El Salvador
Financing for Development in El Salvador

Confronting Debt Challenges

El Salvador is the smallest country in Central America. It has a limited natural resource base. About 60% of the population live in rural areas and over 80% of agricultural producers work farms of less than 3 ha. With social indicators among the worst in Latin America and a per capita income of U.S.$1,580 in 1995, it also ranks as one of the poorer countries in the region.

Since 1992, the World ank has supported the government of El Salvador's strategic effort to consolidate peace and place the country on a path towards sustainable development. Currently, eight loans are under implementation worth a total of U.S.$298 million.

In December 2001, the World ank announced the new assistance strategy up to $270 million to El Salvador over the next three years. This includes a $142.6 million Earthquake Emergency Reconstruction and Health Services Extension Project. The…...

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Bibliography

Jonathan Heller and Sarah McFarlane, Self-Development:Creating Hope in El Salvador, El Platenar, El Salvador & Seattle, Washington

Gasper F. Lo Biondo, S.J. And Rafael A. Pleitez, Woodstock Theological Center, 1997

Karen Hansen-Kuhn, The Development GAP in Tom Barry and Martha Honey (ed.) Free Trade Area of the Americas Volume 6, Number 12, April 2001

Development Cooperation and Conflict, http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/external/lac/lac.

..accused of being an assassination bureau, used for reprisals against the VC, GVN critics and personal enemies. Torture was common, and "elimination" was the preferred method of dealing with Phoenix's suspects.
In a similar vein there have been accusations that the United States supported the 'death-squads' in countries like El Salvador during the Cold War period in order to bolster what they saw to be a threat to the democratic growth of the country. There is a large body of documentation and evidence to support this view. This view also suggests that the government and military of the United States not only aided the death squads through policy and advice, but also through training and financial support.

The issue of the involvement of the United States raises various crucial ethical and moral issues. Can supporting terror groups in the name of democracy be a legitimate reason for such support? Does this support…...

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Bibliography

Allan Nairn. BEHIND the DEATH SQUADS:an exclusive report on the U.S. role in El Salvador's official terror. From: Nairn, Allan. "Behind the Death Squads." The Progressive May 1984: 20-28. (Accessed September 20, 2008)http://www.votb.org/newsanalysis/behind_the_death_squads.html

Blachman, Morris J., and Kenneth E. Sharpe. "Central American Traps: Challenging the Reagan Agenda." World Policy Journal 5, no. 1 (1987): 1-28.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002111739

Buckley, William F. "Death Squads & U.S. Policy." National Review, February 24, 1984, 62+.

