(Sims & Haggerty, Description section, 2006, ¶ 2).
A Palpable Goiter's Presence

The journal article, "Hyperthyroidism" (N.d.), explains that a goiter denotes the enlargement of the thyroid gland. The majority of individuals with a goiter will not likely realize it, until the goiter grows to a visible or palpable size, as a goiter may develop to enormous size prior to producing symptoms of compression. Frequently, a low iodine supply in the diet contributes to the development of a goiter. In areas of the world where dietary iodine is low, doctors note a larger number of patients with goiters. The thyroid gland implements this defense mechanism to maintain balance with the body's need for thyroid hormones

As a goiter may be associated with hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, to rule out the abnormal functioning of the thyroid, the doctor orders blood tests. After these tests, the doctor will determines if the need for imaging studies…...

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REFERENCES

Bauer, D.G. (2005). Review of the endocrine system. MedSurg Nursing. Jannetti Publications,

Inc. Retrieved June 22, 2009 from HighBeam Research:

 http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-137919739.html 

Endocrine system. (2008). The Columbia Encyclopedia. Sixth Edition. Retrieved June 23, 2009

Endocrine / Nervous System
Based on Tanya's symptoms, and especially her out of shape condition, she is presumably showing signs of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, or insulin-resistant diabetes. Tanya is unlikely to have Type 1, an autoimmune condition in which the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are killed off, as this manifests itself predominantly in children. While Type 1 can appear in an adult, Type 2 is very frequently caused by poor dietary and exercise habits like Tanya exhibits.

Tanya's blood has a high level of sugar (hyerglycemia) but her cells are starved of sugar. This is due to the mechanics of Type 2 Diabetes, in which the body produces the hormone insulin -- which is responsible for the regulation of delivering glucose as fuel for cells (such as muscle or fat cells, which cannot absorb glucose without the action of insulin) -- but the cells themselves become resistant to the presence…...

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References

Ahmed, AM. (2002). History of diabetes mellitus. Saudi Medical Journal 24:4 (April). 373-8.

Interlandi, J. (2013). Breaking the brain barrier. Scientific American 308:6 (June). 52-7.

Hormone (or endocrine) disruptors interfere with the normal functioning of the endocrine system. They can: mimic a natural hormone and thus fool the body into responding a certain way, interfere with the reception of hormones by hormone receptors, directly alter a hormone and impede its function, cause the body to overproduce or under produce natural hormones, or decrease or increase the number of hormone receptors. These effects are especially potent during prenatal development, when even minute exposure to hormones can severely disrupt the normal development process. Potential hormone disruption effects include abnormalities of the reproductive system, birth defects, behavioral changes, depressed immune systems, and lowered intelligence. (Pettit, 2000, p. 413)
eferences

Patrick, G.T. (1929). What Is the Mind?. New York: The Macmillan Company.

Pettit, H.E. (2000). Shifting the Experiment to the Lab: Does EPA Have a Mandatory Duty to equire Chemical Testing for Endocrine Disruption Effects under the Toxic…...

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References

Patrick, G.T. (1929). What Is the Mind?. New York: The Macmillan Company.

Pettit, H.E. (2000). Shifting the Experiment to the Lab: Does EPA Have a Mandatory Duty to Require Chemical Testing for Endocrine Disruption Effects under the Toxic Substances Control Act? Environmental Law, 30(2), 413.

e. hypertrophy). In the elderly, this process is reverse. Hence, the functional reserve capacities of the skeletal muscles decline with age, largely due to diminished levels of physical activity. As a result daily tasks once taken for granted become progressively more difficult, and eventually impossible, to perform. In illustration, a great deal of muscle force is required to simply stand up or to climb stairs. Therefore, skeletal system is relying upon the reserve capacity of the heart to provide the endurance needed to perform such activities. If an elderly person does not engage in some sort of endurance-based activities, he or she will not have the cardiac reserve capacity needed for daily tasks. More importantly, diminished capacity may not counteract illnesses or diseases. Although strength-based activities help the cardiac reserve, it may not benefit the skeletal system. "While resistance exercise promotes fiber hypertrophy in skeletal muscles, the explosive power of…...

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References

Bailey, R. (2011). Muscle tissue. About.com Guide. Retrieved from  http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/a/aa022808a.htm 

Carpi, A. (1999). Basic anatomy - tissues & organs. Retrieved from http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/14-anatomy.htm

Lakatta, E.G. (1994). Cardiovascular reserve capacity in healthy older humans. Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, 6(4): 213-23.

