Eli hitney the Father of American Technology
Eli hitney has been deemed the "father of American technology," for two innovations: the cotton gin, and the idea of using interchangeable parts. hitney was born in estboro, Massachusetts on December 8, 1765 and died on January 8, 1825 in New Haven Connecticut. Though he is best remembered for inventing the cotton gin, his most important contribution was the development of mass production and interchangeable parts.

hitney entered Yale College in May of 1789. There he learned many of the new concepts and experiments in science and the applied arts, as technology was then called. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa in the fall of 1792. hitney was disappointed twice in promised teaching posts. The second offer was in Georgia, where, stranded without employment, short of cash, and far from home be was befriended by Catharine Greene, widow of the Revolutionary ar general. It was at…...

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Works Cited

Bruchey, Stuart. Cotton and the Growth of the American Economy 1790-1860. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World Inc., 1967.

NAI. Industrial Engineering and Production Management. Willamatte University, 2011. 3 May 2011.

Mirsky, Jeannette (ed.). "Eli Whitney." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclpedia Britannica, 2011. 3 May 2011. <   >http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/642887/Eli-Whitney 

As a result, Whitney spent many years and significant sums in dozens of lawsuits over infringement of his patented device, without ever realizing any significant recovery of lost profits (Lakwete 2004).
The Larger Impact of a Simple Technological Invention:

Whitney's cotton gin resulted in an economic boon unparalleled previously in the southern states at a time when cotton could otherwise have been phased out as a profitable crop except in coastal areas. Instead, plantations expanded in size and many shifted their efforts almost exclusively to cotton. The impact was so significant that it shaped many elements of international trade in cotton fiber, establishing America as a producer of textile products and virtually eliminating any need to import fabric from abroad (Nevins & Commager 1992).

Even more importantly, the increased cotton production created an intense need for fieldworkers, precisely at a time when many historians (Mills 1953) believe that the institution of slavery…...

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Bibliography

Evans, H. (2004) They Made America: From the Steam Engine to the Search Engine - Two Centuries of Innovators. New York: Little Brown & Co.

Friedman, L.M. (2005) a History of American Law. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Gray, I. (1987) General and Industrial Management. (Revised from Fayol's Original) Belmont: David S. Lake Publishers. Hounshell, D. (1984) From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University

Lakwete, a. (2004). Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.

race the events that led up to the War of 1812 and be very specific in describing those events.
Chapter 7 begins with background review of how (in the late 18th century) the young nation began to be concerned with education. Medicine, too, was beginning to actually define diseases and help heal people, and Americans were inventing technologies (like the cotton gin by Eli Whitney) including Whitney's machine "…to make each part of a gun according to an exact pattern" (192). In fact the development of Whitney's system of making weapons was important due to the fact that the U.S. was preparing for war with France; "Americans were deeply troubled by their lack of sufficient armaments for the expected hostilities" (192).

In 1789 Congress passed laws that gave preference to American ships in U.S. ports; moreover, between 1789 and 1810, the U.S. had "more ships and international commerce" than any other nation…...

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The House of Representative elections of 1812 were pivotal to the launching of war with England as voters "…elected a large number of representatives of both parties eager for war with Britain" (210). Among those war-mongering elected officials were Henry Clay (Kentucky) and John C. Calhoun (South Carolina). Clay, as Speaker, appointed members he knew to be eager for war -- in particular, war to seize Canada from England -- to the Committee on Foreign Affairs (211). On June 18, President Madison "…gave in to the pressure" from the House and approved a declaration of war against Britain (211). Madison was very concerned about the threats to American vessels engaged in trade with Europe, and since Britain was hostile to the idea of Americans trading with France -- and of Americans gaining power on the high seas -- Madison reluctantly agreed to go to war.

What were the major outcomes of the war? As a result of Treaty of Ghent, the British gave up their demand for an "…Indian buffer state in the Northwest" and in time through additional negotiations the British agreed to allow full trade with American ships (213). The Treaty of Ghent also supposedly provided that the Native Americans would get back their tribal lands (that had been taken during the war); albeit, the Indians never did get their land back. The Treaty also called for a "mutual disarmament on the Great Lakes" and in time the Canadian-American boundary became the "…longest 'unguarded frontier' in the world" (213).