Youareacomplianceandriskofficerforalargecorporationthatwantstoexpandintotheglobalmarketbymanufacturingitsproductinadifferentcountry.PresentyourargumentforexpansioninthecountryofElSalvador,locatedinCentralAmerica.IntroductionTheworldhasnowbecomemuchmoreglobalizedandinterconnected.Countries,throughtradeagreementsandotherlegislativeactionhavereducedcross-borderfrictionalcosts.Thisnotonlyencouragescross-bordertransactionsputalsoreducesthecostofdoingso,thusloweringthecostforconsumers.Theselowercostsdrivestillfurtherdemand,thuscreatingacyclethatencouragesinternationaltradeamountpeernations.Internationalexpansionprovidesbusinesseswithaccessnotonlytoconsumerwithintherespectivecountrybutalsotoworkersandlowercostlabor.ElSalvadorisnotdifferentinthisregardasitprovidesentrantswithaccesstoalow-costlaborforcewhoareeagertoworklongerandmoreproductivehoursthantheirAmericancounterparts.Thisisparticularlyusedofabusinessiscommoditylikeinitsoperationsandreliesheavilyonroutinetasks.Proximitytooneanotherisalsoastrongcatalystfortrade.Canada,America,andMexicoareallconnectivevialandandocean.Asaresult,tradeagreementsbetweenthesenationsisparticularlyadvantageousforallpartiesinvolved,particularlyasMexicohasverylowlaborcosts.ElSalvadorcanalsobenefitduetoitsproximitytobothMericoandNorthAmerica.ElSalvadoralsobenefitsfromaccesstowaterwaysthatalsocanfacilitatecommerceandshipping.Finally,technologyhasalsocreatedastrongeconomicincentiveforexpansionoverseas.Technology,particularlyforElSalvador,tobettercompetegloballywithoutneedingtocarryextensiveinventoriesorspendheavilyonresearchanddevelopment.Instead,thecompaniedcanleveragetechnologyforshipmentofdigitalproductsandservicestoindividualslookingtoaccessitmarkets.Itcanalsousetechnologytomakeitmoreattractiveforbusinessestoenterthemarketaswell.Inall,ElSalvadorisfirstwellpositionedtotakeadvantageofthegrowingtrendsofglobalizationthatareoccurringaroundtheworld.IthasstronggeographicproximitytoMexico,NorthAmericaandotherLatinnations.Ithasalow-costlaborforcewhichwillbeattractivetobusinessesthatheavilypricessensitivetomacro-economictrendssuchascommodities.Thecountryhasaccesstowaterwaysandothernatureresourcesthatencouragecommerceandshippingviaocean.Thecountryhasastableruleoflawwithpeacefultransitionsofpower.Finally,ithasuntappedpotentialwithinthetechnologysectorthatcanbeleveragetobenefitthosewhoenterthemarket(Aedo,2012).PresentyourargumentforexpansioninthecountryofElSalvador,locatedinCentralAmerica.Asnotedintheintroduction,ElSalvadorisanideallocationforacommodity,exportdrivenbusinessmodel.Forone,thecountrybenefitsfromaverylowwagedlaborforce.TheminimumwageinElSalvadoris$304.17permonth.Asaresult,expansionintothecountrywillbemuchcheaperfromaninternationalcontext.Inaddition,thecountrydoeshaveahighlevelofworkerbenefits.Pensions,401k,andPTOaremuchdifferentthantheirAmericancounterparts.AssuchcompaniesexpandingintoElSalvadorwillbepaylesswagesandlessbenefits.Thisisastrongboonforcommoditylikebusinessesastheirvariablecostsremainlow.Withlowvariablecosts,negativecommoditypriceswingswillnothaveassevereeconomicconsequencesonthecompanyexpandingintoElSalvador.Inaddition,withlowerwagesandbenefits,thecostsofoperationsaremuchlower,thusincreasingprofitmarginandprofitabilityoverabusinesscycle.However,aswillbenotedinthedisadvantagesection,thecountryexperienceshigherthannormalinflationwhichpartiallyoffsetstheseprofitabilitygains(Alesina,2015).ElSalvadorhasover300rivers,themostimportantofwhichistheRioLempa.OriginatinginGuatemala,theRioLempacutsacrossthenorthernrangeofmountains,flowsalongmuchofthecentralplateau,andcutsthroughthesouthernvolcanicrangetoemptyintothePacific.DuetotheexpensewaterwaysinElSalvador,seatravelcanbeleveragetofacilitatecommercewithinthecountry.Seatravelisimportanttoexpansiontoanycountryasithelpstofirstfacilitatecommerce.Itprovidesanotheralternativeinwhichgoodscanbeshippedtothecountry.Inaddition,itprovidesamuchcheaperalternativeasshipping,particularlyforgoodsthatarenottimesensitive,tendstobeamuchmorecost-efficientapproach.Forone,shipperscancarrymorecardoatonetimeascomparedtoairlines,rail,andtrucking.Inaddition,duetoitsstandardizednature,shippingisalsomuchefficient.Throughaccesstomultipleshippingandcommercealternatives,thecountrycancontinuetofostereconomicgrowthanddevelopment.ElSalvadorstropicalclimatehaslittleseasonalvariance.Thisisbenefitasforshippingasthereismuchsmallervariabilityasitrelatestoweatherdisruptionordelaysrelatedtocommerce(Dang,2011).GovernmentinElSalvadorisafreemarketsystemwhichallowsbusinesstoflourish.ThegovernmentisarepresentativegovernmentsimilartothatofAmerica.ThepoliticalclimatetowardsbusinessisalsoveryfriendlyasElSalvadorhasoneofthelowestbusinessestaxratesinAmerica.Thisfurtherencouragesforeigndirectinvestmentasbusinesshasgovernmentsupportalongwithlowcorporatetaxrates.Lowertaxrates,alongwithlowerwageratesmakesthecountrymuchmoreappealingfrom…...

