After the period of the Irish Famine, nearly a quarter of the people in Ireland had left for America. Most of the Irish coming to America had been poor and could not afford to travel further inland. Thus, most of the Irish settled in the cities near the ports where they arrived. Those that had raised enough money to meet the expense of traveling and buying land moved to Illinois which later became the state with one of the largest number of Irish population.
Most of the Irishmen working in America had been living and laboring under very harsh conditions. Consequently, several secret unions formed with the intention of fighting unjust employers but the most important of the factions had been discovered and later disassembled.

The Irish regarded America as being a place where one could fulfill all of his or her dreams. In reality, America had been very different from…...

Being very far from my own country and traditions, I feel lonely and strange among people who are completely different from me. Their behavior and language appear as foreign to me as mine does to them. It is an interesting and painful experience. I can therefore relate to Gogol's reasons for changing his name, although I was also angry at him for doing this.
The name change in the film is a very significant theme in terms of identity and social acceptance. As Gogol, the main character experiences a conflict between the traditions represented by his parents and those he adopts by living in the United States. In his social circle, he finds his name being ridiculed and he needs to explain repeatedly to others what the name means. He does not feel as foreign as the name depicts him to be. Hence the decision to change his name to…...

S. And Mexico as this political issue binds them on common ground, creating the synchronic relationship between them. Mexico must do more to create jobs and economic growth to keep her young people at home, because the implications of emigration on both countries are staggering. Hispanics are now the fastest growing minority in the country, and most of them have come from Mexico. These emigrants are taxing the social systems of the country, especially in order States like California and Texas, and Mexico is losing an entire generation of young men, which can only cripple the country in the long run. Mexico is a land of poor people, and the government must work to create better living conditions, better jobs, and a vibrant economy to turn the country and the people around.
ibliography

Author not Available. (2005). Zapatista Delegates. Retrieved from the Zapatistas.net Web site: http://zapatistas.net/comandantes/22 July 2005.

Mahler, Gregory S. (2003). Comparative…...

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Bibliography

Author not Available. (2005). Zapatista Delegates. Retrieved from the Zapatistas.net Web site:   July 2005.http://zapatistas.net/comandantes/22 

Mahler, Gregory S. (2003). Comparative Politics: An Institutional and Cross-National Approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Foreign Policy of China (Beijing consensus)
Structure of Chinese Foreign Policy

The "Chinese Model" of Investment

The "Beijing Consensus" as a Competing Framework

Operational Views

The U.S.-China (Beijing consensus) Trade Agreement and Beijing Consensus

Trading with the Enemy Act

Export Control Act.

Mutual Defense Assistance Control Act

Category B

Category C

The 1974 Trade Act.

The Operational Consequences of Chinese Foreign Policy

The World Views and China (Beijing consensus)

Expatriates

The Managerial Practices

Self Sufficiency of China (Beijing consensus)

China and western world: A comparison

The China (Beijing consensus)'s Policy of Trading Specialized Goods

Chapter 5

The versions of China (Beijing consensus)'s trade development

The China (Beijing consensus) Theory of Power Transition

eferences

Foreign Policy of China (Beijing consensus)

Chapter 1

Abbreviations

ACD arms control and disarmament

ACDA Arms Control and Disarmament Agency

ADB Asian Development Bank

ADF Asian Development Fund

APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

AF ASEAN [Association of Southeast Asian Nations] egional Forum

ASDF Air Self-Defense Forces

AShM anti-ship missiles

ASW antisubmarine warfare

AWACS airborne warning and command system

BIS Bank for International Settlements

BWC Biological Weapons Convention

CATIC China Agribusiness Development Trust and Investment Corporation

CBM confidence-building…...

