For example, unequal protection may result from land-use decisions that determine the location of residential amenities and disamenities. Unincorporated, poor, and communities of color often suffer a "triple" vulnerability of noxious facility siting." (ullard, 1998)
Finally, 'Social Equity' is that which "assesses the role of sociological factors (race, ethnicity, class, culture, life styles, political power, etc.) on environmental decision making. Poor people and people of color often work in the most dangerous jobs, live in the most polluted neighborhoods, and their children are exposed to all kinds of environmental toxins on the playgrounds and in their homes." (ullard, 1998)

V. EXAMINATION of CULTURAL RESOURCES

The National Preservation Institute states that the term 'cultural resource' is not defined in NEPA or even in any other Federal law and yet there are "several laws and executive orders that deal with particular kind of 'resources' that are 'cultural' in character." The following is a description…...

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Bibliography

Bullard, Robert D. (1998) Environmental Justice in the 21st Century. Environmental Justice Resource Center. Online available at http://www.ejrc.cau.edu/ejinthe21century.htm

O'Neil, Sandra George (2007) Superfund: Evaluating the Impact of Executive order 12898. Environmental Health Perspectives

• VOLUME 115 | NUMBER 7 | July 2007. Online available at  http://www.ehponline.org/members/2007/9903/9903.pdf 

Pellow, David Naguib (2004) Garbage Wars: The Struggle for Environmental Justice in Chicago. MIT Press 2004. Google Books Online available at  http://books.google.com/books?id=P_8g761DKFAC&pg=PA67&lpg=PA67&dq=Environmental+Justice+Movement,+Chicago,+Executive+Order+12898&source=bl&ots=ZC3pkDW6PB&sig=lwIdweolIL9q613JulaJ1RKvrCs&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result#PPA81,M1

Environmental Justice in the United States:
Policies, Beliefs & People/Places Involved

During the course of my college career, my interests and passions have changed, gradually evolving to an intensified mix of all that my Interdisciplinary Studies major encompasses. I began my college career seeking a Mass Communication degree; a course of study that focused primarily on community organization and mobilization. After feeling the harsh reality of advertising and public relations evils, I decided that Social Work was my calling. I felt a deep need to help others in situations where if they only had some assistance their lives could be changed for the better. However, after taking an Introduction to Environmental Issues course, I felt strongly that a change of studies was necessary. I began to formulate a study plan that included all of my previous interests and integrated a whole new section-policy and law. I was particularly interested in the politics…...

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References

Adams, John H. (1994, spring) Message From the Director: Environmentalism and Justice at NRDC, Amicus J. (statement of the Executive Director of the Natural Resources Defense Council).

Alternatives for Community and Environment (ACE) Accessed May 12, 2004. Available at  http://www.Ace-ej.org 

Commununities of a Better Environment (CBE). Accessed May 12, 2004. Available at  http://www.cbecal.org 

Community coalition for Environmental Justice (CCEJ) Accessed May 12, 2004. Available at   online.http://www.ccej.org ,

Environmental Justice Clean Water ActIntroductionThe Clean Water Act (CWA) is a United States federal law that establishes the basic structure for regulating pollution in the nation's waterways. It is one of the core pieces of legislation that has helped to make the United States a leader in environmental protection. The Clean Water Act requires all facilities that discharge pollutants into "navigable waters" to obtain a permit from the Environmental Protection Agency. This permit includes limits on the types and amounts of pollutants that can be released. In addition, the law prohibits the discharge of any pollutants that would result in an "unreasonable" impact on water quality. The Clean Water Act has been amended several times since it was first enacted in 1972, and it continues to play a vital role in protecting the nation's waters (Copeland, 2001). This paper will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the CWA while maintaining…...

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References

Andreen, W. L. (2003). Water quality today-has the clean water act been a success. Ala. L. Rev., 55, 537.

Copeland, C. (2001). Clean water act. Huntington NY: Nova Science Press.

Kleinman, P., Blunk, K. S., Bryant, R., Saporito, L., Beegle, D., Czymmek, K., ... & Smith, M. (2012). Managing manure for sustainable livestock production in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 67(2), 54A-61A.