In conclusion, the War of 1812 did not go well for the new American nation, and it was a terrible blow to Native Americans who witnessed the killing of their peoples and the stealing of their ancient tribal lands. Still, with the addition of the Louisiana Purchase, America was now a much bigger nation, with new lands to populate and new challenges to face as well.

American History 1600-1877
In the period from 1600 to 1877, it could be argued that the United States was only basically establishing itself as an independent nation in its own right -- the period in question builds up to the climax of the Civil War, in which the contradictions inherent in the national identity would finally reach armed conflict. Who, then, could be nominated as the best of the American enterprise in that time period? For different reasons, I would nominate Benjamin Franklin, Walt Whitman, and Frederick Douglass.

Franklin is an easy choice: he established America's credibility in the eyes of Europe. Regardless of the military issues involved in the American Revolution, it was Franklin alone who showed Europe that there was a viable independent nation across the Atlantic. This is in recognition of his various accomplishments, which were scientific, technical, literary, and philanthropical (in his endowment of universities and libraries). If…...

Even "Porter Alexander, Lee's ordnance chief and one of the most perceptive contemporary observers of Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia, called his decision to stand at Antietam 'the greatest military blunder that Gen. Lee ever made'" (Owens 2004). Historians are divided as to the real purpose behind the Maryland campaign, which seems like an "isolated maneuver, another manifestation of Lee's innate aggressiveness as a commander. Some have gone so far as to suggest that Lee's forays into Union territory were undertaken primarily to maintain his claim on scarce Confederate resources that might have been used to greater strategic purpose in the est" (Owens 2004).
hether a demoralization strategy or an effort merely to show Confederate aggression, the focus on Lee in most historians' analysis shows how Lee dominated this conflict, and defined the terms of the battle. Thus, even if Lee acted unwisely, he was clearly 'in control,'…...

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Works Cited

The beginning of the American Civil War. (2009). BBC. Retrieved February 22, 2009.  http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A3245140 

Bleeding Kansas 1853-1861. (2009). Africans in America. PBS. Retrieved February 22, 2009.  http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2952.html 

Faust, Patricia. (2005, March 26). The Anaconda Plan. Historical Times Encyclopedia of the Civil War. Retrieved from Strategy and Tactics: Civil War Home on February 22, 2005 at  http://www.civilwarhome.com/anacondaplan.htm 

Owens, Mackubin T. (2004, September). September 17, 1862: High tide of the Confederacy?

y then, the principles of division of labor and interchangeable parts had been successfully demonstrated by the American inventors Eli Whitney (1765-1825) and Samuel Colt (1814-1862). (Assembly Line - History)
The assembly line was first used on a large scale by the meat-packing industries of Chicago and Cincinnati during the 1870s. These slaughterhouses used monorail trolleys to move suspended carcasses past a line of stationary workers, each of whom did one specific task. Contrary to most factories' lines in which products are gradually put together step-by-step, this first assembly line was in fact more of a "disassembly" line, since each worker butchered a piece of a diminishing animal. The apparent breakthroughs in efficiency and productivity that were achieved by these meat packers were not immediately realized by any other industry until Ford designed his assembly line in 1913. Ford openly admitted using the meat-packing lines as a model. His success…...

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Bibliography

Banham, Russ. The Ford Century: Ford Motor Company and the Innovations that Shaped the World. New York: Artisan, 2002.

Bellis, Mary. "The History of the Automobile." 2008. About.com. 28 November 2008  http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aacarsassemblya.htm .

History.com. "This Day in History." 13 October 1913. History.com. 28 November 2008    http://science.jrank.org/pages/558/Assembly-Line-History.html  Assembly Line - History>http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=7043 .

Nof, Shimon Y., Wilbert Wilhelm and Hans-Jurgen Warnecke. Industrial Assembly. New York:

In 1834, the British Empire abolished slavery (the Civil War Home Page, 2009). Great Britain had remained one of the United States' largest trading partners and was, at that time, still the most influential nation in the world. Moreover, Great Britain had retained slavery after many other countries ended the practice. The end of slavery in Great Britain also meant that those in the North who wanted the abolition of slavery could support their assertions that the world viewed the United States as backwards and barbarous because of the practice of slavery. Moreover, it certainly changed the potential for allies in the Civil War. Though not a monarchy, the South was an aristocracy and both Britain and France were then-ruled by monarchies. As long as the struggle was about a states-right government rebellion, the root cause of that rebellion, slavery, could be ignored and European countries could provide aid…...

