Ethical Systems: elativistic
Before discussing any ethical system it is important to understand what the terms ethics and ethical systems mean. Trevino & Nelson, (2007) define ethics as "the principles, norms, and standards of conduct governing an individual or organization," and the right action, or moral behavior in a particular situation is determined based on ethics, whereas, ethical system refers to the underlying ethical principles used by an individual in making decisions. Several ethical theories have been developed over time and these have come to be known as the ethical systems, they include duty-based, entitlement, goal-based, humanistic, relativistic, and rights-based ethical systems. However, this essay will deal with the relativistic ethical system since this has been chosen as the personal ethical system.

The relativistic ethical system, commonly referred to as relativism, often uses the personalized approach to ethics. This system is subjective and focuses on personal experience as a form of judgment,…...

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References

Arrington, Robert L. (1989). Rationalism, Realism, and Relativism: Perspectives in contemporary moral epistemology. Cornell University Press

Cauthen, Kenneth. (2001). The Ethics of Belief: A Bio-Historical Approach. Lima, Ohio: CSS

Publishing

Hancock, R.N. (1974). Twentieth century ethics, New York, Columbia University Press

198). In turn, greater information sharing is pivotal in achieving "a good negotiation outcome" (p. 198). Also, in the short-term, "face-to-face negotiation encourages greater trust development" than using the phone or emails, Lewicki explains. In long-term negotiations, Gregory A. Garrett asserts that building trust can "take years" to fully establish, and by "communicating the good, the bad, and at times the ugly goes a long way to building trust (Garrett, 2005, p. 39). Garrett also embraces the idea that a key element in building trust is how the negotiators handle "expectations" (beliefs or assumptions about potential future events) (p. 37). If expectations are pessimistic (the person plans "for the worst") the outcome long-term will not be what has been hoped for; however, if expectations -- which can be mitigated through consistent communication -- are positive, a far better outcome can be predicted, Garrett explains on page 38.
Conclusion

Defining and fully…...

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Works Cited

Carrell, Michael R, and Heavrin, Christina. (2008). Negotiating Essentials: Theory, Skills, and Practices. New York: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Garrett, Gregory A. (2005). Contract Negotiations: Skills, Tools, and Best Practices. Chicago:

CCH Incorporated.

Lewicki, Roy J. (2006). Trust and Distrust. The Negotiator's Fieldbook. Andrea K. Schneider,

Ethical Systems
Ethical formalism. What is good is that which conforms to the categorical imperative. This is the ethical system of Immanuel Kant, which is normative and deontological. It is a universal ethic that asserts every person is to be treated with equal dignity and respect rather than as an object or a means to an end. A truly moral action is motivated by good will, not because the individual doing the good deed expects "payment, wants a return favor, or for any reason other than a good will," while immoral actions to achieve moral or ethical ends are not permitted (Pollock, 2006, p. 27). Ethical formalism could not support unjust laws that violated basic human rights because these "run counter to the categorical imperative that each person must be treated as an end rather than as a means, and to the universalism principle" (Pollock, p. 65). This is the…...

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REFERENCES

Pollock, J.M. (2006). Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice. Cengage Learning.

Ethical System and Its Justification
In the definition of an ethical system, there are both the ethical theories and ethical principles. These provide the viewpoints upon which an ethical analysis is conducted Schwartz, 2003.

They provide guidance as to what path to take to arrive at the final decision James, 2000.

To me, good is defined as that action which is ethical in nature and which complies with the standards of the society at large.

There are several actions that I consider to be good. One example is helping another student revise for an exam. Secondly, there is the action of helping an elderly woman cross the street. There is also the act of encouraging and motivating people in their daily lives. Another action that I consider to be good is that of letting certain persons such as the elderly or a pregnant woman cut the line where you are in a grocery…...

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References

James, H.S., Jr. (2000). Reinforcing Ethical Decision Making through Organizational Structure. Journal of Business Ethics, 28(1), 43-58.

Morris, M.H., Schindehutte, M., Walton, J., & Allen, J. (2002). The Ethical Context of Entrepreneurship: Proposing and Testing a Developmental Framework. Journal of Business Ethics, 40(4), 331-361.