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References

Barnett, A.D. (1977). China (Beijing consensus) and the Major Powers in East Asia. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=34158088 

Boorman, H.L., Eckstein, A., Mosely, P.E., & Schwartz, B. (1957). Moscow-Peking Axis: Strengths and Strains (1st ed.). New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=53424557 

Sardesai, D.R. (1974). Chapter 6 India: A Balancer Power?. In Southeast Asia under the New Balance of Power, Chawla, S., Gurtov, M., & Marsot, A. (Eds.) (pp. 94-104). New York: Praeger. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14691923 

Chawla, S., Gurtov, M., & Marsot, A. (Eds.). (1974). Southeast Asia under the New Balance of Power. New York: Praeger. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14691822

He was viewing them as little children who required guidance. He tended to believe that the policy of removal had great benefits to the Indians. Majority of the white Americans were thinking that United States was not capable of extending past Mississippi. The removal was capable of saving the Indian nationals from the white's depredations Foreman 1932).
The removal could make them to govern themselves peacefully

It was assumed that the removal was to resettle the Indians in a region where they were capable of governing themselves peacefully. However, a number of Americans viewed this as being a mere excuse for a cruel and appalling course of action, and complained against the removal of the Indian nationals. Their complaints however could not prevent the southeastern populations from being removal. The first lot of people to sign the removal treaty was the Choctaws. They did this in September 1830. A number of…...

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(415 pp., 14 ill., 6 maps, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1932.)

Gibson, Arrell M. Oklahoma: A History of Five Centuries. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1981

Lindberg, Kip and Matthews, Matt. "To Play a Bold Game: The Battle of Honey Springs" North and South Magazine December 2002: pgs. 56- 61.

(Council of Europe, 2001 This report relates that in the "Implementation of the Provisions of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities: Part II, Section I and Article 3 it is stated: (1) Every person belonging to national minorities shall have the right freely to choose to be treated as such and no disadvantage shall result from this choice or from the exercise of the rights, which are connected to that choice; and (2) the persons belonging to national minorities may exercise the rights and enjoy the freedoms flowing from the principles enshrined in the present framework Convention individually as well as in community with others. (Council of Europe, 2001) Additionally reported is that Albanians "have historically claimed distinction for understanding and tolerance towards national minority members, a fact which has determined the exemplary coexistence between them and religious communities." (Council of Europe, 2001) Toward this end,…...

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Bibliography

Implementation of the Provisions of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities: Part II, Section I and Article 3 (2001) Council of Europe. 26 Jul 2001. Onlineavailable at:http://www.humanrights.coe.int/Minorities/Eng/FrameworkConvention/StateReports/2001/albania/Albania.htm.

Report on Albania: ECRI's country-by-country Approach (1999) European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance. Strasbourg 9 Nov 1999. Council of Europe. Online available at  http://www.coe.int/t/e/human_rights/ecri/5-Archives/1-ECRI 's_work/1-Country_by_country/CBC1-Albania.pdf

Vullnetari, Julie (2007) Albanian Migration and Development: State of the Art Review. IMISCOE Working Paper 18. September 2007. Online available at  http://www.imiscoe.org/publications/workingpapers/documents/Albanianmigration.pdf

Chinese bibliography
Baker-Barnhart, J. he Fair but Frail: Prostitution in San Francisco 1840-1900 Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1986.

During the time of the prior to the Chinese exclusion, Chinese immigrants were restricted to male immigrants only. In addition, only the men could enter into the coolie contracts, and thereby secure passage into America. As a result, the demand for Chinese women for sexual gratification, and for potential wives grew. his resulted in a thriving sex trade in San Francisco, served by both Chinese and white women who were sold into prostitution.

Campbell, P.C. Chinese Coolie Emigration to Countries within the British Empire. 1923, repr. 1971.

he Coolie emigration from china was similar to the slave trade which emanated from Africa during this same time in history. he Coolie laborers were brought to the U.S., and other British and Portuguese colonies are workers. hey entered into repayment agreements, called coolie contracts, that bound…...

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The Chinese emigration into America, and other westward nations was an atypical change for Chinese citizens. The high degree of family commitment, and social bonding, in addition to a political aversion toward emigration created strong cultural ties for Chinese citizens to stay in china. However, a series of economic and agricultural setbacks, together with the advent of ocean bound merchants created economic reasons for the Chinese to leave their homelands, and venture to other countries.

Chiu, P. Chinese Labor in California, 1850-1880: An Economic Study Madison, 1967.

Chinese laborers in California during the period from 1850 to 1880 faced some of the greatest opportunity, and the greatest discrimination. News of the gold rush reached as far as China by ocean traveling merchants, and a flood of Chinese immigrated to the states for the same reasons that Americans traveled from east to west n to find gold. Also, the availability of work on the national railroad guaranteed peasant Chinese citizens the ability to start a new life. These factors brought Chinese laborers to America. At the same time, a high level of Americanism, and a bit of xenophobia created an environment in which the Chinese were treated as threats rather than co-labors who contributed to American prosperity.

