Policy assessments must be based on the most appropriate data sets. Qualitative data is the most appropriate data set in educational research.
Interactions abound in education. Those interactions create a complex matrix of issues affecting education effectiveness: class, gender, and learning style all impact learning but those variables also interact with classroom environment and peer group issues. Education is a process of communication, communication between the learner and his or her environment. The teacher is only one part of that student's environment. Qualitative research allows the ubiquity of interactions to be examined in a scientific framework.

As the accepted processes of educational science change, educational policy will too. The next generation of educators need to pressure their coworkers and community activists to lobby for wholesale changes in the government. Parents must also begin expressing their discontent with No Child Left Behind more vehemently. Until then, scholars of education need to work…...

" Their article entitled "The ole of Phonemic Awareness in Learning to ead" describes phonemes as the smallest units of spoken language that are used to create words. The English language has between 41 and 44 phonemes. The concept of phonemes can be confusing for children because there are not always the same numbers of phonemes as there are letters in a word. Phonemic awareness is important because the English language uses an alphabetic writing system, and all aspects of learning to read and write incorporate PA on some level.
Magazine

In the April 2009 article "Using Scaffolding to Teach Phonemic Awareness in Preschool and Kindergarten," McGee and Ukrainetz note that many children enter school without the ability to recognize the individual sounds within words. Moreover, their teachers find it difficult to teach phonemic awareness and that there is little in the teaching curricula that can help teachers understand how to teach…...

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References

Farstrup, A. And Samuels, S. (2002). What research has to say about reading instruction. Newark, Delaware: International Reading Association.

Hoover, W. (2002, December). The importance of phonemic awareness in learning to read. SEDL. Retrieved April 19, 2010 from  http://www.sedl.org/pubs/sedl-letter/v14n03/3.html 

Langland, C. (2004, December 23). Working with sounds: educators trying to boost reading skills with phonemic awareness. Beaver Country Times. Retrieved April 19, 2010 from  http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kLciAAAAIBAJ&sjid=H7UFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3342,6119937&dq=phonemic+awareness&hl=en 

McGee, L. And Ukrainetz, T. (2009, April). Using scaffolding to teach phonemic awareness in preschool and kindergarten. The Reading Teacher, 62(7), 599-603.

The plan serves as evidence that the teacher implemented instruction. As we clearly saw in this study, systematic instructional planning was not the format used the teachers in the sample. As a matter a fact most of the teachers surveyed used alternative method of instruction planning. The results of this study makes light of two important factors based on the sample, some teachers are not documenting their learning plan which could present a problem later on if a parent was to challenge. If a student moves to the next level and performs poorly and if the conclusion is that the student was not prepared. The instructional plan serve as proof that instruction did occur because the instructional plan documents teaching. The results also denotes that although pre-service teacher training emphasize importance, provides prophyte teachers with adequate training and the necessity to use this format in knowledge delivery their no…...

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References

Salkind, N (1998). Exploring Research. Sixth edition. Prentice Hall

Young, a., Reiser, & Dick, W (1998). "Do superior teachers employ systematic instructional planning procedures? A descriptive study," Educational Technology, Research and Development, 46 2, 65

After this has been done, the researcher comes to the actual writing of the literature review, which should be relatively easy if the researcher has done the researcher properly.
Identification of Sources

Identifying sources that are high-quality and appropriate can be very difficult for the inexperienced researcher, but there are ways to help individuals determine whether a source is a good one or not. Generally, 'standard' (.com) websites have questionable reliability unless they belong to a specific and recognized source such as CNN news or Time magazine, for example. Websites that end in.gov or.org are better choices for legitimate information. There are also sites such as Questia or Highbeam where books, magazines, journal articles, and newspapers can be read online. Sources in the library are usually legitimate but researchers must be careful that books and journals are not fictionalized accounts of periods of history or other issues. Paying attention to where…...

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Bibliography

Fink, a. (1998). Conducting research literature reviews. New York: Sage Publications.

Cooper, H.M. (1984). The integrative research review - a systematic approach. New York: Sage Publications.

Reed, L.E. (1998). Performing a literature review. Retrieved at http://fie.engrng.pitt.edu/fie98/papers/1298.pdf.

ICK HOUSE'S BOOK COUNSELING AND EDUCATIONAL ESEACH
ick Houser's book "Counseling and Educational esearch"

ick Houser's book "Counseling and Educational esearch"

Why is it important to acquire necessary skills in research for a counselor?