Schwartz, M.S. (2003). The "Ethics" of Ethical Investing. Journal of Business Ethics, 43(3), 195-213.

Thong, J.Y.L., & Yap, C.-S. (1998). Testing an Ethical Decision-Making Theory: The Case of Softlifting. Journal of Management Information Systems, 15(1), 213-237.

Ethical Theories
Describe in detail

Teleological, deontological, and virtue ethics: A comparison

Teleological ethics are also called consequence-based ethics. Teleological ethical systems emphasize the results of ethical decisions, versus the moral principles behind such decisions. Utilitarianism is an excellent example of teleological ethics. The stress in utilitarianism is doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people, versus setting a precedent for all ethical actions. "It denies that moral rightness depends directly on anything other than consequences, such as whether the agent promised in the past to do the act now" (Armstrong 2011). What is good for the greatest number of people one day may not be the case several years from now, or even to morrow.

For example, no one would state that as an abstract moral principle, having to fire competent employees is a 'good thing.' However, bosses are often forced to do so, because of the financial limitations they are…...

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References

Alexander, Larry & Michael Moore. (2007). Deontological ethics. The Stanford Encyclopedia

of Philosophy. Retrieved:  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-deontological/ 

Armstrong, Walter. (2011). Consequentialism. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Retrieved:  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/

Ethical Theories
The three basic ethical theories share a number of similarities, because they each attempt to describe and explicate the ethical decisions made by humans as well as the logic (or illogic) that is used to inform any particular behavior. Utilitarianism offers what is perhaps the most sound ethical theory due to the way it chooses for itself the goal of its efforts, but it is hampered by disagreement regarding the precise execution of the theory. A deontological theory of ethics may be useful for formulating general rules regarding proper behavior, and as such is popular is the workplace, but these rules are not universally applicable and in some cases can actually lead to unethical behavior if followed without fail. Finally, while virtues-based ethics purports to offer individuals instruction for the cultivation of ideal behavioral traits, by definition it cannot offer a universal ethical norm, as it is based on…...

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References

Begley, A.M. (2005). Practising virtue: A challenge to the view that a virtue centred approach to ethics lacks practical content. Nursing Ethics, 12(6), 622-37.

Broad, C. (1930). Five types of ethical theory. New York: Routledge.

Darwall (Ed.). (2003). Virtue ethics. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.

DeConinck, J.B., & Lewis, W.F. (1997). The influence of deontological and teleological considerations and ethical climate on sales managers intentions to reward or punish sales force behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 16(5), 497-506.

From the utilitarian perspective, it can be assumed that the use of spyware will reduce the private use of computers and restore the lost work hours, which is a benefit for the company. Employee relationships with the company will be damaged, however, perhaps irrevocably, and this could also affect productivity. Managing the data from the spyware will also require company resources, which can be seen as a detriment. Deontologically speaking, it is generally considered wrong to spy, but it is also wrong to waste company time when an employee is accepting money in an agreement to work, not take care of private business. The two wrongs do not cancel each other out, but either decision leaves one side wronged, so neither system provides a direct answer to the problem.
A combination of the two approaches is not impossible, and in fact makes a great deal of sense in this scenario.…...

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References

Alexander, L. & Moore, M. (2007). "Deontological ethics." Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Accessed 24 January 2010.  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-deontological/ #DeoThe

Andre, C. & Velasquez, M. (2008). "Calculating Consequences: The Utilitarian Approach to Ethics." Markula center for applied ethics. Accessed 24 January 2010.

Mautner, T., ed. (2002). The Penguin dictionary of philosophy. New York: Penguin.

Best Ethical Approaches and Alternatives

Frankly, the Satyam case is not one that requires splitting the proverbial hairs sometimes associated with more complex ethical analyses. Virtually every known ethical system other than egoism would condemn aju's conduct (osenstand, 2008; Shaw & Barry, 2007). Unfortunately, the magnitude of the harm caused and the vast numbers of individuals detrimentally affected by aju's subterfuge absolutely defies any conceivable ethical solution that relies on restitution or compensation to the victims.

In the Satyam case, aju would not benefit from any of the ethical systems considered. Act utilitarian ethical analysis would condemn aju's actions simply by virtue of their consequences on the countless victims of his conduct. ights-based ethical analysis would reach the same conclusion regardless of whether the system relies on objective or conventional ethical rules. Justice-based ethics would condemn aju's conduct because it violated both objective ethical principles and the formal rules governing financial industries…...

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References

Halbert, T., and Ingulli, E. (2007). Law & Ethics in the Business Environment.

Cincinnati, OH: West.

Rosenstand, N. (2008). The Moral of the Story: An Introduction to Ethics. New York:

McGraw-Hill.

system that contributes towards the development of the personal ethics. Further the paper also discusses the effect of personal ethics on work performance and the need of ethics in an organization.
Personal Ethics Development - Personal Ethical System and Ground ules, including its Origins and Development

Ethics

Ethics are considered to be the principles and norms that shape the human personality and behavior and underlie the formation of the character. Ethics generally can be considered as personal code of conduct. (Griffith University, 2011)Ethics constitute of the following aspects mainly:

Assessing and evaluating personal values, (Griffith University, 2011)

Understanding of the requirements and standards of society as well as knowledge of personal and universal standards, (Griffith University, 2011)

Analyzing the available choices, their impact on others and society and then accepting the responsibility of the choice made and be hold oneself accountable for it. (Griffith University, 2011)

Ethics usually shape the morals but ethics and morals cannot…...

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References

Griffith University (2011). Griffith Graduate Attributes Ethical Behavior and Social Responsibility Toolkit. [report] Brisbane: Griffith University, pp. 5-6.

Kelchner, L. (2009). The Importance of Ethics in Organizations. [online] Retrieved from:   [Accessed: 17 Aug 2013].http://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-ethics-organizations-20925.html 

Scivicque, C. (2013). Developing Personal Ethics. [online] Retrieved from: [Accessed: 17 Aug 2013].http://suite101.com/article/developing-personal-ethics-a34018

The published codes of ethics for different professions try to make it clear that "professional" in that occupation will not misuse that power, and especially that the use will not be made for personal gain. Of course, in totality, the codes of ethics should provide guidance about the values to be upheld in the profession, specific ethical principles and specific standards. (Professional code of Ethics)
Since there is a wide variation in codes for different professions, it is required that codes from some professions be looked at to decide the ethical standards of a profession. However, studying ethical codes does not mean that the individual will be following the codes and behaving in an ethical manner. This is mentioned clearly in the code for National Association of Social Work as "a code of ethics cannot resolve all ethical issues or disputes or capture the richness and complexity involved in striving…...

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References

An Overview of Morality and ethical systems" Retrieved at Accessed on 30 July, 2005http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/415/415lect01.htm.

Dean, John. W. (26 March, 2004) "A Closer Look at the Case from Which Justice Scalia Has

Refused To Rescue Himself." Retrieved at   Accessed on 30 July, 2005http://writ.news.findlaw.com/dean/20040326.html .

Etzioni, Amitai. (4 August, 2004) "When It Comes to Ethics, B-Schools Get an F" Retrieved from   Accessed on 30 July, 2005http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A38323-2002Aug2&notFound=true .

jihad with reference to the practices and believes of the Muslims regarding the word "jihad." Further the paper will develop ethical/moral arguments regarding the stoppage of violence by both Ireland and Syria. Although one can name many countries with reference to jihad and practices of Muslims against the violence attacks, but this paper will limit the discussion to the violent attacks of Syria and Ireland.
It is an Arabic word the root of which is Jahada, which means to strive for a better way of life. Jihad is not a war to force the faith on others, as many people think of it. It should never be interpreted as a way of compulsion of the belief on others, since there is an explicit verse in the Qur'an that says: "There is no compulsion in religion" Al-Qur'an: Al-Baqarah (2:256)." http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/reference/glossary/term.JIHAD.html

The definition of Jihad states that it is a struggle, a way,…...

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Works Cited

As retrieved from JIHAD - THE HOLY WAR   On5 April, 2004http://www.alislam.org/books/study-of-islam/jihad.html .

As retrieved from The Spiritual Significance of Jihad   On5 April, 2004http://www.al-islam.org/al-serat/jihad-nasr.htm .

As retrieved from Jihad in Islam (Submission)

  On 5 April, 2004http://www.submission.org/muhammed/jihad.html .

Ethical caring's great contribution is to guide action long enough for natural caring to be restored and for people once again to interact with mutual and spontaneous regard" (Noddings 1998: 187).
Noddings believes that rather than ethics shaping moral behavior, our moral, spontaneous caring is what is more important and must come first. This impulse is sometimes interfered with, which is why we need ethical systems, but caring comes before the creation of ethical systems.

Statement: "All human communities are founded upon specific shared information, and the basic goal of education in a human community is acculturation - the transmission to children of the specific information shared by the adults of the group or polis" (Hirsch cited by Coppola 2011).

Comment: This reflects Hirsch's belief in the need for a common curriculum, or shared values that must be transmitted to all students to create a more homogeneous and cohesive society.

Statement: "And again,…...

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References

An interview with Bill Ayers. (2006). Revolution Newspaper. Retrieved:

 http://revcom.us/a/063/ayers-en.html 

Coppola, Jen. (2011). The Educational theory of E.D. Hirsch. New Foundations. Retrieved:

 http://www.newfoundations.com/GALLERY/Hirsch.html

That particular ethical concern may be harder to define precisely, simply because it may be too restrictive and no different from the types of decisions considered appropriate in the U.S. In that regard, provided it violates no domestic or foreign laws and that it is not undertaken for the purpose of shifting the environmental risk (osenstand, 2008), the relocation is no different from situating a similar plant in any local community that does not benefit from the existence of the plant.

eferences

osenstand, N. (2008). The Moral of the Story: An Introduction to Ethics.…...

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References

Rosenstand, N. (2008). The Moral of the Story: An Introduction to Ethics. New York:

McGraw-Hill

Ethical Subjectivsim
Ethical subjectivism

Ethical subjectivism could also be called 'relativism,' or the notion that there is no external, objective moral authority. We as humans create our ethical norms, and ethics are culturally contextual. Ethical subjectivism stands in contrast to objectivism, which holds that there are objective moral standards by which all moral actions should be judged. "Moral statements are made true or false by the attitudes and/or conventions of the observers, and any ethical sentence just implies an attitude, opinion, personal preference or feeling held by someone" (Ethical subjectivism, 2012, Philosophy Basics).

A good example of this can be seen in the pragmatic philosophy of William James. In his Varieties of eligious Experience, James argued that all faiths were effectively divided into two categories: that of the 'religion of healthy-mindedness' and the 'sick soul. "We have all known or met people who seem happy all the time, who are convinced of the…...

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References

Agler, David. (2012). Lecture 3: Ethical subjectivism and emotivism.

http://davidagler.com/retired/teaching/ethics/Lecture_3_Ethics_Subjectivism.pdf

Ethical subjectivism. (2012). Philosophy Basics. Retrieved:

 http://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_ethical_subjectivism.html

Ethical treatment of prisoners is a complex question, involving the nature of the prison system in the U.S. And the nature of those incarcerated in it, as well as ethical obligations that individuals owe to society as well as those that society owes to those who are imprisoned. Deontological ethics might hold, for example, that those who have violated the law and the basic moral norms of society deserve to be punished but at the same time even those convicted and imprisoned have certain basic human rights. For example, they have the right to food, clothing, shelter and medical care, and cannot be tortured, abused or brutalized. Another problem from a deontological perspective would be to criticize a society where blacks and Hispanics are a minority of the population but also the majority of the prison population, including those on death row. Indeed, they are more likely to be profiled,…...

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REFERENCES

Capital Punishment (2011). Bureau of Justice Statistics.

http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=18

Prison Inmate Characteristics (2009). Bureau of Justice Statistics.

http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=132