epidemiology changed and evolved from the 1900s to the present? What effects have these changes had in your area of health care?
More than a hundred years ago, the primary focus of epidemiology was on containing the spread of epidemics such as cholera, tuberculosis, and polio. Knowledge about disease transmission, improved sanitation, and vaccinations have made many of these diseases either manageable or eradicated them. Today, the primary challenge for epidemiology is the shift to focusing on lifestyle-related complaints such as obesity, inactivity, and smoking which cause chronic illnesses such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Often, these can be more difficult to treat given that the lifestyle changes that they require both individuals and government to make are more complex and far-reaching than simply improving sanitation or getting vaccinated.
As a result, there is a greater need to educate the public and to encourage changes in habits and behavior, such…...
mlaReferences
Achievements in public health, 1900-1999: Changes in the public health system. (1999).
MMWR, 48(50); 1141-7. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4850a1.htm
Dengue epidemic in Bolivia: how dengue can be prevented. (2009). WHO. Retrieved from:
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/multimedia/podcasts/2009/dengue_bolivia_20090313/en
Cohabitation Epidemic
Argument Analysis" "The Cohabitation Epidemic"
In "The Cohabitation Epidemic," Neil Clark Warren argues that cohabitation between unmarried couples is an unhealthy situation that is decreasing the livelihood and well being of people in the contemporary context. Warren's argument is based on the idea that [state here the most important premises or assumption of the argument, or the basic strategy of his argument]. More specifically, in a part of his argument Warren assumes that [or something like this] [state problematic assumption]. I will argue that this move is problematic. In particular, is will show that ... [state main idea of your disagreement].
I will begin by explaining Warren's argument. He argues for this main thesis: that cohabitation rates are increasing, changing the nature of society, which is essentially endangering the health and welfare of future generations of Americans. Warren is essentially documenting a major rift in the structure of our contemporary society.…...
mlaReferences
Warren, Neil Clark. (2003). The cohabitation epidemic. Physicians for Life. Web. http://www.physiciansforlife.org/content/view/771/2/
European Epidemics on Native American Lifestyles
When the Europeans arrived in America, the Native Americans were a settled agricultural people. These Indians relied heavily on corn, beans and squash and their diet was supplemented through the gathering of wild plants and hunting. (Geier, 1991)
Hundreds of thousands of Native Americans lived in America with the greatest diversity - as many as 120 - of languages, dialects, and cultures of any comparably sized are in the world. For example, Indians in the far north had very different languages and cultures from the central and southern tribes.
Tribes traded with each other but were self-sufficient for the most part. With bountiful game, fish, and plants available and a moderate climate, most Indians bands led stable, productive and peaceful lives.
The tranquil lifestyle of the Indians changed dramatically with the introduction of European settlers. Many hunters and trappers were attracted to America by the abundance of…...
mlaBibliography
Primary
Geier, Mark. The Encyclopedia of Colonization and Settlement (1585-1763), Facts on File, Inc., 1991.
Debo, Angie. A History of the Indians of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press, 1970.
D'Azevedo, Warren Ed., Handbook of North American Indians. Great Basin. Vol. 11. Smithsonian Institution, 1986.
aters' illustrious footsteps. Local sports leaders and teams might like to engage in 'shape up' campaigns, such as rewarding students who do a required number of 'steps' per day.
Up until this point, unfortunately, North Carolina's emphasis as a state has been on monitoring student's weight, rather than changing their behaviors. The "Healthy Schools, Healthy eight" initiative focuses on providing toolkits to track student's BMIs and identify them as obese. Tracking BMIs (Body Mass Indexes) in rapidly-growing children can be difficult, however, and rather than identification, promoting healthy eating and movement for all children, before they become obese, rather than targeting obese students in the initiative and separating them during this emotionally fraught time from their peers might seem the better solution. But some individual school districts have provided shining lights in how to cope with the crisis. "Cumberland County recently received recognition for its "Shape Up, Live Healthy" district-wide…...
mlaWorks Cited
2008 School Lunch Card." A Report by the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine.
Autumn 2008. Healthy School Lunches. 23 Nov 2008. http://www.healthyschoollunches.org/reports/report2008_intro.cfm
DeBare, Illana. "More employers offering pedometers to encourage fitness."
San Francisco Chronicle 14 Aug 2007. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/08/14/WALK.TMP
aegis.com/topics/timeline/default.asp).
One year later the casualty number doubled again with more than 4,000 victims of the disease.
At this time Americans continued to blame homosexuals while the CDC fought against that belief with public service messages aimed at all people who were sexually active whether they were gay or straight.
In 1986 the epidemic has begun to grow. President onald egan mentioned it publically for the first time as part of the Agenda for the Future discussions.