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References

Brotherly Love. (unk.). Historical document: Missouri Compromise. Retrieved February 22,

2011 from PBS.org website:  http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h511.html 

The Civil War Home Page. (2009). Events leading to war- a Civil War timeline. Retrieved from  http://www.civil-war.net/pages/timeline.asp 

Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857).

history slavery North Atlantic British colonies United States
Observations egarding Slavery

One of the primary methods of resistance for people of African descent who existed in servitude in the North Atlantic British colonies and in the United States was rebellion. Although far from occurring frequently, armed, violent revolt from chattel slaves helped to shape the history of their descendants in these locations. One of the most notorious of these uprisings was known as the Southampton Insurrection led by Nat Turner in Virginia's Southampton County in August of 1831. The effect of Turner's armed insurrection, and those of others in the Southern United States and in other North Atlantic British colonies can be evidenced in the amended legislature which ultimately influenced the future and perception of both slaves and former slaves for several years to come.

Turner's 1831 rebellion was just the latest in the lengthy list of historical uprisings slaves of African…...

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References

Dr. Thomas C., Parramore (1998). Trial Separation: Murfreesboro, North Carolina and the Civil War. Murfreesboro, North Carolina: Murfreesboro Historical Association, Inc.. p. 10

"Nat Turner's Rebellion," Africans in America, PBS.org. Retrieved from  http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3p1518.html 

Aptheker, H. (1943). American Negro Slave Revolts. 5th edition. New York, NY: International Publishers.

Cullen, Joseph P. "Bacon's Rebellion," American History Illustrated, Dec 1968, Vol. 3 Issue 8, p.4

Nation Divided
Sectional and Constitutional Issues Surrounding the Institution of Slavery in Nineteenth Century America

As the Nineteenth Century dawned, the institution of slavery appeared to be on its way out in the new United States. Independence from Great Britain had removed many of the incentives for growing the cash crops upon which the Southern States had depended. ithout the lucrative bounties on rice and indigo, these were no longer worth the expense of producing on a large scale. Tobacco remained a major export, but even so it was insufficient to sustain the entire Southern economy. Luckily, technology came to the rescue. Eli hitney developed the cotton gin - a machine designed to remove the seeds from cotton bolls. Until the advent of this invention, the harvesting of cotton had been a laborious, time-consuming, and extremely labor intensive business. It was not even worth the labor of the slaves that worked…...

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Works Cited

 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?action=openPageViewer&docId=5000357462 

D'Souza, Dinesh.

We the Slaveowners: In Jefferson's America, Were Some Men Not Created Equal?" Policy Review 74.30 (1995).  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?action=openPageViewer&docId=5001651628 

Dean, Eric T. "Stephen A. Douglas and Popular Sovereignty." The Historian 57.4 (1995).  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?action=openPageViewer&docId=5000732364

Specifically, Caesar masterfully showed how through building alliances one may achieve power and rise to the top of the leadership tier even in a group or society as vast as the Ancient Roman Empire (Abbott, 1901, p.385).
The Roman Empire also provides an example of organizational systems within the public domain through the Republican system. In the Roman Republican system of government, one man did not have the power to make law. Instead, power was balanced amongst three different branches of government: the executive, the legislative, and the judicial ("The Roman Empire"). In fact, this form of government introduced the concept of a senatorial body to the public. In Rome, the Senate was designed as a separate body of government from that of the Emperor so as to avoid the tyranny of one leader. Through the advent of the Senate, the Romans laid the groundwork for leadership structure of Britain…...

