lectues in the aea. Geneally, the club is semi-fomal in natue with a…...

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references to popular culture. During the formal portion of group meetings, order is maintained voluntarily; no rules are outwardly stated. However, on one occasion, a few members conversed amongst themselves while the main speaker delivered a speech. Several other members of the group glared at them to pressure them into silence.

In conclusion, the ethnographic research performed for the purposes of this study yielded pertinent information about the group dynamics of a politically-motivated campus club. As part of a large national organization, the Young Republicans have a strong sense of group identity and cohesiveness. There is a sense of "us-versus-them," as many of the Young Republicans feel outnumbered by liberal-minded students on campus. Therefore, a sense of camaraderie develops over this perceived group isolation. On several occasions I overheard members talking about their professors in a negative manner. The belief systems of the group members are similar, because of the nature of the club as a political organization. Members are from similar socio-economic backgrounds, and hold similar beliefs about public policy. The group is relatively non-diverse, with only a handful of minorities present at each group meeting. Women are underrepresented, but their position is not inferior to that of their male counterparts. In fact, gender equality is a salient group characteristic. An interpersonal interaction between group members varies greatly. Because some of the students are good friends outside of the meetings, while others do not associate at all, there is a wide range of communication methods. However, for the members who only see each other at meetings, interactions are slightly stiff but still informal. Peer pressure becomes evident in the lack of time spent on dissenting beliefs in group meetings and a focus on hierarchy within the group. The president and other group leaders lead the discussions and initiate activities more than other members do. Junior members generally keep quiet throughout the formal part of the meetings.

Having experienced firsthand the reprieve his profession offers, the barometer of his success is simple, if there was no pain and no lingering side effects, then there was success.
Surgical Technologist

I was also able to interview the surgical technologist. She occupied many of the duties I had always believed were held by the head nurse. In fact the role of the surgical technologist entails not only having a detailed knowledge of the procedure in order to assist, but also an ability to anticipate a surgeon's need for different tools, set up the table of tools in precise order, and ensure that in the event of an emergency access to the necessary corrective instruments and supplies is as close to immediate as possible. After the insight I was provided with about the function of the surgical team I was excited to hear how she would explain the meaning in her position…...

More than one example would support the author's ability to make generalizations about gender related power struggles within the community.
Stack conducted a formal quantitative study in Appendix A (Stack, p. 130) to support that conclusions that were drawn in the qualitative portion of her survey. The statistics that she found through a study of 200 AFDC case studies supported the assumption that the families she portrayed did represent typical scenarios in the community. Stack addressed the stereotypical image that portrays the ghetto black as hopeless and powerless found in other literature. She defends her position that the image is incorrect. Both the quantitative and qualitative evidence supports her theory that the black family in ghetto urban areas has a formal support network. She debunks the myth that there is no way out through many examples that she found in her studies.

One of the key shortfalls that can be found…...

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Works Cited

Borges, J. "Review of Steven Gregory, Black Corona: Race and the Politics of Place in an Urban Community, H-Urban, H-Net Reviews, February, 1999.

URL:   Accessed Mayhttp://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=10009919459304 .

Gregory, S. Black Corona: Race and the Politics of Place in an Urban

Community. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.

Reflection/Conclusion feel I learned a lot personally from this event. One thing I learned is that when tragedy strikes, people often react quickly. People offer support in any way then can, and demonstrate their support through various means, whether that is by wearing a t-shirt supporting a cause, by hugging another or sending money, or by sticking closer with friends and family to remind them of how much you love them. Conducting this research helped me connect better with my own feelings about culture and my own culture. Because I am from Korea, and I have my own background culture in Korea, I felt it useful to compare the cultural reaction of American and Korean people throughout this accident. I could not discern much difference between the two; most students, professors; faculty and administrators whether Korean or American felt equally how tragic this event was for all involved.

I would like…...

In contrast, the sales associates at Century 21 function as managers of 'crowd control,' particularly doing big sales days.
The reason for its apparent lack of care for its layout is because Century 21 is a discount store that is always crowed with bargains, versus a store that occasionally offers sales. Scoop lacks many bargain racks, no doubt because they would interfere with the store's cultivated image of exclusivity. Bargain racks would clutter up the layout of the store. Bargain racks tend to look unattractive because they contain a wide array of merchandise of assorted, rejected sizes and colors. This does not affirm the exclusive Scoop image. Consumers also tend to hover near bargain racks, creating a backlog of store traffic. Bargain racks draw consumer attention away from the areas of the store Scoop wants them to see, namely the more expensive items that are very trendy. ather than advertising…...