By this time there had been more than 16,000 deaths because of AIDS.
The public began to accept the fact that it is not a gay disease and extreme fear takes hold as people worry they can get it from sharing a glass or a spoon. The United States shut the borders to all HIV infected travelers and immigrants due to public outcry (SO LITTLE TIME (http://www.aegis.com/topics/timeline/default.asp).
Number of known deaths in U.S. during 1989 -- 14,544. "
During the…...
mla
HIV / AIDS epidemic among the homeless
HIV, the epidemic that seems to have no end, rears it head year after year causing catastrophic damage. Now more than ever, all individuals regardless of race or demographics must be weary of the devastation this virus can cause. One social economic class that is particularly prone to this epidemic is that of the homeless community. According the center for disease control and prevention, the African-American community accounts for nearly 46% of people living with a HIV diagnosis (1). Of those, 23% are homeless. What is even more mindboggling is the fact that the African-American community only accounts for 13% of the current U.S. population.
Estimated ates of New HIV Infections,
by ace/Ethnicity and Gender, 2006
(Source: CDC. Subpopulation Estimates from the HIV Incidence Surveillance System -- United States, 2006. MMW. 2008; 57(36):985 -- 989)
Obviously, the best way to mitigate the risk of HIV is through…...
mlaReferences
1) "HIV / AIDS and African-Americans | Topics | CDC HIV / AIDS." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web. 03 May 2011. .
2) "HIV and AIDS among African-Americans." AIDS & HIV Information from the AIDS Charity AVERT. Web. 03 May 2011. .
3) "Sexual Activity Fact Sheet." Sexual Activity Fact Sheet. Summer 2008. Web. May 2010. http://www.kff.org/youthhivstds/upload/U-S-Teen-Sexual-Activity-Fact-Sheet.pdf >.
4) "Child Trend Databank." Child Trend Data Bank. Web. May 2010. .
Identification of Key Results
Results of this research highlight the need for a comprehensive approach to addressing the public health concern of obesity. Although obesity and its defining features like BMI are causally related to lifestyle factors like diet and activity levels, the research shows that the situation is more complex than that. There is a range of socioeconomic, ethnic, cultural, and political variables that also affect the prevalence of the disease. Identifying these outlying variables may be the key to resolving the obesity epidemic.
The obesity ecological model (OEM) has proven to be one of the most effective strategies for epidemiological analysis because it takes into account environmental and personal factors (Egger, Swinburn & Rossner, 2003). Using a multifactorial model like the OEM allows epidemiologists to take into account factors like age, race, socioeconomic class status, and compounding medical conditions. Key results of the study are as follows.
First, although the obesity…...
Jacme d'Agramont: Regimen of Protection against Epidemics
The objective of this study is to answer the following questions: (1) According to Jacme, what is the "pestilence"? How does his definition of pestilence fit into the "Western traditional medicine" framework? (2) How does Jacme explain how plague is caused? What is the "Western traditional medicine" rationale behind his explanation of the plague causation? (3) What is the "Western traditional medicine" rationale behind Jacme's explanation of the symptoms of the plague? And (4) What is the "Western traditional medicine" rationale behind Jacme's advice for avoiding (or surviving) the plague?
Pestilence
Jacme states that pestilence arises from diverse changes in the air "as well as in its qualities as in its substance causing diverse properties from which arise "diverse consequences." Jacme writes that pestilence is a "contra-natural change of the air in its qualities or in its substance; from which arise in living things corruptions…...
mlaBibliography
Wallis, Faith (2010) Two Case Studies in Medieval Medicalization: Leprosy and Plague. Health and the Healer in Western History. Medicine and Medieval Science.
Duran-Reynals, ML and Winslow, CE (1949) Regiment de preservacio an epidimia o pestilencis e mortaldats. Epistole de Maestre Jacme d'Agramont als honrats e discrets seynnors pahers e conseyll de la Ciutat le leyda 1348. Regimen of Protections against Epidemics or Pestilence and Mortality." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 23 (1949): 57-89.
Vaugh, M. in: Loudon, K. (2002) Western Medicine: An Illustrated History. Oxford University Press.