The sheer number and variety of sites where such ostensibly private information is made public can make it impossible for someone to truly get privacy.
What is remarkable is how well Dr. Moor did at predicting the ethical issues that would continue to be part of the Computer evolution. Even if computers are simply exacerbating existing ethical dilemmas, the fact that they are capable of doing so means that they are going to continue to present ethical problems. For example, when Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, slavery was already in existence and used through the American South. That Industrial evolution invention did not create the ethical issue of slavery. However, with the improved ability to process cotton, cotton suddenly became an incredibly profitable crop. The need for cheap labor jumped dramatically, which certainly increased the demand for slave labor. What that example makes clear is that even seemingly helpful…...

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References

Moor, J. (1985). What is computer ethics? Metaphilosophy, 16(4), 266-275.

Role of Cotton in Shaping United States History: 1793-1865
Extensive cotton production in the United States began in the spring of 1793 with the invention of Eli Whitney's cotton gin (i.e. A machine which separates cotton fibre from cotton seeds) (Current 1998). Almost immediately after this invention cotton production rose dramatically. As the production and transportation methods of cotton improved and the demand for fibre increased, the push for greater profits grew as well. Thus, a large number of slaves were brought into South Carolina and Georgia to provide the needed labour for cotton picking. As a result, slave labour became a valuable market throughout the South.

To become part of the Southern aristocracy, which slavery created, one needed to own land and slaves (Current 1998). The way to do this was to grow cotton as it provided the cash and credit to make both of these purchases. Ironically, slavery was…...

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Bibliography

Current, Richard. MacMillan Information Now Encyclopaedias: The Confederacy. New York:

MacMillan, 1998.

Of course, a separation of the races meant really the preservation of white superiority at the expense of those formerly enslaved. The law mandated distinct facilities for hites and Blacks. Everything from schools, to transportation, movie theaters, hotels, and even public restrooms were carefully segregated. Few Black only facilities approached white ones in quality or amount of money expended on their upkeep. Black public schools were notoriously inferior as were hospitals and other essential services. As arguments about the disparities became more apparent toward the mid-Twentieth Century, the South sought to defend its segregationist policies by - in the case of medical schools - expanding and consolidating its physician training facilities so as to avoid providing more facilities for Blacks. A plan was actually floated, not to increase Black enrollment at the South's twenty-six medical colleges, but rather to consolidate all training of Black medical personnel at a single…...

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Works Cited

 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=7745289 

Boskin, Joseph. Into Slavery: Racial Decisions in the Virginia Colony. Philadelphia J.B. Lippincott, 1976.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=113156830

Louw, Eric P. The Rise, Fall, and Legacy of Apartheid. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004.

In 1838 there were 200 locomotives in the United States, by 1880 that number had risen to 1,962 and to 3,153 by 1900. (ogers, 2009, p. 21) The expansion of the railroad system helped to increase American industrialization, and industrial output, which increased American overseas trade. But there could not be overseas trade without American ships to carry American products to foreign nations. While primitive iron ships had come into existence during the American Civil War, it was the period after the war that iron ships became numerous. For example, "The number of iron and steel ships built in a year increased from one in 1867 to 31 in 1880, and to 90 in 1900." (ogers, 2009, p. 21)
The 1800's were a time of development for the United States; as a nation it began as an agricultural country and developed into an industrialized nation. As the population of American…...

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References

"A History of American Agriculture: 1800." Agriculture in the Classroom.

 http://www.agclassroom.org/gan/timeline/1800.htm 

Barney, William. A Companion to 19th-century America. 2006. Malden, MA: Blackwell

Publishing. Print.

This tract would be solidified, however, with the early 19th century invention of the cotton gin. As the text by Maier et al. assert, Eli hitney's simple invention would have dramatic and transformative effects on American society. As the urban centers of the North turned increasingly to factory operations in the face of immigrant labor and the industrial revolution, the south coalesced around its agricultural identity. More particularly, the cotton gin had an exponential impact on the growth of the American South in world agricultural. In addition to tobacco, wheat and corn, it was now the world's leading provider of cotton. ith the growth of demand by substantial marks in a decidedly short span of time, the Southern cotton boom directly paralleled a boom in the global slave trade.

The slave population in the South would grow dramatically in order to keep up with the demand created by a swelling cotton…...

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Works Cited:

Maier, P.; Winkle, K.J.; Wall, W. & Smith, M.R. (2006). Inventing America: A History of the United States. Norton.