Managing Environmental Justice Issues:
Environmental justice can be considered as the social justice outlook of environmental ethics that has contributed to the emergence of the environmental justice movement to tackle the unfair allocation of toxic, dangerous, and hazardous waste facilities. This term can also be described as the right to safe, productive, healthy, and sustainable environment for every individual. In this case, the environment incorporates the physical, social, ecological, political, economic, and aesthetic surroundings. The condition with which people's right to the described environment are freely exercised is described as environmental justice. The concept of environmental justice is largely based on ideas from civil rights, community organizing efforts, and public health (Warner & DeCosse, 2009).

The Environmental Problem:

As a leading pharmaceutical company in the United States, Colney & Pitts Company manufactures herbal remedies for various illnesses like prostate cancer. In order to develop medicines for prostate disorders, the company seeks to establish…...

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Reference:

Smith, G. (2011, August 7). Environmental Justice Simulation. Retrieved January 12, 2012, from http://www.*****/essay-on/Enviornmental-Justice-Simulation/44717

Warner, K.D. & DeCosse, D. (2009, May). Lesson Five Environmental Justice. Retrieved from Santa Clara University website:  http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/focusareas/environmental_ethics/lesson5.html

In terms of Singer's work, although his solutions are not practical in the sense of Paehlke's work, his call for a change in the political system does make sense. Political leaders should be called away from their isolated mentality and use their power to effect the changes necessary for a better world.

oth authors recognize that globalization cannot be denied, and that some aspects related to the phenomenon are beneficial while others are not. Neither author uses either the benefits or costs as reasons to either diminish or elevate the status of globalization, and it appears that both have a realistic grasp of the concept. oth authors also call for equity and fairness, while they differ somewhat in how specifically to achieve this.

I agree with both authors that globalization is a force that cannot be wished away or denied. Furthermore it is undeniable that the phenomenon has some benefits, but also…...

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Bibliography

Paehlke, Robert C. Democracy's Dilemma: Environment, Social Equity, and the Global Economy. New York, 2003.

Singer, Peter. One World. London, 2002.

Environmental Justice vs. Disadvantaged CommunitiesEnvironmental justice recognizes disadvantaged communities that generally are low-income and minority-populated areas disproportionately affected by pollution. The environmental problems such groups of people experience are broad, compromising air, soil, and even water. Ideally, environmental law and policy should address the disproportion and problems generated. Nevertheless, that is not the current situation, and very little to nothing is being done to find an effective solution. This essay seeks to identify the relationships between poverty, demographic patterns, and air pollution. Furthermore, this essay will demonstrate a far more complicated situation, "This inequality is enhancing the gap between poor and affluent social groups based on the ethnic or racial composition of the neighboring community" (Taylor, 2020). These actions result in minority communities being subject to disproportionate health and welfare impacts from a particular facility creating a never-ending social imbalance.Environmental justice emerged from the activism of communities of color and…...

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References

Anguelovski Isabelle, Chu Eric, Carmin JoAnn (2014), \\\\\\"Variations in approaches to urban climate adaptation: experiences and experimentation from the Global South,\\\\\\" Global Environmental Change Vol 27, pages 156–167.

Bullard, R. D. (1993). Anatomy of environmental racism and the environmental justice movement. Confronting environmental racism: Voices from the grassroots, 15, 15-39.

Bullard, R. D. (2004). Making Environmental Justice a Reality in the 21st Century. Contributing Editors, 5.

Environmental Crimes and Health and Safety Law Violation
With the current changes in weather patterns, strange climatic conditions and other uncontrollable natural disasters, there has been a lot of attention directed towards the environment and the way people may be contributing to the degradation of the environment in small ways that is summed up results into the disasters that we see on daily basis. The environment is becoming unpleasant on an increasing trend each and every day, this is a cause to worry about for each government that cares to see the consequences of our careless handling of the environment.

There are also man's contribution to the insecurity that surrounds us on a daily basis since people no longer care for the safety of the workers that work in their industries and sadly to some extent, some don care even about themselves and the safety that may be protecting their very being.…...