This triggered the mass emigration of Jews to Israel and to other countries that has been discussed in the paragraphs above. Most likely, the trust had never existed to the fullest degree, but the Holocaust and its impact assured that it would be difficult to regain it in the future.
Culturally, in all of Europe, but more notably in Central Europe, the effect of the Holocaust in its aftermath was remarkable. Starting with Theodor Adorno's mention that "writing poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric," many Jewish and non-Jewish inhabitants of Central Europe continued to create often based on the experience of the Holocaust or, in many cases, with direct descriptions of their own experiences as part of the Holocaust. The emotional impact that the Holocaust had on people in Central Europe was often expressed in art and culture. At the same time, the weight of the conscience for the event that…...

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Bibliography

1. The Aftermath of the Holocaust. Encyclopedia. Updated May 4, 2009. On the Internet at   Last retrieved on November 18, 2009https://secure.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005129 .

2. Legacy -- the aftermath of the Holocaust. On the Internet at   Last retrieved on November 18, 2009http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=170639 .

3. Bolaffi, Guido. Dictionary of Race, Ethnicity and Culture. Sage Publications Ltd. 1st edition. December- 2002.

4. Preusser, Kate. Poetry after Auschwitz. The Stranger. June 2004. On the Internet at   Last retrieved on November 18, 2009http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/Content?oid=18521 .

In the city of New York there was a strong Italian, Jewish, and Black presence but nothing along the same lines ever developed for the Puerto ican community. The concerns of the Puerto ican community failed to ever gain a political foothold in the city where nearly 90% of all migrated Puerto icans lived (odriquez-Morazzani, 1999).
As the vast wave of migrating Puerto icans began to reach middle age in the 60's and 70s they had still not achieved a standard of living that was remarkably improved from what they enjoyed when they first migrated to the United States. Their numbers had increased significantly as migration had continued and their birthrates had skyrocketed but the typical Puerto ican family still made far less than the typical White American (Wilson, 1996). The rate of employment among Puerto icans was twice that of White Americans and Puerto ican women were virtually non-existent…...

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References

Lewis, O. (1965). La Vida: A Puerto Rican Family in the Culture of Poverty. New York: Random House.

Perez, G. (2004). Know Your Fellow American Citizen from Puerto Rico. In G. Perez, The Near Northwest Side Story (pp. 61-91). Berkeley: University of California Press.

Rodriquez-Morazzani, R. (1999). Political Cultures of the Puerto Rican Left in the United States. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Whalen, C. (2001). From Puerto Rico to Philadelphia: Puerto Rican Workers and Post War Economics. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Albanian Immigrants
According to the New York City Department of City Planning's publication, titled, "The Newest New Yorkers," between 1990 and 1994, some 925 Albanians immigrated to New York City, and between 1995 and 1996, Albanian immigration to New York City increased by 154.9%, largely due to the escalating violence in the region of Kosovo (Gorman pp).

There are many success stories among the Albanian immigrants, such as Haki Krasnigi from Kosovo (Casey pp). . He is the owner of Sal's Pizzeria. Although he comes from a country where pizza is mostly unheard of and dishes such as byrek and grosh are the norm, Krasnigi speaks Albanian in the kitchen and is very passionate concerning the fate of his native country (Casey pp). The 52-year-old immigrant is only one among scores of other Albanian immigrants who have discovered that twirling pizza dough is one way to succeed in America (Casey pp). In…...

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Work Cited

Casey, Michael. "Albanian Immigrants Spin Success."

The Record (Bergen County, NJ). June 12, 2001. Retrieved October 19, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

Fischer, Bernd J. "Albanian refugees seeking political asylum in the United

States: process and problems." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. January 01, 2005. Retrieved October 19, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

Famine to Five Points
he story From Famine to Five Points is based on experiences of Lansdowne's people and their immigration from Europe to North America's Most Notorious Slum. yler uses individual's experiences to highlight the social, economic and political transformation of this population from the famine and disease stricken mountain region of Kerry to the Most Notorious area in New York. yler Anbinder tells the story of Ellen Holland and her journey from Kerry parish of Kenmare to New York. An English nobleman Henry Petty Lansdowne made it possible for the Irish immigrants including Holland as he financed the emigration program in Europe. He was an influential politician serving in whig cabinet and owned large tracks of land from which all those emigrants he assisted came from. he Lansdowne tenants especially those who lived in the mountain regions, were the poorest. In the summer, they would leave their cabins…...

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Tim Sullivan the son of Daniel and Catherine Sullivan, living in Baxter Street, saw an opportunity in politics taking advantage of the numbers as well as the unity of the Irish-Americans. New York had many opportunities for the immigrants from Lansdowne; at the age of seven in 1870 worked as a bootblack and as a newspaper boy. Due to the nature of his newspaper delivery job, Tim Sullivan established a wide network of contacts among the newspaper boys in the city. When he reached his teenage years, Sullivan moved to the news plants. However, the distribution managers knew about his sales network, associated benefits, and made him one of them. He got a distribution opportunity in every newspaper that was rolled out due to his network of news dealers all over New York City. He got significant income from his operations that by the time he reached his late teens he opened his first saloon and owned three or four by his early twenties.

Sullivan became very popular such that by twenty-three he was elected to the state assembly of New York without any law experience. Despite the fact that he was chosen as an insurgent running against Tammy Hall, he made gainful connections with him and moved up through the ranks. He became a member of the state senate and even the United States House of Representatives. Things changed so fast that soon Tim Sullivan became the political icon of downtown New York popularly called "Big Tim." Many considered him one of the most powerful politicians in New York with the like of Tammy "boss" Richard Croker.

Many observers considered Sullivan a very wealthy man though some critics claim that his fortune was a s a result of payoffs from illegal businesses such as gambling and prostitution syndicates in his area of representation. However, Sullivan vehemently discredited these accusations repeatedly reiterating that he had never taken a bribe and that his income was a result of his investment in legitimate businesses. Observers note that no matter the source of his income, he never forgot his humble origins and always shared his wealth with the less fortunate members of his constituency by giving them thousands of pairs of shoes and dinners every Christmas. In a time span of 60 years, the Irish immigrants had risen from the streets to be leaders of New York City.

Among the practices of the Anglo-Saxon in England before the conquest include, the introduction of their religious beliefs into the country. England became a Christianity practicing nation, as most of the Anglo-Saxons were Catholic Christians. Additionally, their political landscape had the organization of a divided nation, which devolved power to the states, then later the unified state. Therefore, due to this dynamic organization of the states in England, England was the most organized of all states in estern Europe. The country had divisions into shires, which are equivalent of counties and hundreds also called wapentakes (arren et al., p 78). Under these divisions, taxation assessment continued progressively, from hundreds to the shires, then the central kingdom. Tax collection was a duty of the local appointed agents of the kingdom, who after assessing the people, levied them. The tax was in the form of coins, with fresh coins minted three times…...

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Works cited

Warren Hollister, Robert Stacey, and Robin Chapman Stacey, the Making of England to 1399.

8th edition, Houghton Mifflin, 2000. ISBN 0618001018.

Lacey Baldwin Smith, This Realm of England, 1399-1688. 8th edition. Houghton Mifflin,

2000. ISBN 0618001026.

Saudi
For most of its existence, Saudi Arabia's economy has been driven by revenues from its massive oil fields. While this has allowed the country to have a healthy balance sheet, it has also discouraged investment in other areas. Other countries in the region have begun to realize that having an oil-dependent economy is not sustainable in the long run. Nations with burgeoning populations and limited resources tend to be unsustainable. That lack of sustainability can be seen today in milder forms, such as high unemployment among youth, social problems like abuse and deviant behaviour and stunted economic growth.

The facts concerning the Saudi economy reflect the structural issues in the Saudi economy. The country has a population of roughly 27 million, a third of whom are non-citizen immigrants. Nearly 50% of these are under the age of 25 and the median age is 26.4 years. This means that the country has…...

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References

Alamri, M. (2011). Higher education in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Higher Education, Theory and Practice. Vol. 11 (4) 88-91.