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References

Century 21. Official Website. Accessed on the World Wide Web at   [April 5, 2011]http://www.c21stores.com/about_us.html 

Miller, Daniel. "Thrift and treat" from Making Love in Super Markets. Ithaca: Cornell University

Press.

Daniel Miller, "Thrift and treat," from Making Love in Super Markets, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press), 45.

However, FGD is most vulnerable to external influences and participants have the tendency to be "swayed" by dominant participants. Thus, while it is more interactive and generates more information than in-depth interviews, FGD is susceptible to dominance of one or few participants, thereby resulting to information that is unreliable.
Lastly, ethnography provides a more detailed, objective, and authentic information about a phenomenon that is worth noting for purposes of research in marketing. Under ethnography, the researcher acts as the observer, objectively noting, describing, and analyzing recorded data from his/her observations of a particular group of individuals (e.g., consumers who are patrons of or defectors from a particular product or service). Through this method, the researcher "attempts to understand things that are otherwise foreign" (Littlejohn, 1999:211). Thus, ethnography brings into lucidity consumer culture, for the researcher to understand the consumers' sentiments and why a particular attitude is cultivated by consumers toward…...

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Bibliography

Churchill, G. (1995). Marketing. Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.

Khermouch, G. (2001). "Consumers in the mist." Business Week Online. Available at  http://www.businessweek.com/@@NgphZIYQd5ZxGw0A/archives/2001/b3721102.arc.htm .

Littlejohn, S. (1999). Theories of Human Communication. CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

ethnography of fictional individual who wanted to enter the medical field. The paper starts off with a 2-page assessment of a pseudo-interview that will form the structure of the entire ethnography. The interview and the analysis followed all exhibit the different social, ethnic and cultural aspects of the fictional character.
Ethnography

The fictional character constructed for this paper is Sara Bench. Sara is a foreigner who moved in from a European country with her family when she was 15, right after her grandmother's demise. She is a very strong and intelligent individual, one who is determined and dedicated to becoming a nurse and chooses to open and run an adult facility in later years when given the opportunity. She is a happy-go-lucky girl but one who is willing to work hard and long hours when it comes to her work. In the interview below, we see the personal and social factors…...

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References

Anker, R. (2001). Theories of occupational segregation by sex: An overview In: Martha Fetherolf Loutfi. (ed.) Women, Gender and Work, What is equality and how do we get there? ILO, Geneva.

Foster Care. (2008). Facts for Families. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 13. Accessed March 10th, 2012 from:  http://www.aacap.org/cs/root/facts_for_families/foster_care 

Grimshaw, D. (2001). The Gender Pay Gap: a research review Equal opportunities Commission.

Hakim, C. (2004). Key issues in women's work: female diversity and the polarisation of women's employment Glasshouse.

The rooster in the story is warning the dreamer of the dangers of focusing on the wrong things. In the story, the man is failing to concentrate on his physical needs, but the author's purpose in the passage is to point out that spiritual salvation is man's critical need. Furthermore, the passage utilizes providence by specifically stating that one who seeks the Kingdom of God will have his needs met.
Finally, the author concludes his passage with an argument in the form of a short epilogue, recapping what he has said throughout the rest of the passage. He warns the reader, "Therefore, do not be anxious about tomorrow, for tomorrow will be anxious for itself. Sufficient for the day is its own evil" (Matt 6:34). In other words, he tells the reader that anxiety is not going to solve the problems. He makes a vague reference to the simple life,…...

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Works Cited

Aphthonius of Antioch. "Progymnasmata."

Dio Cocceianus of Prus, "Hunters of Euboea."

Diogenes and Crates. "Principal Representatives of Cynic Philosophy."

Epictetus. "A Stoic View of Divine Providence."