Pharmaceutical Companies, Intellectual Property, and the Global AIDS Epidemic
For this case study, six questions had been asked. The first one is: Should pharmaceutical companies distribute drugs at low cost in third world countries? What are the pros and cons of such an approach? The second one is: What are the principal arguments of pharma companies who oppose making exception to IP laws for developing countries? What are the arguments by NGOs and others for a differential treatment? The third question is: What impact would you expect South Africa's decision to levy duties on drug imports from Western nations to have on the international distribution of drugs to South Africa? The fourth question is: In June 2002, the WTO extended the transition period during which least-developed countries (LDCs) had to provide patent protection for pharmaceuticals. In your opinion, do you think this is an appropriate change in policy, or a dangerous…...
mlaReferences
Avert.org (a). Accessed online from: http://www.avert.org/prevent-hiv.htm
Avert.org (b). Accessed online from: http://www.avert.org/generic.htm
Avert.org. Accessed online from: http://www.avert.org/aidstarget.htm
Bate, R. And Tren, R. (2004). The Real Obstacles to Sound Treatment of AIDS in Poor Countries. Accessed online from: http://www.fightingmalaria.org/pdfs/treatment_obstacles.pdf
Drug Epidemic at Manalapan HS in Manalapan, NJ
In most high schools, drugs are a common rite of passage. As a matter of fact, the problem is so serious that it has reached epidemic levels. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse - NIH (2014), 22.1%, 16.3%, and 22.7% of high school students (seniors) in 2013 admitted to binge drinking, cigarette smoking and marijuana smoking, respectively.
Prescription drugs are also being abused at an alarming rate. For instance, "in 2013, 15.0% of high school seniors used a prescription drug non-medically…" (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2014). One of the prescription drugs most abused, as the National Institute on Drug Abuse (2014) further points out, was Adderall. The said prescription drug is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Other commonly abused prescription drugs are products with dextromethorphan as a component and Vicodin.
In a study conducted by the National Center…...
mlaReferences
Kuczynski-Brown, A. (2012). School Drug Use: Survey Finds 17% of High School Students Drink, Smoke, Use Drugs During the School Day. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/23/annual-survey-finds-17-pe_n_1824966.html
National Institute on Drug Abuse -- NIH. (2014). Drug Facts: High School and Youth Trends. Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/high-school-youth-trends
child obesity, which has become an epidemic in the current epoch of technological advancements and innovations. Since obesity is escalating at an unprecedented rate specifically amongst the teenagers and children; thus, thus research proposal intends to carry out a comprehensive research to identify its causes. This paper highlights the plan of the research process in detail that include the aims and objectives of the study, methodology, data collection techniques, risks involved in carrying out the research, ethical and legal considerations, and strategies that can ensure the validity and effectiveness of the research.
esearch Design and Data Collection Techniques
esearch Timeline
Strategies to Ensure Validity and Efficacy of the Study
Ethical and Legal Considerations
Barriers to carry out the esearch Study
Conclusion
eferences
Introduction
By looking at the historical context, once can simply claim that being fat was considered a symbol of being healthy. However, this perception over time has changed because health of people on a global basis…...
mlaReferences
Balnaves, M. & Caputi, P. 2001. Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods: An Investigative Approach. SAGE Publications: USA.
Cameron, N., Hastings, G., & Ellison, G. 2005. Childhood Obesity: Contemporary Issues. CRC Press: USA.
Merriam, S.B. 2009. Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. John Wiley & Sons: USA.
Smith, J.C. 1999. Understanding Childhood Obesity. Univ. Press of Mississippi: USA.
Truism
Obesity reached epidemic proportions by the end of the twentieth century, with as many as thirty percent of adults and sixteen percent of children living in the United States being overweight ("Overweight and Obesity"). Being overweight is not just a matter of personal appearance. Rather, a range of health problems from heart disease to diabetes can be directly caused by eating too much, especially too much of the wrong foods. Fast food, junk food, and processed foods, available in huge portions for cheap prices, are driving factors in the American economy. However, because being overweight is a major cause of disease, obesity becomes an economic problem in America, taxing the medical system with unnecessary and preventable problems. Obese individuals essentially steal treatment services from individuals who suffer from diseases that could not be prevented through lifestyle changes. Overeating is also a slap-in -- the face for those who cannot afford…...
mlaWorks Cited
'Overweight and Obesity." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Online at .
Diseases that are not native to a certain population and are introduced by outsiders or foreigners can have devastating effects. Native populations are vulnerable to germs and viruses brought in by outsiders because they lack the immunological strength and ability to combat these illnesses. Such was the case during the conquest of both North and South America during early colonial times. The native population was blindsided and crippled by the various diseases that the white man brought with them.
The white man overpowered the Indigenous populations of America with their superior weaponry and battle tactics. These two factors contributed greatly to the white man's dominance, another factor that contributed was, undoubtedly the spread of disease and germs. Some of the diseases that were introduced to the native population by Europeans included: smallpox, measles, typhus, and venereal diseases (Ashburn 199). Small pox was one of the diseases that absolutely decimated the native…...
mlaWorks Cited
Ashburn, P.M., and Frank Davis Ashburn. The ranks of death, a medical history of the conquest of America . Ann Arbor, Mich.: Xerox University Microfilms, 1975. Print.