Alshahrani, S. & Alsadiq, A. (2014) Economic growth and government spending in Saudi Arabia: An empirical investigation. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved August 13, 2014 from  https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2014/wp1403.pdf 

CIA World Factbook. (2014). Saudi Arabia. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved August 13, 2014 from  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html 

Fleischaker, C., Hu, M., Khandewal, P., McHugh, J., Qu, H. & Westelius, N. (2013). Saudi Arabia: Selected issues. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved August 13, 2014 from  http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2013/cr13230.pdf

Irish Culture Background
Ireland is a rather cultural place. The most ancient stories from the country are partly about mythological personages that appear to have been known as deities, whom they referred to as Tuatha De Danann. They are also partly about the chivalry of some heroes and heroines, who had Cuchulain as their central figure (Hull, 1931). Emain Macha' Ulster was the group's chief center. Within the district are indications of burial-places, chariot-paths and forts. The neighborhood here still has old traditions and names that are correspondent to the heroes, as they appear in writing on the 10 thcentury and 11th century manuscripts. Disputes have erupted regarding the period when the five provinces were formed. There is an ancient tradition that states that the first segmentation took place during the Firbolg era. The Firbolg were, one among the pre-Gaelic Ireland people. Later on, the Clann Mileadh, also known as the…...

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References

"Cesar Chavez - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com."History.com -- American & World History. Web. 31 Oct 2016. .

Eleanor, Hull. A History of Ireland and Her People. Vol. 1. London: 1931. Print.

Eleanor, Hull. A History of Ireland and Her People. Vol. 2. London: 2015. Print.

"Irish-Americans - History, Irish emigration, Immigration until the famine years." World Culture Encyclopedia. Web. 16 Oct 2016. .

James II. had pursued it from a very different point-of-view when he consolidated the northern and middle colonies under Sir Edmund Andros (Appleby, 1984). The high-handed proceedings of Andros and his master rendered the Americans averse from any future plans of federation imposed from without, and the social and religious differences between the various regions long prevented the rise of any motion to union from within. All had their disagreements with the home government, but none had sufficient sympathy with their neighbors to fight their battles in common. Nevertheless, the French peril from 1689 onwards rendered co-ordination at least of military effort desirable, and plans were discussed from time to time which, whilst themselves abortive, kept alive the idea of union which bore fruit at length in the Philadelphia Congress of 1774. In all these plans the initiative came from the British government or its representatives; the royal officials…...

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References

Akenson, Donald Harman. 1985. Being Had: Historians, Evidence and the Irish in North America. Don Mills: P.D. Meany Publishers.

Appleby, Joyce. 1984. Capitalism and a New Social Order: The Republican Vision of the 1790s. New York: New York UP.

Appleby, Joyce. 1992. Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP.

Archibald, Peter. 1978. Social Psychology as Political Economy. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson.

Ireland was poor for a long period of time due to a number of historical, political, and economic factors.

1. English colonization: Ireland experienced centuries of English colonization and control, resulting in land confiscation, forced tithes, and economic exploitation. The English prioritized their own interests, which hindered Ireland's economic development.

2. Penal Laws: The Penal Laws, enacted in the 17th and 18th centuries, restricted the rights of Irish Catholics, preventing them from owning land, holding public office, or practicing their religion freely. This discrimination limited upward socioeconomic mobility for the majority of the Irish population.

3. Agricultural practices: Ireland's reliance on subsistence agriculture....

I. Introduction
A. Definition of migration
B. Importance of studying migration in Trinidad and Australia
C. Thesis statement: The causes and consequences of migration in Trinidad and Australia

II. Causes of Migration
A. Economic reasons
1. Job opportunities
2. Better living standards
B. Social reasons
1. Education
2. Family reunification
C. Environmental reasons
1. Natural disasters
2. Climate change

III. Consequences of Migration
A. Economic consequences
1. Remittances
2. Labor force dynamics
B. Social consequences
1. Cultural diversity
2. Integration challenges
C. Political consequences
1. Immigration policies
2. Impact on national identity

IV. Migration in Trinidad
A. Historical background
1. Colonial era
2.....

The Cherokee Removal, also known as the Trail of Tears, was a dark chapter in American history that had far-reaching consequences for Native American tribes, particularly the Cherokee people. The removal of the Cherokee from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States resulted in the loss of thousands of lives, the destruction of communities, and the displacement of a proud and resilient people. The impact of this forced relocation was profound and had lasting effects on the future of Native American tribes across the country.

One of the most significant ways in which the Cherokee Removal shaped the future....