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References

Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Republic of South Africa, (2012). Stepping up

Enforcement Against Environmental Crimes. Retrieved April 4, 2012 from  http://www.environment.gov.za/Services/booklets/Environmental/EnviroCrimesEMI.pdf 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1998). Final Guidance for Incorporating

Environmental Justice Concerns in EPA's NEPA Compliance Analyses Retrieved April 4, 2012 from  http://www.epa.gov/compliance/ej/resources/policy/ej_guidance_nepa_epa0498.pdf .

Environmental Assessing Canada
More and more countries have gotten actively involved in protecting the environment and Canada makes no exception from the rule, taking into account that it installed a series of programs meant to assist nature and discourage individuals or groups that might be inclined to damage it. The Canadian Environmental Act is probably one of the most significant steps that the country has taken with the purpose of making it mandatory for people and communities to conduct environmental assessments for diverse projects that they propose. Canadians have acknowledged the fact that some actions might have negative effects on the environment and thus developed environmental assessments meant to remove or diminish a project's capacity to harm to environment.

The 1868 Fisheries Act is probably one of the first significant environmental assessment programs that the government installed with the purpose of preventing individuals from harming the environment as a result of implementing…...

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Works cited:

Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, "Canada Enter the Nuclear Age: A Technical History of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited," (McGill-Queens, 1997)

"Fisheries Act," Retrieved November 11, 2012, from the Fisheries and Oceans Canada Website:  http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/habitat/role/141/1415/14151-eng.htm 

"Canadian Environmental Assessment Act," Retrieved November 11, 2012, from the Canadian Environmental Law Association Website:  http://www.cela.ca/taxonomy/term/212 

Textbook

Awareness also plays a part on the other side of environmental crime -- laws cannot be made restricting certain activities with a detrimental environmental impact until that impact is known, and certain types of environmental crimes might remain hidden for years (Interpol, 2009).
The International Police organization, or Interpol, recognizes two major forms of environmental crime: wildlife crime and pollution crime (Interpol, 2009). Wildlife crime is the exploitation of protected plants or animals, such as the murder of elephants for ivory or whales for meat (Interpol, 2009). Because there is no direct human victim, these crimes may often go unnoticed, and if the public is not aware of the activity than the government is not very likely to do anything about it. The same is true of pollution crime, which does have a direct impact on human populations but which can often be very difficult to prove (EPA, 2009). Direct…...

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References

Environmental Crime." (2009). Interpol. Accessed 24 January 2009.  http://www.interpol.int/Public/EnvironmentalCrime/Default.asp 

Environmental Crime." (2009). EPA Website. Updated 13 January 2009. Accessed 24 January 2009.  http://epa.gov/compliance/criminal/investigations/environmentalcrime.html

This is a pertinent observation and one that is possibly central to understanding the problem of environmental ethics today.
Bugeja goes on to state that "…the new technologies that now keep us constantly connected also keep us constantly distracted" (Bugeja, 2008). He also makes the important point that, "Digital distractions now keep us from addressing the real issues of the day. Each of us daily consumes an average of nine hours of media through myriad technological platforms…" (Bugeja, 2008). In other words, we have become distracted from the holistic view of reality by modern communications technology to the extent that we are out of contact with the environmental issues that surround us.

Bugeja is also of the opinion that this situation has deprived us of the important aspect of critical thought. Critical thinking is defined as "… the ability to engage in reflective and independent thinking, and being able to think…...

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References

Bugeja M. ( 2008) The Age of Distraction: The Professor or the Processor? The

Futurist, 42 (1).

Consequentialism: The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from  http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/conseque.htm .

Environmental Ethics. Retrieved from  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-environmental/

On pages 88-89, right in the middle of a 1972 national debate of this issued, Greenhouse reports that Justice Blackmun was given the job by his colleagues of writing a draft opinion on Roe v. ade. How was a doctor to know if "death was imminent" should a mother not have an abortion? There were so many conflicting questions to be asked about the laws that had brought Roe v. ade before the Court. It was a struggle for Blackmun, and he was under intense pressure. He was influenced by public opinion; on page 91, Greenhouse explains that Blackmun saw a ashington Post story that said "two out of three Americans think that abortion should be a matter for decision solely between a woman and her physician." Sixty-four percent said it was up to a woman, in a poll in the newspaper that Blackmun read. Slowly Blackmun re-wrote his…...

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Works Cited

Greenhouse, Linda. 2005. Becoming Justice Blackmun: Harry Blackmun's Supreme Court

Journey. New York: Times Books / Henry Holt & Company

It would strive to minimize the pay and quality-of-life differential between the wealthiest individuals and the poorest, although it would permit whatever differential justified by the greater good served by certain professional commitments and responsibilities.
Rawls' ideas if incorporated into society would not compel any person to contribute to the greater good any more than he or she desired; they would simply impose mechanisms for distributing resources and potential rewards in the most socially beneficial and equitable manner. Industries that produce socially beneficial products and services that contribute to the greater good would be permitted to profit more from those endeavors than superfluous industries; physicians would be entitled to sufficient compensation and benefits to ensure against any shortage of physicians in society; and police officers and firefighters would earn more than professional athletes, although closer to several times the average wage in society instead of the equivalent of hundreds or…...

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"Many social decisions are, of course, of an administrative nature. Certainly this is so when it is a matter of social utility in what one may call its ordinary sense: that is, when it is a question of the efficient design of social institutions for the use of common means to achieve common ends" (Rawls, 1958 p187).

Rawls' ideas would seem to comport perfectly with the essential purpose of public administration services. In principle, the entire structure of modern administrative services in society is precisely to improve society and contribute to the public good much more efficiently and effectively than individual citizens could ever hope to, even in a collaborative effort. Granted, to a certain extent, Rawls' ideas could be seen as excessively constraining individual initiative and creativity; however, in the realm of public administration of social services and justice, they would greatly increase the quality of life and contribute to the greater good. Instead of the poorly motivated, apathetic attitudes frequently associated with civil service employment, Rawls' ideas would reward civil servants sufficiently to guarantee much greater commitment to their responsibilities.

Generally, modern public administration and civil service exemplify the very concepts emphasized by Rawls except that the pay differential between civil servants and employment in many areas of the private sector greatly detract from the communal spirit and cooperation that Rawls hoped to promote through his ideas. Ultimately, while some of the specific mechanisms suggested by Rawls' ideas may be impractical to impose on a free society, their general purpose is likely achievable to some degree simply by increasing awareness of some of the conceptual arguments.

On the prevention side, there needs to be research about the most infectious diseases, widespread vaccination against the most threatening animal borne pathogens, monitoring and intelligence to identify potential threats, and education about bioterrorism at all levels of government (RAND, 2). On the response side, early detection, early containment, treatment plans, stockpiles of vaccines and drugs, and an animal depopulation and disposal plan are all necessary (RAND, 2).
The government has passed a number of laws to help address potential threats and be ready in the event of an attack. For example, the Bioterrorism Preparedness Act tightens control of certain toxins and threatening agents and expands agricultural security. The FDA and USDA have both passed rules to increase record-keeping and monitoring related to potentially dangerous agents. Homeland Security has been authorized to increase agricultural border inspections, with the assistance of the USDA. These inspections identify and quarantine potential threats. (Monke…...

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Works Cited

Gonzales, Alberto, Regina Schofield, and Glenn Schmitt. Agroterrorism -- Why We're Not Ready: A Look at the Role of Law Enforcement. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 2006. Print.

Monke, Jim. Agroterrorism: Threats and Preparedness. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 2004. Print.

RAND National Defense Research Institute. Agroterrorism: What Is the Threat and What Can Be Done About it? Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2003. Print.

Another area of change brought on by the assistance of the EDF is that which now more explicitly connects environmental degradation with certain social and demographic factors. The creation of its Scorecard ebsite in 2001 would bring a new dimension to the social discourse on environmental issues. According to Dooley (2001), with this new scorecard in place, "on the main Environmental Justice page, entering a ZIP code generates a report of the varying degrees of environmental burden within that area for different racial, ethnic, and income groups. The burdens include releases of toxic chemicals, cancer risk from hazardous air pollutants, and facilities emitting criteria air pollutants." (Dooley, p. 367)
Other recent decisions also reflect the degree of success that the EDF has had in moving governments forward on specific issues. So is this reflected in the text by Zimmerman (1995), which reports on a decision in the case of City…...