Clinical counselors are doctoral-level providers of health services skilled in counseling clients while evaluating and treating emotional and mental disorders utilizing scientific theories and methods. Adequate interpersonal correspondence skills are imperative. A clinical counselor must have the ability to listen eagerly and understand what customers communicate with them, and have the capacity to talk clearly with customers about sensitive issues. This occupation also requires basic thinking skills, as clinical therapists must have the capacity to utilize logic and reason to solve and interpret complex issues. Houser writes: "… but I believe acquiring the skill to evaluate how knowledge was generated is a key skill in functioning as a professional and dissociates those with advanced graduate degrees from those who are…...

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References

Houser. R. (2009). Counseling and educational research: Evaluation and application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

McLeod. J. (2003). Doing counseling research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

The person should also be familiar with the various cultures being included in the study, to ensure that no unnecessary discomfort is experienced as a result of culturally sensitive utterances.
The role of ethics in educational research is therefore to make the participant experience as comfortable and indeed as enjoyable as possible. Research participants are offering their time and knowledge to the study, and should be treated accordingly. Ethical principles should be followed at all times. The research should therefore be as honest as possible while maintaining the integrity of the study.

If complete honesty cannot be maintain for the duration of the study, participants should have prior knowledge of this element, and have the opportunity to terminate their participation whenever they feel uncomfortable or harmed in any way. The risks of the study should be fully disclosed before accepting participation by any representatives of the population of focus.

c)

Need for ethics…...

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Sources

McMillan, J.H. And Schumacher, S. (2006) Research in Education: Evidence-Based Inquiry, Sixth Edition, by Allyn & Bacon

What will you do / write about?My topic will discuss the drivers and influences of educational disparities around races in America. The topic will focus heavily on education inequality, how it occurred, and what are the major influences behind. The topic will begin with a basic overarching view of the history of education as practiced in America. It will then transition in to the discrepancies that occurred primarily in the 20th century and analysis of the causes of these discrepancies. The topic will then transition into education as currently practices in America, its benefits and its weaknesses. The topic will then conclude with formal solutions backed by peer reviewed articles on methods to rectify the current racial and socio-economic imbalance in education.Who will you interview? If you plan to interviewI plan on interviewing teachers who are currently practicing with my current area. I will also look to gain perspective from…...

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References

1. Anderson, J. D. (1988). The education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935. Univ of North Carolina Press

2. Bonilla-Silva, E. (2006). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

3. Driver, J. (2018). The schoolhouse gate: Public education, the Supreme Court, and the battle for the American mind. New York: Pantheon.

Introduction Over the decades, there has been significant advancement and progression in education. With such progression comes the incessantly mounting necessities for education to guarantee student and teacher engagement and provide learning prospects for the present-day students. This paper examined the prevailing issues faced by education in the 21st Century. Specifically, the paper will extensively examine issues about the use of technology, the role of teacher educators, student needs and abilities, the interrelations between learning and teaching, in addition to how different internal and external factors have an impact on the learning of the present-day K-12 students.
Students' Need to Belong
One of the most major changes necessitated in education is transforming schools into better communities that not only care but also support the students. The term community is employed to imply a sense of belonging for the students, trust in other students, and also safety. The shortcomings in the present moment are…...

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References

Blatchford, P., Goldstein, H., & Mortimore, P. (1998). Research on class size effects: A critique of methods and a way forward. International Journal of Educational Research, 29(8), 691-710.

Chatterji, M. (2002). Models and methods for examining standards-based reforms and accountability initiatives: Have the tools of inquiry answered pressing questions on improving schools?. Review of Educational Research, 72(3), 345-386.

Darling-Hammond, L. (2006). Constructing 21st-century teacher education. Journal of teacher education, 57(3), 300-314.

Flores, M. A. (2018). Tensions and possibilities in teacher educators\\' roles and professional development. European Journal of Teacher Education, 41(1): 1, 1-3. DOI: 10.1080/02619768.2018.1402984

Liston, D., Borko, H., & Whitcomb, J. (2008). The teacher educator\\'s role in enhancing teacher quality. Journal of Teacher Education 59 (2): 111 – 116.

Osterman, K. F. (2000). Students\\' need for belonging in the school community. Review of educational research, 70(3), 323-367.

Penuel, W. R., Boscardin, C. K., Masyn, K., & Crawford, V. M. (2007). Teaching with student response systems in elementary and secondary education settings: A survey study. Educational Technology Research and Development, 55(4), 315-346.

Um, S. J. (2019). A Teacher\\'s Dilemma in Creating a Democratic and Socially Just Classroom. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 11(5), 429-435.

contacting 6 middle schools in Winchester, VA, where English grammar is taught to 6th graders. Three schools will be identified that teach sentence diagramming to students as part of the teaching methods. Three schools will be identified that do not teach sentence diagramming. Students from the 6th grade classes of these 2 sets of three schools will be selected for the study by delivering participation consent forms to the teachers of the classes. The students who complete the consent forms and have parents' signatures will be included in the study. A sample size of 100 students total will be the target. If fewer than 100 students are obtained for the study, it will proceed regardless but the limitation will be noted in the analysis and discussion portion of the study and how its impact on the hypothesis will be addressed (Elwell, 2013).
How Study is Performed

Support from teachers at the…...

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References

Elwell. (2013). Cheat Sheet Topic: Hypotheses.

Mills, G. E., & Gay, L. R. & Airasian. (2012). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and applications. Boston, MA: Pearson Publishing.

diagramming on students learning the basics of English language sentence structure? The question could be rephrased in a hypothetical manner -- such as: Students who learn to diagram sentences perform better at writing and dissecting sentences than students who do not learn diagramming.
The type of research that could be conducted in order to answer this question could be the experimental design. As Mills and Gray (2016) point out, in experimental research the independent variable is that factor that is being tested and the dependent variable is that which is affected. So in this case the IV would be sentence diagramming and the DV would be the students' ability to write and dissect sentences. The DV could be identified through a testing procedure or process that is standardized for both samples of students.

The experiment would require two distinct samples of students. First, there would have to be a classroom in…...

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References

Chapter 1: Introduction to Educational Research. (n.d.). Power Point Presentation.

Mills, G. E., & Gay, L. R. (2016). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and applications (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Publishing.

Tips on Understanding and emembering the Three Types of Hypotheses
The three types of hypotheses can seem confusing at first, so it is helpful to devise tips for understanding and remembering their differences. The three hypotheses -- null, nondirectional and directional -- can best be described in the following terse manner: null means no relationship between variables; nondirectional means that there is a relationship or difference between variables but the hypothesis is not concerned with the outcome of the relationship/difference -- only with the fact that the relationship/difference exists; and directions means that the outcome is important to the hypothesis. To put it even more simply, null means no relationship/difference; nondirectional means relationship/difference; directional means outcome of relationship/difference (Elwell, 2013).

The tips to remembering these three types of hypotheses can include spending time examining many different examples of hypotheses and identifying their type. For instance, the resource text provides examples of each…...

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References

Elwell. (2013). Cheat Sheet Topic: Hypotheses.

Memory and Mnemonic Devices. (n.d.). Psychcentral. Retrieved from  http://psychcentral.com/lib/memory-and-mnemonic-devices/ 

Mills, G. E., & Gay, L. R. (2016). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and applications (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Publishing.

Descriptive statistics were employed to describe the participants' responses and constant comparative analysis was used to quantify the survey data.
Results

According to the survey results, ninety-two percent of the school superintendents confirmed the validity of the twenty-one factors identified in the prior literature. However, fewer than eight percent reported having any methodology for applying those criteria to the school principal hiring process. Given the obvious correlation between the quality of school principals in relation to those factors, it is clear that school superintendents must develop practices and methods for using those criteria during the school principal hiring process.

Recommendations, Conclusion, and Implications

Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that public school superintendents develop specific assessment procedures and tools to enable them to better evaluate prospective candidates for school principals. Specifically, those methods and tools must relate to the factors about which there is a strong consensus among superintendents…...

Nearing the end of the 1960s, the analytic or language philosophy became the central focus point which led to the isolation of the classroom setting and the problems that came with it (Greene, 2000).
Most of the educational philosophers of the time were inclined towards restricting themselves to the official aspects and problems like the sovereignty of the system without any influence from the society and the surrounding environment and the assessment of the calls and school structure conducted for its growth or for the progression of the epistemology that it embodied (Greene, 2000).

All those setups that seemed to be coming across as invasive or seemed to add a personalized bias where it didn't belong were quickly identified and removed. This was one of the reasons that led to the obsession of the possible consequences that could exist due to the practicality of the philosophical theories. Inflexibility was adeptly achieved…...

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References

Aleman, a.M. (1999). Que Culpa Tengo Yo? Performing Identity and College Teaching. Educational Theory 49, no. 1: 37-52;

Arons, S. (1984). Playing Ball with the Rodriguez Court: Three Strikes and You're Out. Educational Theory 34, no. 1: 23-27.

Brameld, T. et al., (1952). Existentialism and Education. Educational Theory 2, no. 2.

Buchmann, M. (1987). Impractical Philosophizing about Teachers' Arguments. Educational Theory 37, no. 4: 361-411.

Educational Planning and Economics: How the needs of looked after children can be addressed through non-formal and formal education.
There are current trends in non-formal educational processes that allows for interesting, unique and relevant work within the educational environment that could likely lead to enhanced short-term educational opportunities for impoverished and/or at-risk students. Additional long-term benefits including; increased levels of societal education, higher incomes, better living conditions, a less impoverished lifestyle and a society that benefits with the input of the individuals who receive the education are also realistic results from a study such as the one being proposed.

A recent study determined that young orphan girls receiving psycho-social support helped in keeping the intervention group in school (n= 184) and that the girls comprising the intervention group were less likely to drop out of school (5%), had higher educational aspirations, higher expectations concerning the future, a more equitable attitude towards…...

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References

Holfors, D.D.; Rusakaniko, S.; Hyusan, C.; Mapfumo, J.; (2011) Supporting adolescent orphan girls to stay in school as HIV risk prevention: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial in Zimbabwe, American Journal of Public Health (in press)

Mhaka-Mutepfa, M. (2010) Types of services for children infected and affected by HIV and AIDS: Results and implications of a Zimbabwean study, International Journal of Psychology and Counseling, Vol. 2, Issue 6, pp. 100-106

Mualuko, N.J. (2008) Empowering out of school youth through non-formal education in Kenya, Educational Research and Review, Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 56-60

There are varying educational backgrounds and levels in distance education and the delivery method must be in a way that is interactive using visuals, charts, graphs and other stimulating realia.
Conclusion

In conclusion, the Dick & Carey Model of Instructional Design and the Jerrold Kemp Model of Instructional design are both excellent models for developing both traditional and distance learning materials. However, the differences among the types of ISD Comparison 6 learners must be clearly identified and defined in order for either of these models to be successful. With technology changing the face of education, instructional design models will also need to change in order to best educate and meet the needs of the different types of learners.

eferences

Dick, Walter, & Carey, Lou. (1985) The Systematic Design of Instruction (2nd ed.) Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company.

Kemp, Jerrold E. (1977). Instructional Design. (2nd Ed.) Belmont, CA: Fearon Publishers, Inc.

Brown, Frederick G. (1981).…...

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References

Dick, Walter, & Carey, Lou. (1985) The Systematic Design of Instruction (2nd ed.) Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company.

Kemp, Jerrold E. (1977). Instructional Design. (2nd Ed.) Belmont, CA: Fearon Publishers, Inc.

Brown, Frederick G. (1981). Measuring Classroom Achievement. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Dalton, William. Assessing Student Learning: It can be more than a survey. Retrieved May 25, 2006 at http://fie.engrng.pitt.edu/fie95/2c1/2c14/2c14.htm

Research Proposal

Title: Understanding the Influence of Extracurricular Activities on Students' Personal Development and School Engagement

Introduction:

Extracurricular activities (ECAs) play a significant role in students' overall development. They provide opportunities for students to explore their interests, develop social skills, and enhance their physical and mental well-being. This research proposal aims to investigate the influence of ECAs on students' personal development and school engagement.

Literature Review:

Prior research has established the positive impact of ECAs on various aspects of student development. Studies have shown that students who participate in ECAs have improved academic performance, higher levels of self-esteem, and stronger social skills (Eccles and Barber,....

Title: Teachers' Perception on Work-Life Balance
Introduction
Work-life balance has become an increasingly important topic in the modern workforce, as individuals strive to maintain a healthy equilibrium between their professional responsibilities and personal life. This balance is particularly crucial for teachers, who often face high levels of stress and burnout due to the demanding nature of their profession. Understanding teachers' perceptions on work-life balance can provide valuable insights into the challenges they face, as well as potential solutions to support their well-being and job satisfaction.
Literature Review
A study by Adamson and Darling (2017) examined the perceptions of teachers on work-life balance and found....

Factors Influencing Teachers' Perceptions of Work-Life Balance
Teachers face unique challenges in maintaining a healthy work-life balance due to the demanding nature of their profession. Several factors contribute to their perceptions of this balance, including:
1. Workload and Time Demands:
The heavy workload of teachers, including lesson planning, grading, and meetings, can significantly impact their work-life balance.
Long working hours and weekend work are often required, leaving less time for personal and family responsibilities.
2. Emotional Investment and Job Stress:
Teachers are emotionally invested in their students' well-being, which can lead to stress and burnout.
Dealing with challenging students, parents, and administrative responsibilities....

Recent Studies Analyzing the Impact of Literary Works on Anxiety in High School Students
In recent years, there has been a growing body of research investigating the impact of literary works on mental health, including anxiety in high school students. Several studies have provided valuable insights into this relationship:
1. "The Impact of Literature on Adolescent Anxiety: A Qualitative Study" by Higgins et al. (2021)
This study explored the impact of reading literature on anxiety levels in high school students. Through in-depth interviews, the authors found that participants reported a reduction in anxiety symptoms after reading literary works that allowed them to connect....