Courtesy of Musculartory System BlogSpot

The circulatory or cardiovascular system is responsible for moving nutrients, wastes and gases between body cells, transporting blood across the whole body and battling disease (Circulatory System). Its principal elements are the heart, numerous blood vessels, and blood.
The heart forms the circulatory system's core. This 2-sided, 4-chambered pump which distributes blood to various arteries comprises of the right and left ventricles, and right and left atria. The ventricles, situated within the heart's lower half, are responsible for pumping blood to the whole body (away from our heart), whilst the atria, situated within the heart's upper half are in charge of receiving blood from different parts of the human body. The right and left ventricles pump de-oxygenated and oxygenated blood, respectively; de-oxygenated blood is pumped to lungs while oxygenated blood is pumped to the remainder of the human body (smith, 2013). These 4 chambers are connected to one another by means…...

ole of Autoimmunity in Three Endocrine Disorders
A number of endocrine illnesses are immune mediated and can now be reliably predicted. Autoimmune disorders can occur in a person and people related to them. Families with history of autoimmunity, and has had antibody screening done, becomes aware of those that carry such risk. Knowing the prevalence of such disorders and the diseases associated with them can help in early diagnosis and prevent them from becoming more serious. Autoimmunity affects several glands in the body. Studies reveal that alleles are very important in the determination of tissue-specific targeting (Aaron W. Michels & George S. Eisenbarth, 2010).

The Process of Autoimmunity

Autoimmunity is necessary for the body to maintain its health by countering effects of external virulent and organic attacks. It involves regulatory networks that provide the body with immunity against infection. It has not yet been determined why instances arise where autoimmunity processes sometimes…...

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References

Aaron W. Michels, & George S. Eisenbarth. (2010). Immunologic Endocrine Disorders. Journal of Allergy, Clinical Immunology, 225-237.

Aleksandra Krzewska, & Iwona Ben-Skowronek. (2016). Effect of Associated Autoimmune Diseases on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Incidence and Metabolic Control in Children and Adolescents. Biomed Research International.

Heves Kirmizibekmez, Rahime Gul Yesiltepe Mutlu, Nafiye Demirkiran Urganci, & Ayse Oner. (2015). Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 2: A Rare Condition in Childhood. Kirmizibekmez H, Yesiltepe Mutlu RG, Demirkiran Urganci N, Oner A. Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 2: A Rare Condition in Childhood. Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology. 2015;7(1):80-82. doi:10.4274/jcrpe.1394., 80-82.

Kohei KAKU. (2010). Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes and its Treatment Policy. Japan Medical Association Journal, 41-46.

Essay Topic Examples 1. The Evolution of Human Reproductive Systems and its Impact on Society
Explore the biological evolution of human reproductive systems from ancient ancestors to modern humans. Discuss how changes in reproductive anatomy and physiology have influenced societal structures, family planning, and gender roles over time. Analyze the implications of these evolutionary changes on current debates around reproductive health and rights.

2. Comparative Anatomy of Mammalian Reproductive Systems
Compare and contrast the reproductive systems of various mammalian species, including humans. Highlight the similarities and differences in reproductive strategies, such as r-strategy and K-strategy reproducers. Examine how different reproductive systems have adapted to environmental pressures and the role these adaptations play in species survival.

3. Technological Advances in Reproductive Health and their Ethical Implications
Investigate the advancements in reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), surrogacy, and gene editing (e.g., CRISR-Cas9). Discuss the ethical dilemmas that arise from these technologies, including but not limited…...

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Primary Sources

World Health Organization. \"Reproductive Health.\" WHO, World Health Organization, www.who.int/topics/reproductive_health/en/. Accessed 10 April 2023.

Marieb, Elaine N., and Katja Hoehn. Human Anatomy & Physiology. 11th ed., Pearson, 2018.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. \"Reproductive Health.\" CDC, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/index.htm. Accessed 10 April 2023.

Fertility and Sterility journal. Elsevier Inc., www.fertstert.org/. Accessed 10 April 2023.

Guttmacher Institute. \"Sexual and Reproductive Health.\" Guttmacher Institute, www.guttmacher.org/united-states/sexual-and-reproductive-health. Accessed 10 April 2023.