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References1. Aedo, Cristian, and Ian Walker. 2012. Skills for the 21st Century in Latin America and the Caribbean. World Bank2. Alesina, Alberto, Silvia Ardagna, Giuseppe Nicoletti, and Fabio Schiantarelli. 2005. “Regulation and Investment.” Journal of the European Economic Association 3 (4): 791–825.3. Bleakley, Fred R. 1984. “Americans in Business in El Salvador: Juggling Risk, Fear and Returns.” The New York Times, March 25.4. Chioda, Laura. 2015. Crime Prevention in LAC: Never Too Early, Never Too Late, Never Too Comprehensive. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Study, World Bank5. Dang, Hai-Anh, Lanjouw, Peter, Luoto, Jill, and McKenzie, David. 2011. “Using Repeated Cross-Sections to Explore Movements in and out of Poverty,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 55502

Accusing both of possessing communist sympathies and of allowing themselves to become tools of leftist propaganda, a staunch Reagan ally, Ambassador Rivas from El Salvador, argues that "'serious efforts' were being made to stem armed forces abuses and that this was the 'type of story that leads us to believe there is a plan' to discredit the ongoing electoral process in El Salvador, and to discredit the armed forces 'or to take credit away from the certification President Reagan must make to Congress." (Danner, 188)
The claims here are unwittingly revealing in retrospect, tying the degree to which the massacre at El Mozote had discrediting the American cause in El Salvador with the concern now experienced by the Reagan Administration at gaining the necessary Congressional support to continue its war. The result would be a massive cover-up on the part of the Reagan Administration, which would never officially acknowledge the…...

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Works Cited:

Arnesen, E. (1986). El Salvador: Reminders of War. Monthly Review, Vol. 38.

Danner, M. (1994). The Massacre at El Mozote. Vintage.

Golden, R. (2000). Oscar Romero: Bishop of the Poor. Salt of the Earth. Online at

Harper, L. (2003). Colombia's Civil War: Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia. Online Newshour. Online at  http://www.cocaine.org/colombia/farc.html

Massacre at El Mozote
This report is a critical book review of Mark Danner's excellent 1994 book called "The Massacre at El Mozote: A Parable of the Cold ar" published by Vintage Books, a division of Random House. The book comes highly acclaimed from sources such as the ashington Post and New York Times. "Once in a rare while a writer re-examines a debated episode of recent history with such thoroughness and integrity that the truth can no longer be in doubt. Mark Danner did just that in a long article that took up most of last week's issue of The New Yorker. Mr. Danner's subject was the massacre in December 1981 in the Salvadoran village of El Mozote." (Lewis) The review is basically a reaction paper where I point our some of the book's strengths and weaknesses as well as describe to content of the book and my understanding…...

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Works Cited

Danner, Mark D. The Massacre at El Mozote: A Parable of the Cold War. 1st ed. New York: Vintage Books, 1994.

Lewis, Anthony. "Abroad at Home; The Whole Truth." New York Times [New York] December 6, 1993. 5 Dec. 2004 .

The situation in El Salvador was also a parable of what was happening all over the region. Central America seemed to be covered in revolt in 1981, when the massacre occurred. Along with the revolution in El Salvador, there was an armed conflict going on in Guatemala that was bringing terror and bloodshed to the country, and the Sandinistas had just taken over control in Nicaragua. In the midst of the Cold War, America supported the Central American regimes that fought Communism, no matter how corrupt and dictatorial they became, because Communism was the "real" evil that threatened the world. As such, they supported regimes that committed unspeakable crimes, such as the massacre at El Mozote, while keeping the true nature of their support from the American people. The Nicaraguan situation (Iran-Contra affair) with Oliver North supporting the rebel Contras against the Sandinistas by selling weapons to Iran is probably…...

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References

Danner, Mark. The Massacre at El Mozote: A Parable of the Cold War. New York: Vintage, 1994.

Empie
The theme of gende and sexuality is elated to social powe. In Repoducing Empie: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Impeialism in Pueto Rico, Biggs shows how ace, class, gende, and powe ae inteelated and inteconnected. Pueto Rican cultue has been sexualized, and the sexualization of Pueto Rico has been lagely o exclusively the pojection of white Anglo-Saxon Potestant values placed upon a dake-skinned, Catholic populace. The esult has been the conceptualization of an exotic otheness, coupled with a simultaneous fea. Pueto Ricans have been citicized as developing a cultue of povety in the United States, and Pueto Rican families ae blamed.

Regading the theme of gende and sexuality and how it is elated to citizenship and immigation, Biggs shows that white Ameicans have pojected the cultue of povety on Pueto Rico by blaming Pueto Ricans, athe than acknowledging the sociological oots of the poblem that can be taced to Ameican social…...

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references to the Cold War. However, the main gist is related to the theme of global apartheid.

The strengths of this article in relation to the theme is that it is about global apartheid, linked thematically to other analyses thereof. Moreover, this article has a strong sense of time and place, which is important for a reliable and valid historiography. The weakness of the article is that it is not inclusive of gender issues.