E. Cowdry, Albert. This land, this South: an environmental history . Lexington: The University of Kentucky Press, 1996. Print.
J. Bollet, Alfred. Plagues and Poxes: the impact of human history on epidemic disease. New York: Demos Medical Publishing, 2004. Print.
Essay Topic Examples
1. The Socioeconomic Impact of the Opioid Epidemic in America:
This essay would explore the broad consequences of the opioid crisis on various socioeconomic levels, including its toll on healthcare costs, workforce productivity, and increased burden on social services. Attention could be given to how opioid dependence and fatalities affect local economies, communities, and families.
2. The Evolution of rescription Opioids: From ain Management to ublic Health Crisis:
This topic would examine the history of prescription opioids, detailing the pharmaceutical industry's role, regulatory failures, and changes in medical prescribing practices that led to widespread addiction and the current epidemic. The essay would explore the shift from initially seeing opioids as a panacea for pain to recognizing them as a catalyst for public health disaster.
3. Overcoming Barriers to Opioid Use Disorder Treatment: Strategies for Success:
An investigation into the challenges and barriers individuals face in obtaining treatment for opioid addiction,…...
mlaPrimary Sources
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Understanding the Opioid Overdose Epidemic.” CDC.gov, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 16 Dec. 2021, www.cdc.gov/opioids/basics/epidemic.html.
United States, Congress, House, Committee on Energy and Commerce. “Combating the Opioid Crisis: Battle in the States.” Committee on Energy and Commerce, 12 July 2018, energycommerce.house.gov/sites/democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/files/documents/Testimony-OpioidCrisisBattleintheStates2018-7-12.pdf.Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. “Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.” HHS Publication No. PEP20-07-01-001, NSDUH Series H-55, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020, www.samhsa.gov/data/.United States Department of Justice. “The Department of Justice\'s Efforts to Combat the Opioid Crisis: A Year in Review.” Justice.gov, Oct. 2019, www.justice.gov/opioidawareness/justice-department-efforts-combat-opioid-crisis.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Annual Surveillance Report of Drug-Related Risks and Outcomes — United States Surveillance Special Report.” CDC.gov, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 31 Aug. 2020, www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/pubs/2020-cdc-drug-surveillance-report.pdf.
Healthy People 2020 and Diabetes
Diabetes is a community health problem that is also a Healthy People 2020 priority area. abish (2007) has cited it as a growing epidemic occurring all over the world. Because diabetes has been linked to obesity, poor diet and lack of exercise, it is reasonable to arrive at the conclusion that if people ate better and exercised more the rising spread of diabetes could be reversed. his is the contention of researchers such as Davis (2008) and Cunninghamm-Myrie, heall, Younger et al. (2015). In short, diabetes is impacting everyone. All who consume "fast food" type of diets are at risk of developing diabetes according to these studies.
he public health leadership problem related to this health issue is that public health leaders appear all too willing to simply treat the symptoms of diabetes instead of attacking the causes of the disease. Better leadership in this area would…...
mlaTabish, S. (2007). Is Diabetes Becoming the Biggest Epidemic of the Twenty-first
Century? International Journal of Health Science, 1(2): 5-8.
Wilmot, E., Idris, I. (2014). Early onset type 2 diabetes: risk factors, clinical impact and management. Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease, 5(6): 234-244.
If you want to find out arguments about infectious diseases, we are tempted to tell you to visit almost any social media site, where you are almost sure to find people debating the efficacy of face masks to slow the spread of COVID-19. However, the reality is that you actually want to avoid looking at sites like that if you are trying to develop a good essay about infectious diseases because internet arguments notoriously fail to follow the steps to developing a good argument. You want to make a claim, provide support for that claim, and address....
To write an essay on the impact of contagious diseases, you will want to narrow down the topic. There are several different types of contagious diseases, and the various pathogens include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Disease can spread in various ways. The current Covid-19 pandemic is airborne and spreads through both air and touch, but other diseases have been blood borne, sexually transmitted, spread in food, or spread through other vectors, such as mosquitoes. There are also different types of outbreaks of diseases including pandemic, endemic, epidemic, and outbreak. They have....
One of the most frustrating aspects about the gun violence debate, which is primarily an American debate due to the fact that the United States experiences far greater amounts of gun violence than most other industrialized nations, is that there has been a lack of research into this topic. The lack of research is not accidental; Congress intentionally froze funding for research into gun violence over 25 years ago, and even enacted prohibitions against doctors and other healthcare workers providing some detailed insights into gun violence. As a result, when researchers wanted....
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