Osmoregulation
Endocrines Osmoregulation

Osmoregulation is the process, by which the body adjusts to a change in an environment of different water volume and amount of solutes in a cells and body fluid of organisms including vertebrates. Vertebrates are animals, which have a backbone, and can be warm either blooded or cold blooded. The body of such organisms adjusts in order to maintain the body balance both inside and outside their bodies in mild and harsh environments ranging from seawater, fresh water, and terrestrial habitats to very hostile environments. Endocrine glands found in such organisms play a major role in constant and persistent regulation of body balance, which secretes hormones directly into the blood whenever the body witnesses any environmental change (Bentley 45).

Endocrine glands present in vertebrates play a major role in controlling the level of water and salt in vertebrate's bodies. Hormones produced in vertebrates play a major role in controlling the…...

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References

Bentley, P., 2002. Comparative Vertabrate Endocrinology. chicago: Cambridge university press.

Bentley, P., 2002. Endocrines and Osmoregulation. chicago: springer publishers.

Crvendish, M., 2006. Growing up with Science.. london: marshall carvendish publishers.

Kaiser, G., 2007. The Inner Bird.. New York: UBC press.

Organ Systems: The Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland, according to Davies (2007), "is a pea-sized endocrine gland at the base of the brain," linked to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum. It is divided into several parts; i.e. The anterior lobe (front part) and the posterior lobe (back part). The anterior lobe secretes seven hormones that are essentially responsible for the regulation of a number of activities that take place in the human body - from reproduction to growth. Of the seven, five are tropic hormones (induce other glands to secrete hormones). The pituitary gland secretes only two hormones. The targets and effects of the nine are presented in the table below.

The Anterior Pituitary

Tropic Hormones

Hormone

Target

Function

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Adrenal glands

Involved in the stimulation of the cortex of the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol regulates blood pressure and blood sugar levels, as well as metabolism. It is an anti-inflammatory agent, helping…...

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References

Davies, J. (2007). Essentials of Medical Terminology (3rd ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Cengage Learning.

Turley, S. (2011). Medical Language: Immerse Yourself (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Myxedema is a potentially deadly endocrine regulation disease that usually arises in connection with pre-existing hypothyroidism, when the normal homeostatic mechanisms for responding to hypothyroidism are overwhelmed. It occurs most often in elderly women, and is usually characterized by swelling of the skin and other soft tissues (Wall, 2000).
The thyroid gland is central to homeostatic metabolic functions, and operates as part of a complex feedback loop involving both the pituitary and hypothalamus to control essential elements of fluid and electrolyte balance and thermoregulation. Under normal conditions, the hypothalamus influences pituitary hormonal output of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) via the secretion of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TH). Virtually any disruption of the precise functioning of these individual glands, or their complex interrelationships can precipitate conditions of hyperthyroidism and Grave's Disease or hypothyroidism and myxedema (MedicineNet, 2002).

Classic symptoms of myxedema include facial puffiness caused by subcutaneous accumulation of mucoploysaccharide, coarsening or roughening facial…...

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References

Information on Hypothyroidism. (MedicineNet.com website)

Accessed July 25, 2004, at  http://www.medicinenet.com/hyperthyroidism/page1.htm 

Last updated: July 2, 2002

Manifold, C.A. Hypothyroidism and Myxedema Coma. (E-medicine.com website)

This system results in stable blood concentrations of the hormones that are regulated by the pituitary gland (Reiser and Kemp, p.1).
This complex system of self-regulation means that there are multiple opportunities for the glands to stop working properly.

The hypothalamus, which is located in the brain, is, in many ways, the control center of the endocrine system. The hypothalamus secretes hormones that, in turn, either suppress or stimulate hormone release by the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland then uses the messages it receives from the hypothalamus to govern its secretion of stimulating hormones to other glands in the endocrine system. The pituitary gland sends messages to other glands in the endocrine system, as well as producing important hormones that regulate bodily functions without requiring the intervention of other glands. The hormones produced by the pituitary gland include: growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone…...

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Works Cited

Brown, Harriet. "For Some, Psychiatric Trouble May Start in the Thyroid." The New York

Times. N.p. 21 Nov. 2011. Web. 10 Dec. 2012.

Rieser, Marianne and Stephen Kemp. "Anatomy of the Endocrine System." Emedicine Health.

1-11. 7 Dec. 2011. Web. 9 Dec. 2012.

Endocrine Disease/Disorder: MenopauseMenopause is a natural biological process that is regulated by the endocrine system which occurs at the end of a woman\\\'s reproductive years. The concomitant decline in estrogen and progesterone production that occurs during menopause can result in a range of physical and emotional symptoms, while other hormones also play a role. Although menopause is a natural part of the aging process, it can have a profound impact on womens health and quality of life. Moreover, because all women experience menopause, developing a better understanding concerning the relationship between the endocrine system and menopause is crucial for managing symptoms and supporting women\\\'s health during this transitional period in their lives. To this end, the purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the literature concerning the relationship between the endocrine system and menopause, including an overview of the physiological changes that occur during menopause, the role…...