Analyze strengths and weaknesses for essay themes, see above each book.

gender and sexuality how is related to citizenship (violence, abuse, immigration)

2. meaning of citizenship in the U.S. Empire (immigration laws change culture)

I would have preferred to continue with the initial plans.
5. It is difficult to develop international careers in the case of dual careers couples. I think it depends mostly on the type of careers of the people in the couple. Technical jobs are the most flexible types of careers. Technicians can adapt professionally in any country. But jobs that depend on countries' cultures are less flexible. These can be jobs in marketing, certain types of management, jobs in culture, education, advertising, and others. Therefore it is important to determine the flexibility of the job, the differences between the same job in different countries, and the importance of these differences (Brislin, 2008).

6. Companies can significantly influence the success of their employees' jobs in different countries. This is because their success relies on the conditions they have there. Companies should provide the resources necessary in the case of these employees in…...

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Reference list:

1. Marx, E. (2001). Breaking Through Culture Shock. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Retrieved March 11, 2012 from  http://books.google.ro/books?id=I14RCjT3XAgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=culture+shock&hl=ro&sa=X&ei=we1cT-H1IYXHsgba5KCEDA&ved=0CEYQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=culture%20shock&f=false .

2. Cultural Dimensions Theory (2011). Value-Based Management. Retrieved March 11, 2012 from  http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_hofstede.html .

3. Brislin, R. (2008). Working with Cultural Differences. Retrieved March 11, 2012 from  http://books.google.ro/books?id=wLFls4bED1QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=cultural+differences&hl=ro&sa=X&ei=oBddT_GfBtDgtQaq5KSPDA&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=cultural%20differences&f=false .

Domestic Homicide in South Carolina
The law, in its majestic equality, forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges, to beg in the streets, and to steal bread," wrote French intellectual and social critic Anatole France in The Red Lily in 1894 and in doing so he summarized the often great distance that exists between laws and people's concepts of justice and truth. Justice is a slippery concept and the truth even more so - and this is perhaps nowhere more evident than in the practices of the "truth commissions" established in a number of countries newly accustoming themselves to democracy. The Orwellian sound of "truth commission" is not inappropriate, for the connection between the actions of these commissions - in places like Argentina, Chile, El Salvador, Guatemala and South Africa - and the truth of experience or any sense of absolute justice was both tenuous and…...

istory from 1865 to te present day. To focus te researc, select six subtopics (specific events or developments related to te topic, separated in time); tree from before 1930 and tree from after.
Immigrants

Tere are more tan 50 million immigrants (legal and illegal) and teir U.S.-born cildren (under 18) in te United States as of August 2012. As of te last decade, most immigrants come from te following countries: Honduras (85%), India (74%), Guatemala (73%), Peru (54%), El Salvador (49%), Ecuador (48%), and Cina (43%). Approximately, 28% of tese immigrants are in te country illegally. Rougly alf of Mexican and Central American and one-tird of Sout American immigrants are ere illegally.

Te Center for Immigration Studies (Rigt Side news) finds tat immigration as dramatically increased te population of low-income individuals in te United States, altoug many immigrants, te longer tey live in te country, make significant progress. However, immigrants wo live…...

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http://www.racialprofilinganalysis.neu.edu/index.php.

Pula, James S. "American Immigration Policy and the Dillingham Commission," Polish-American Studies (1980) 37#1 pp 5-31

Yakushko, O et al. (2008) Stress and Coping in the Lives of Recent Immigrants and Refugees: Considerations for Counseling International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 30, 3, 167-178

Personal statement on the Erdkinder activities to engage in Erdkinder is one of the experiences that one goes through and comes out a changed and in majority of the cases stronger and more experienced and polished in philanthropy and community volunteering than before. It is the dream of each enthusiastic candidate of Erdkinder to come out with an A and that was my motivation as well which will make me earn an A in this.
I often enjoy outdoor activities and always upbeat about these events whenever they are organized. I am the type of participant who values arriving early for the preparation for the outdoor activities and often like assisting others settle in and organize their camping materials, particularly those who are new to camping or such like outdoor activities. I also value doing things within the time schedule and to have all the camping and working tools well organized…...

Red Riding Hood in the Red Light District by Manilo Argueta
Reviewed through Ant's perspective

So Alfonso, you are my wolf, are you not? That is what Manilo Argueta calls you in his book entitled Little Red Riding Hood in the Red Light District. He wrote this book during the 1970's, during the height of the oppression suffered by the El Salvadorian nation, and imposed upon us by the military regime of the time that was notoriously backed by the United States.

In the 1970's the nation was gripped by a terrible civil war. Rightists backed the dictatorship, despite the bloodshed it inflicted upon the nation. The wealthy of El Salvador wished it to stay in power, so they might live secure, if not in their political beds, at least content in the lavish lifestyle they enjoyed. Others, leftists, took to the jungles, to the woods of this Latin American land and…...

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Works Cited

Argueta, Manilo. Little Red Riding Hood in the Red Light District. New York, 1978.

Bacevich, Halums, White, Young. "American Military Policy in Small Wars: The Case of El Salvador," Kennedy School of Government, March 1988.Archived from the Center for Defense database at   On December 3, 2003.http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1991/CRJ.htm .

Duarte, Jose Napoleon, President, The Republic of El Salvador, Personal Interview about El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador, 1986. Archived from the Center for Defense database at

Terror, Imperialism, And Totalitarianism
Imperialism is defined in the abstract, quite often, as the ideology of 'carrying the white man's burden,' in other words, of carrying the white cultural burden of civilization to the native or darker peoples of the world. But in practice, imperialism often has a less lofty goal and terror rather than teaching is the method used to enforce imperialism's 'laws' and values of social and political control. In the past, such as in French-controlled Algiers, depicted in the 1965 film directed by Pontecorvo "The Battle of Algiers," imperialism is often enforced through a series of dominating policies or military actions by a stronger European nation. One country seeks to exert its control over another country or territory, often to gain an economic or political advantage in a particular region.

In the film, the Algerian people fight long and hard to wrest control over their own territory once again.…...

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Works Cited

Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. 1958.

"Battle of Algiers." Directed by Pontecorvo. 1965.

Camus, Alberto. "Caligula." 1936.

"The Great Dictator." Directed by Charlie Chaplin. 1940.

Government

Since gang-related crimes fall within the jurisdiction of state, this research will give an insight on the need to find solutions that increasingly include all levels of government. Congress needs to pass legislation that will change immigration enforcement laws and make more aliens deportable. In addition, the federal government should take a more active participation in helping local and state jurisdictions develop anti-gang responses. The local, state and federal governments must take a stand, and combine forces to combat the immigration problem that continue to plague this country into the next generation.

Importance of the Study

The die has been cast, there is no turning the clock back now and the Mara Salvatrucha and 18th Street Gang have established themselves in the United States and far beyond. The origins of the current situation with MS-13 and the 18th Street Gang date back to the late 1980s and early 1990s when the Salvadoran…...

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References

Armstrong, W. (2009, February 16). 'Sanctuary cities' protect murderous illegal aliens. Human Events, 64(37), 8.

Bansal, M. (2006) Chertoff: Street Gangs a Threat to National. Retrieved November 12,

2006 from  http://www.CNSNews.com .

Barber, B. (1996). Jihad vs. McWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism are Reshaping the World. New York: Ballantine Book.

MS-13 -- the focus of a nationwide crackdown by FBI and federal immigration agents -- has become known in recent years for home invasion robberies, drug dealing and machete attacks on its enemies. however, after the sweeping chaos across America, the FBI has heightened concerns that MS-13 could be far more dangerous than thought.
Mara Salvatrucha, or MS-13, continues to expand its influence in the United States. FBI investigations reveal that it is present in almost every state and continues to grow its membership, now targeting younger recruits more than ever before.

To counteract this growth, the FBI formed the MS-13 National Gang Task Force in December 2004. Based at FBI Headquarters, this intelligence-driven task force combines the expertise, resources, and jurisdiction of federal agencies that investigate this violent international street gang. It focuses on maximizing the flow of information and intelligence, coordinating investigations nationally and internationally, and helping state and…...

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Reference:

Electronic visa application begins for visa waiver countries. (2009). Foreign Policy Bulletin, 19(1), 40-57. doi:10.1017/S1052703609000525

Boatright, L.R. (2006). "Clear eye for the state guy": Clarifying authority and trusting federalism to increase nonfederal assistance with immigration enforcement*. Texas Law Review, 84(6), 1633-1674. Retrieved from  http://search.proquest.com/docview/203710946?accountid=34899 

Donohue, L.K. (2006). Anglo-american privacy and surveillance. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 96(3), 1059-1208. Retrieved from  http://search.proquest.com/docview/218394830?accountid=34899 

Hamm, M.S. (2009). Prison islam in the age of sacred terror. The British Journal of Criminology, 49(5), 667-685. doi:10.1093/bjc/azp035