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Works Cited:

Dooley, E.E. (2001). Environmental Defense Scorecard: Environmental Justice. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(8).

Environmental Defense Fund. (2011). Our Mission and History. EDF.org.

F.B. (1979). Spectrum. Environment, 21(2).

Zimmerman, J.F. (1995). High Court Action To Elevate Costs Of Solid Waste Disposal. National Civic Review, 84(1).

Environmental Science class.. Title the Oil Industry Environment
APA Guidelines format 4-6 References I 4-6 Pages ritten text photos / data tables

The effects of the Oil Industry on the Environment

In spite of the fact that society has experienced significant moral progress in the recent decades, people continue to associate well-being with financial profits regardless of the effects that their actions have on society and this is reflected by the fact that the oil industry has inflicted great damage on the environment in the last few years. The fact that society has come to depend on oil makes it especially difficult for someone to experience positive results as a result of criticizing individuals involved in the oil business. Communities who have access to free oil wells are privileged and society has virtually learnt to exploit any oil source that it can possibly find. This has devastating consequences on the environment, considering…...

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Works cited:

Ali-Akpajiak, Sofo, C.A. Pyke, Toni, "Measuring poverty in Nigeria," (Oxfam, 2003)

Struzik, Ed, "Killing Wolves: A Product ofAlberta's Big Oil and Gas Boom," retrieved March 29, 2012, from the Yale Environment 360 Website:  http://e360.yale.edu/feature/alberta_canada_energy_boom_places_wolves_in_the_crosshairs/2459/ 

Taylor, Dorcetta, E. "Environment and Social Justice: An International Perspective," (Emerald Group Publishing, 2010)

McQuaid, John, "The Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill:An Accident Waiting to Happen" retrieved March 29, 2012, from the Yale Environment 360 Website:  http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_gulf_of_mexico_oil_spill_an_accident_waiting_to_happen/2272/

1. The Role of Emotions in Political Decision Making: Exploring how emotions influence political beliefs and actions, and whether they should be considered in political theory.

2. The Impact of Technology on Political Communication: Analyzing how social media and other digital platforms have changed political discourse and debate in the modern age.

3. Intersectionality in Political Theory: Examining how issues of race, gender, and class intersect in political theory and shape debates on social justice and equality.

4. The Ethics of Political Violence: Discussing the moral implications of using violence as a political tool and when it may be justified.

5. Post-Colonial Perspectives in....

Essay Topics on Pollution

Air Pollution:

The Impact of Air Pollution on Human Health and the Environment
The Role of Vehicle Emissions in Air Quality Degradation
The Economic and Social Costs of Air Pollution on Cities
The Effectiveness of Air Quality Regulations and Standards
The Future of Air Pollution Mitigation and Control

Water Pollution:

The Causes and Consequences of Water Pollution in Developing Countries
The Impact of Agricultural Practices on Water Quality
The Role of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Reducing Water Pollution
The Legal and Policy Framework for Water Pollution Control
The Challenges and Solutions to Marine Pollution

Land Pollution:

The Sources and....

Thesis statement: Although both environmental justice and the environmental movement advocate for the protection of the environment, environmental justice focuses on addressing the disproportionate environmental burdens faced by marginalized communities, while the environmental movement tends to focus more on broader conservation efforts without addressing social inequalities. To strengthen your thesis statement, you could consider incorporating a more specific and focused argument. One way to do this could be by highlighting the specific ways in which environmental justice advocates for the rights of marginalized communities in relation to environmental issues, such as access to clean air and water, protection from environmental hazards,....

Original Thesis Statement:

Environmental justice concerns the unfair distribution of environmental burdens and benefits.

Critique:

While this statement accurately defines environmental justice, it lacks specificity and depth. It fails to highlight the specific issues that environmental justice seeks to address, such as the disproportionate exposure to pollution, lack of access to green spaces, and vulnerability to climate change faced by marginalized communities.

Strengthened Thesis Statement:

Environmental justice advocates for equitable distribution of environmental benefits and burdens through the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of marginalized communities in decision-making processes that affect their health and well-being.

Explanations and Elaborations:

Equitable Distribution:

This term emphasizes the concept of fairness in....