Ethnography Experience The author of this brief reflection has been asked to reflect on a recent assignment, how it went, how it was structured and so forth. To be specific, there was an ethnographic interview and observation and the author is to reflect on the structure and experiences that came along the way as part of that process. The resources that were present as part of the process will also inform what is said, why it is said and so forth. What happened during the Final Immersion Project experience was very useful and there is a lot to be said about it. While there are so many directions that the author could take when it comes to the experiences that were had, there are some in particular that could and should be aid.
Body
If there is one thing that the author learned about the process of ethnography and its associated subjects, it…...

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References

Archer, J. (2009). Intersecting Feminist Theory and Ethnography in the Context of Social Work Research. Qualitative Social Work: Research And Practice, 8(2), 143-160.

Floersch, J., Longhofer, J., & Suskewicz, J. (2013). The use of ethnography in social work research. Qualitative Social Work: Research And Practice, 13(1), 3-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473325013510985

Haight, W., Kayama, M., & Korang-Okrah, R. (2013). Ethnography in social work practice and

policy. Qualitative Social Work: Research And Practice, 13(1), 127-143.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473325013507303http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473325009103372

Lukens drives home the idea that the problem of non-Islamic anthropologists trying to define and place boundaries on the faith to be able to compartmentalize it will always view it from a non-Islamic mindset, therefore will be unable to fully grasp or understand its origin or its current evolutionary processes.

Part of the answer to the anthropologist's question "What is Islam?" is conditioned by what she may or may not include in her definition of Islam. For instance, are local spirit beliefs, saint's shrines, and festivals Islamic? To deal with these issues more effectively it is necessary to take a step back from Islam. The problems encountered by anthropologists studying Islamic societies are also faced by anthropologists studying other monotheistic societies. John Bowen argues that the main impediment to the anthropological study of monotheisms is that these religions do not fit well in the normal ethnographic model. The texts and rituals…...

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References

Lukens-Bull Roland, "Between text and practice: considerations in the anthropological study of Islam."

Dale F. Eickelman, "Mass Higher Education and the Religious Imagination in Contemporary Arab Societies." American Ethnologist, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 643-655.

Qualitative Research Essay Topic Ideas

1. The Role of Reflexivity in Qualitative Research

The researcher's positionality and its impact on data collection and analysis
Strategies for enhancing reflexivity and minimizing bias
Ethical considerations in reflexive qualitative research

2. Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) in Qualitative Research

Theoretical foundations and methodological approach of IPA
Applications of IPA in various research contexts
Strengths and limitations of IPA as a qualitative research method

3. Grounded Theory in Qualitative Research

Inductive and iterative nature of grounded theory
Techniques for data collection and analysis in grounded theory
The role of theory development and saturation in grounded theory research

4. Ethnography....

Critical Theory and Positivism in Health and Social Care Research

Introduction:

Critical theory and positivism are two contrasting epistemological approaches that significantly shape how health and social care issues are understood and researched. Each approach has its distinct assumptions, methods, and implications for knowledge production in this field.

Critical Theory:

Assumptions:
Reality is socially constructed and not objectively observable.
Power relations and societal structures influence knowledge production and social outcomes.
Research should aim to expose systemic inequalities and challenge dominant ideologies.

Methods:
Qualitative methods, such as ethnography, discourse analysis, and grounded theory.
Participatory approaches that involve marginalized populations in the research process.
Focus....

1. Narrative Research:
- Focuses on gathering individuals' life stories or personal experiences
- Emphasis on the context and meaning behind the stories
- Often used in the fields of psychology, sociology, and anthropology

2. Phenomenological Research:
- Focuses on understanding and interpreting individuals' lived experiences
- Emphasis on exploring how individuals make sense of their experiences
- In-depth interviews and observations are commonly used methods in this type of research

3. Grounded Theory Research:
- Focuses on building a theory or framework based on collected data
- Emphasis on constantly comparing and refining data to develop the theory
- Involves a systematic and iterative approach to data analysis

4. Ethnographic Research:
-....

1. Grounded Theory

Grounded theory is an inductive approach to research that seeks to develop a theory from data rather than testing an existing theory. It is often used to study new or complex phenomena. Grounded theory research typically involves:

Collecting data through interviews, observations, or documents
Analyzing the data to identify patterns and themes
Generating a theory that explains the patterns and themes

Distinguishing characteristics of grounded theory:

Inductive approach to research
Focus on developing a theory from data
Iterative process of data collection and analysis
Emphasis on patterns and themes

2. Phenomenology

Phenomenology is a qualitative research method that seeks to understand....