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ReferencesCrandall, C. J., Mehta, J. M., & Manson, J. E. (2023). Management of Menopausal Symptoms: A Review. JAMA, 329(5), 405–420.Dawn, D. (2022). A Qualitative Study Exploring Post-menopausal Women’s Perceptions and Experiences of Menopause. Indian Journal of Health & Wellbeing, 13(2), 253–257.Goodman, N. F. et al. (2011). American association of clinical endocrinologists’ medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and treatment of menopause. Endocrine Practice, 17, 1-25Levine, L., & Hall, J. E. (2023). Does the environment affect menopause? A review of the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on menopause. Climacteric, 1–10.Menopause Overview. (2023). Mayo Clinics. Retrieved from   diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397.Menopausal transition. (2023). National Institute on Aging. Retrieved from https://www. nia.nih.gov/health/what-menopause#:~:text=The%20menopausal% 20transition% 20most%20often,begins%2C%20and%20race%20and%20ethnicity.https://www.mayoclinic.org/ 

Psychology
The nervous system is a part of an animal's body which is responsible for the coordination of voluntary and involuntary actions as well as the transmission of signals between different parts of the body. It is responsible for sending, receiving and the processing of nerve impulses all over the body. All the organs and muscles within the body rely upon the nerve impulses in order for them to function. The nervous system receives information from sense organs regarding the environment by means such as hearing, sight, smell, pressure, taste and pain. The nervous system consists of tow main parts; the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system comprises of the brain and the spinal cord. It is surrounded by the bone-skull and the vertebrae. The peripheral nervous system comprises of numerous neurons which are its functional units. The central nervous system is responsible for…...

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References

Farr, G. (2002). The Nervous System - Advanced Version / What is the Nervous System?. Become healthy now. Retrieved 6, September 2014 from http://www.becomehealthynow.com/article/bodynervousadvanced/826

Powell, K. (2014). Nature vs. Nurture . about parenting. Retrieved 6, September 2014 from  http://genealogy.about.com/cs/geneticgenealogy/a/nature_nurture.htm

living things are characterized by the following seven characteristics namely mobility, respiration, excretion, sensitivity or response to external stimulus, growth, feeding, and reproduction. Though there may be variations between animal and plant kingdom (ex, plants take in carbon dioxide and prepare their own food), these characteristics are commonly observed among all living things.
iology is a very broad field that encompasses the study of characteristics of living things. It includes botany, zoology and all other sub-disciplines that range from microbiology to evolution and ecology.

Evolution is the branch of biology that deals with the study of natural development of living organisms and the changes in them over time. Evolution refers to the heritable changes that occur in a population over a period of time. All the diversity that is observed currently in plant and animal kingdom can be ascribed to evolution over a long period of time.

Atoms are the smallest, fundamental…...

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Bibliography

1) Mark Rothery, "Cells," Accessed on Sep 20th 2005, Available from http://www.mrothery.co.uk/cells/cellnotes.htm

Behavioral approaches alone or combined cognitive behavior therapy may be used. Behavioral techniques might include simply not buying trigger foods or avoiding certain shops; that is, building up new habits to replace existing ones. Another example would be modifying eating behavior such as eating in the same place each day, or concentrating solely on eating and not watching television at the same time (Fiona Mantle, 2003)."
It is worth noting here that research has shown that people will change and transform their eating habits, once they learn the advantages and disadvantages of their eating behavioral patterns. However, at the same time, it is also worth noting here that since eating habits can be transformed through learning, they can also be unlearned, however, the process of unlearning may take place through a lengthy passage of time. As Fiona Mantle (2003) writes, "Eating behaviors are learned behaviors therefore they can be unlearned,…...

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References

Abraham S, Llewellyn-Jones D (2001) Eating Disorders: the facts. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Bruch H (1973) Eating Disorders: Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa and the Person Within. New York, Basic Books.

Bunnell, D.W., Shenker, I.R., Nussbaum, M.P., Jacobson, M.S., & Cooper, P. (1990). Sub-clinical vs. formal eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 9, 357-362.

Cathie E. Guzzetta. (2001). Developing and implementing a comprehensive program for children and adolescents with eating disorders. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing.