Ethnic Studies
Pachucos are Mexican-American youth, who are generally ages of thirteen to twenty-two who belonged to juvenile gangs between 1930s to the 1950s.they, developed their own subculture during this period and were located in the southwestern United States. They were generally referred to as zoot- suites by mainstream media due to the distinctive clothes that they wore. It is speculated that the origin of Pachuquismo as it being connected to Pachucos and Spanish gypsies, between Pachucos and lower class mixed blood soldiers and civilians who had settled the Borderlands during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Mostly they were associated with the social dislocation that was associated with rapid process of urbanization that was experienced by Mexican-Americans during 1930s through the mid twentieth century. During the era of 1930s and 1950s, the Pachuco youths in urban Texas were known for their style of dress, idioms of speech and countercultural…...

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References

Leon, A.D. (2012). Pachucos. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved November 15,

2012, from  http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/pqp01 

Diego, J.V. (1997).Learning from gangs: The Mexican-American Experience. Retrieved November 15, 2012 from  http://www.ericdigests.org/1997-4/gangs.htm 

Sanchez, G.I (1999) .Pachucos in the Making (pg 13-20).Retrieved November 15, 2012 from  http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5155/

The advantage of Ethnic Studies is its applicability to a wide diversity of fields.
In order to function well in these fields, students in this direction need a specific set of skills and personality traits that are developed during their studies. By providing a fully balanced focuses upon the history, literature and politics of various ethnic groups, universities develop an understanding of the position of these cultures within the national and international context. Often, these studies also expand the mind of the student by focusing on the integration of ethnicity with stratification paradigms such as class, gender and sexuality. Ethnic Studies therefore cultivate an expanded understanding not only of ethnicity, but also how ethnicity relates within the wider context of other ethnic groups and social stratification.

Ethnic studies therefore focus upon cultivating a wider and more tolerant understanding of ethnicity that is rooted in the past, while also focusing upon the…...

" (2002)
The involvement in block gangs results in the adolescents being more likely to carry guns for two reasons:

(1) Protection and a deterrent to violence; and (2) a strong belief that the opposing block-gang members will carry them. (Mateu-Gelabert, 2002)

Guns are in addition to being used as "a currency for respect and a source of protection" intricately related to the business of drug dealing and therefore their use is for protection of markets. Mateu-Gelabert notes that the "presence and use of guns in the neighborhood affects the sense of safety among adolescents, increasing their sense of insecurity and further convincing them of their need for protection…" (Mateu-Gelabert, 2002)

These conditions are those which immigrants recently arriving have to adapt to and quickly because the "block gang reality is their new environment." (Mateu-Gelabert, 2002) Mateu-Gelabert relates that new arrivals are referred to as "hicks" and that the inability of these individuals in…...

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Bibliography

Mateu-Gelabert, Pedro (2002) Dreams, Gangs, and Guns: The Interplay Between Adolescent Violence and Immigration in a New York City Neighborhood. Vera Institute of Justice. National Development Research Institute, Inc. April 2002. Online available at:  http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/CDROMs/GangCrime/pubs/DreamsGangsandGunsTheInterplayBetweenAdolescent.pdf 

Chaiken, Marcia R. (2000) Violent Neighborhoods, Violent Kids. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. March 2000. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs -- Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Online available at:  http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/CDROMs/GangCrime/pubs/ViolentNeighborhoodsViolentKidsMar2000.pdf 

Hunt, Geoffrey P., and Laidler, Karen Joe (2001) Alcohol and Violence in the Lives of Gang Members. National Institute of Justice Report. Online available at:  http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/CDROMs/GangCrime/pubs/AlcoholandViolenceLivesGangMembers.pdf 

Mason, Cheryl L., Klein, Malcolm W and Sternheimer, Karen (2002) Homicide in Los Angeles: An Analysis of the Different Character of Adolescent and Other Homicides. March 2002. Online available at:  http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/CDROMs/GangCrime/pubs/HomicideinLosAngelesAnAnalysis.pdf

These include taking minority students into account when creating classroom culture and promoting a culture of acceptance and understanding, as well as teaching in such a way that students from a host of cultures feel comfortable. Employing these methods, among others, creates an environment in which all students can flourish and diversity can be honored as an important characteristic of the United States. Furthermore, it will create an environment in which all students will be better prepared. As of 2006, children in the United States were reading at a level lower than the children of some European countries. Because, "Students need rigorous, content-rich curriculum" ("Background Knowledge"), it is safe to say that incorporating a culture of diversity could positively benefit all students.
orks Cited

"Background Knowledge Matters." The Education Trust. 2009. 30 July 2009.



Bdone, Fracoise. "Race and Culture in the Classroom: Teaching and Learning Through

Multicultural Education -- Book Review." Find Articles.…...

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Works Cited

"Background Knowledge Matters." The Education Trust. 2009. 30 July 2009.

Bdone, Fracoise. "Race and Culture in the Classroom: Teaching and Learning Through

Multicultural Education -- Book Review." Find Articles. 2003. 30 July 2009.

(Portes, Fernandez-Kelly and Haller, 2005) the family income stated for each of these nationalities upholds the supposition that socioeconomic factors greatly impact the lives and experiences of immigrant children in the United States. The work of Rumbaut (nd) entitled: "Acculturation, Discrimination, and Ethnic Identity Among Children of Immigrants" reports the experience as stated by Carolyn Hwang as follows:
"My identity is hardly clear-cut… to my parents, I am all American, and the sacrifices they made in leaving Korea…pale in comparison to the opportunities those sacrifices gave me. They do not see that I straddle two cultures, nor that I feel displaced in the only country I

know. I identify with Americans, but Americans do not identify with me. I've never known what it's like to belong to a community…" (Rumbaut, nd)

Facts stated in the work of Portes, Fernandez-Kelly and Haller (2005) include those as follows: (1) Asian-originated families are more likely…...

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Bibliography

Portes, Alejandro and Rumbaut, Ruben (nd) Introduction: The Second Generation and the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study. The Second Generation in Early Adulthood. Online available at:  http://www.transad.pop.upenn.edu/downloads/Ethnic-Racial%20Studies-Intro.pdf 

Portes, Alejandro, Fernandez-Kelly, Patricia and Haller, William (2005) Segmented assimilation on the ground: The new second generation in early adulthood. Taylor and Francis. Online available at: http://courses.washington.edu/setclass/Soc496_07Fall_Honors/Portes.pdf

Rumbaut, Ruben G. Acculturation, Discrimination, and Ethnic Identity Among Children of Immigrants Online available at:  http://www.hks.harvard.edu/inequality/Seminar/Papers/Rumbaut1.pdf 

Zhou, Min (1997) Growing up American: The Challenge Confronting Immigrant Children and Children of Immigrants. Annual Review Sociology 1996. 23:63-95

However, our continuing humanitarian obligation to the Indians cannot allow these primitive peoples to stand in the way of national progress. They must be removed and granted only a reasonable amount of territory.
Editorial Against Indian emoval

I regret to say that our potentially great nation is being sullied by the way that it has approached the question of Indian removal from the Great Desert. Largely to escape the oppression of a oyal Crown that failed to respect the autonomous rights of individuals, the Founder of this nation sought a new form of government that respected individual rights. Now, it is the American people who have been guilty of oppression. Practically, since our first settlers explored the land of opportunity, they have wronged this continent's native peoples. In some cases, this was accomplished by trickery; in others it was by force; in still other instances, we have pledged our word in…...

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References

The Authentic History Center. (2010). Noble and Ignoble: The Development of Two

Savage Stereotypes: 1665-1860. Retrieved October 1, 2010 from:

 http://www.authentichistory.com/diversity/native/caricatures/ 

Gjerde, J. (Ed.). (1998). Major Problems in American and Ethnic History: Documents

Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth-Century America," by Dr. Vicki uiz. Specifically, it will look at the ways has uiz given voice to Mexican-American women.
MEXICAN-AMEICAN WOMEN

From Out of the Shadows" focuses on the claiming of personal and public spaces across generations. As farm workers, flappers, labor activists, barrio volunteers, civic leaders, and feminists, Mexican women have made history. Their stories, however, have remained in the shadows (uiz xiii).

In her book, uiz tries to show Mexican America women from all angles, at home, at work, and in the community. She feels all these areas blend to make the Mexican- American woman what she is today, and one cannot be told without the other. In a unique perspective, uiz writes not of her own experiences, which she certainly could cite, but the experiences of dozens of Mexican-American women who migrated to America over the years. Her study begins before the turn of…...

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References

Grant, Barby. "CLAS Scholar Sheds Light on Lives of 20th Century Mexican Women." Arizona State University. Fall 1998. 31 Oct. 2002. http://clasdean.la.asu.edu/clasnews/Spring98/PDFs/Pg12.pdf

Ruiz, Vicki L. From out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

In this sense, "During the 1950s and 1960s, especially after the falling-out between hina and the former Soviet Union, the hinese government actively relocated Han hinese to frontier provinces such as Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Heilongjiang, in order to consolidate the border in light of possible military threat from the Soviets"
. Therefore, the decision to intervene in the ethnic composition of the region was not only a choice related to the national identity of the country but also to geostrategic aspects.

After the end of the old War, the region remained of importance for hina form the perspective of the national identity as well as crucial natural resources, which include oil reserves. From this perspective, massive investments have been conducted in the region, stating the official reason to be the reduction of the disparities between the regions of hina. In this sense, "Rich in natural gas, oil, and warm weather…...

Ethnic Future of America
The evolution of the United States has seen many changes in the racial and ethnic composition of its parts. It appears certain that the race will continue to meld, change and expand into new and interesting combinations that will fuse culture and traditions into new forms of society. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the cultural blending that will occur as an outcome of the changing ethnic and racial composition of the United States. This essay will discuss some specific outcomes that appear likely and contrast them to how today's world operates in this cultural evaluation.

Kenneth Prewitt, former director of the U.S. Census Bureau, has said of the United States that "we're on our way to becoming the first country in history that is literally made up of every part of the world." This suggest something special about America's time and place and history and…...

This is because our authority figures are tainted by the same prejudices and discrimination that affect everyone. Thus, preventing these events would have only been possible if the police in the odney King instance didn't act in this manner toward an African-American, and in the Chicago instance, if the police would have arrested the white rock thrower in the first place.
eferences

Bush, G. (1992, May 1). Address to the nation on the civil disturbances in Los Angeles,

California. etrieved December 17, 2011 from George Bush Presidential Library

website: http://web.archive.org/web/20060216041435/http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/papers/1992/92050105.html

Henry, M. (2004). ace, poverty, and domestic policy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Keyes, . (2006). The quote verifier: Who said what, where, and when. New York: St.

Martin's Press.

Kwong, P. (1992). "The First Multicultural iots," in Hazen, D. (ed.) Inside the L.A. riots:

What really happened- and why it will happen again. San Francisco: Institute for Alternative Journalism.

Morin, . (2001). Misperceptions cloud whites' view of…...

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References

Bush, G. (1992, May 1). Address to the nation on the civil disturbances in Los Angeles,

California. Retrieved December 17, 2011 from George Bush Presidential Library

website:  http://web.archive.org/web/20060216041435/http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/papers/1992/92050105.html 

Henry, M. (2004). Race, poverty, and domestic policy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Ethnic Music Humanities
a) Origin and Development of Traditional and Contemporary Ethnic Music

My personal experience in learning this subtopic reveals to me that music is a global cultural practice found in every known culture, both in the past and present, but with a wide variation with regards to time and place of practicing it. Since every ethnic group around the world, including some of the most secluded tribal groups, depicts their own forms of musical practices, I conclude that music might have been present among the ancestral populations prior to the dispersion of human populations around the world. This confirms that music must have been existing and evolving into different forms for over 50,000 years, and the first music might had been invented in Africa, which is regarded as the cradle of humankind. Then the music evolved through diverse parts of the world during human dispersion to become the current ultimate…...

Timmons (1994) in his study presents a three-dimensional model of practical application of a good idea:
Comprehensive evaluation of the opportunity;

Comprehensive evaluation of one's own expertise and inclination; and Comprehensive evaluation of the resources gathering process to maintain the launch of business venture.

Long and McMullan (1984) propose that application of a good idea depends on two processes; namely, elaboration and evaluation. Singh (1998) found that those entrepreneurs who spend more time studying the pros and cons of an idea before embarking on its application tend to set up fewer businesses than those who spend less time in the elaboration and evaluation phase. However, Singh (1998) points out that higher majority of successful entrepreneurs are those who spend more time in elaboration and evaluation.

1.4 Traits of entrepreneurs

Wright et al. (1997a) studied motivational drivers of entrepreneurs and found that entrepreneurs are primarily driven by either one or both factors. They divided entrepreneurs…...

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References

Adler, P. & Kwon, S. (2000). Social capital: The good, the bad and the ugly. In E. Lesser (Ed.), Knowledge and social capital: Foundations and applications (pp. 80-115). Boston: Butterworth-Heineman.

Aldrich, H. & Zimmer, C. (1986). Entrepreneurship through social networks. In D. Sexton and R. Smilor (Eds), the art and science of entrepreneurship (pp. 3-23). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

Aldrich, H., Rosen, B., and Woodward, W. (1987) "The impact of social networks on business foundings and profit: a longitudinal study," in Churchill, N.C., Hornaday, J.A., Kirchoff, B.A. et al. (eds) Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Welles-ley, MA: Babson College.

Amabile, T.M. (1988) "A model of creativity and innovation in organizations," in Staw, B. And Cummings, L.L. (eds) Research in Organizational Behavior, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Ethnic Cleansing Among African Tribes
Ethnic Cleansing

Can past and present campaigns for ethnic cleansing among some African tribes be attributed to illiteracy? While empirical evidence exists supporting some evidence that illiteracy may contribute a small amount to ethnic cleansing, it is not the primary impetus behind mass genocide. esearch shows that campaigns for ethnic cleansing among certain African tribes cannot be entirely prevented with only the eradication of illiteracy because of territorial conflicts, historical grievances and religious intolerance. Shaw (2003) notes that historically, territorial grievances and religious intolerance are among the top reasons for ethnic cleansing throughout the world. Consider the case of Hitler, where mass ethnic cleansing reached its peak, primarily for reasons including religious intolerance, with secondary factors including history and territorial imperialism. It is critical to gather qualitative evidence supporting this theory to attempt to salvage what little hope there is left for African nations that still struggle…...

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References:

Abdul-Jalil, M.A. (2006). "The dynamics of customary land tenure and natural resource management in Darfur," Land Reform, 2: 9-23 FAO.

A review of African past and historical troubles, including immense suffering in Darfur; study of conflicts between civil, government and religious institutions, and how these have resulted in calamity and ethnic cleansing.

Chua, A. (2004). World on fire: How exporting free market democracy breeds ethnic hatred and global instability. New York: Anchor Books.

Argues and analyzes how "market dominant" ethnic minority groups are often the primary targets for violence from poor majority, especially when opportunities arise from wealthy minority arise as in during elections to remove poor minority or eradicate poor minority from influence.

Chinese-American Studies: Wen Ho Lee Case
United States of America is a melting pot of various communities who have been residing in the country for generations. They feel assimilated into the American culture where many of them have been born and brought up in the U.S. And hence have remote connections with the country of their ancestors. As a result, they feel very much a part of this country and believe they have the rights of a citizen. This is why they feel that they do not deserve to be discriminated against on the grounds of their origins. Therefore such communities protest if situations arise, where they feel they have been discriminated against in some or the other. Though United States confers all rights of citizenry to its nationals, there have been cases in the past where the U.S. government has discriminated against a person or a group on the basis…...

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References

Indictment of Wen Ho Lee.

A www.fas.org

For Asian-Americans, Lee Case a stark Signal.  http://www.csmonitor.com/durable/2000/08/30/fp1s2-csm.shtml 

Mainichi, Hokubei. Full Pardon for Wen Ho Lee Sought. Jan 2, 2002. www.news.mconline.com/news/view-article.html

Both Tayo and Crowe begin their journeys wandering between two worlds. Both are aware of their wandering and are constantly searching for an identity that will allow them to find the world and identity in which they are most suitable for inclusion. Similarly, both Crowe and Tayo experience a traumatic event that leaves them haunted not only by their pasts, but also guilty about their own actions in the past and sure that these actions have caused others pain. Additionally, these hauntings result in both Tayo and Crowe pushing away the ones they love. For Crowe it is his wife and for Tayo, his family. The similarities between the characters of Tayo and Crowe, therefore, suggest the truth of Saez and insbro's claims. Ethnic writers Shyamalan and Silko certainly employ a common theme of exclusion and inclusion, a theme that is encompassed by the larger theme of the presence…...

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Works Cited

The Sixth Sense. Dir. M.Night Shyamalan. Perf. Bruce Willis, Haley Joel Osment. 1999.

Vidocassette, 2000.

Santiago, Esmeralda. America's Dream. New York, Harper: 1997.

Saez, Barbara J. "Varieties of the Ethnic Experience: A Review" the Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States. 27.4 (2002): 204-207.