Education Curriculum: Equitable Opportunities to Access and Evaluate Student Learning Through AssessmentsStudents need to be promoted to the next class or grade when assessed fairly on their skills and learnings. The common assessment methodologies have been under debate recently as it seems to be inequitable in supporting students for assessing core skills and the knowledge their diverse backgrounds provide for their interpretation. This paper aims to review how to ensure assessments provide an equitable opportunity to assess and evaluate student learning with historical evidence, contemporary curriculum practices, and a detailed position.Historical ContextualizationIt is mandatory to understand the steps taken in history for curriculum development so that early practices could be compared with todays modern ones to certify which ones worked best. How the needs of students grew and how culturally competent teaching and diversity inclusion impacted the way curriculum is designed today must be interpreted to the core.Academic scientism (1890-1916)…...

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References

Glatthorn, A.A., Boschee, F.A., Whitehead, B.M. & Boschee, B.F. (2018). Curriculum leadership: Strategies for development and implementation (5th ed.). Sage Publications.

McMillan, J.H. (2000). Fundamental assessment principles for teachers and school administrators. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 7(7).  https://doi.org/10.7275/5kc4-jy05 

Scott, S., Webber, C., Lupart, J. & Aitken, N. (2014). Fair and equitable assessment practices for all students. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy, and Practice, 21(1), 52-70.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2013.776943

EDUCATION CURRICULUM Education Curriculum: Relationship between Curriculum Models and How They Address Issues of Equity, Diversity and InclusionEquity, diversity, and inclusion have been three emerging issues in education that have gained quick importance in terms of providing fair educational opportunities to all students without discrimination. Information access to everyone should be guaranteed for a bright future in the country, which is only possible when every student, regardless of race, ethnicity, or disability is given learning prospects. This paper aims at exploring how the relationship between curriculum models and issues of equity, diversity, and inclusion should be elucidated. The sections would investigate the evidence from the history, curriculum models and current usage, and a thorough position on the topic.Historical ContextualizationDuring Americas early days, children with disabilities were considered a shame. In 1975, the public schools were required to offer free public education to handicapped children under the All Handicapped Children Act…...

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References

Ainscow, M. (2016). Diversity and equity: A global education challenge. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 51, 143-155.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s40841-016-0056-x 

Armstrong, P. (1991). A naturalistic model of in-service education and training. Journal of In-Service Education, 17(1), 51-62.  https://doi.org/10.1080/0305763910170110 

Aydun, B., Unver, M.M., Alan, B. & Saglam, S. (2017). Combining the old and the new: Designing a curriculum based on the Taba model and the global scale of English. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 13(1), 304-320.

55). Hence, good ideas need to be brought to the fore so special education teachers can help students progress in a society that is too often indifferent to their needs. King-Sears presents and then rebuts two fallacies vis-a-vis that students with disabilities cannot master content that "…at times seems to be swiftly passing them by" (56).
The first fallacy -- students with disabilities can't learn general education curriculum -- can be dismissed because it has been shown through "…group work, monitoring and facilitating group thinking, and recursive opportunities for students" that children with learning disabilities can indeed learn (King-Sears, 56). This is true particularly if those disabled students have access to their peers, access to specially designed instructional content, and access to "assessment" strategies showing them what they have learned (which gives them direct feedback). The second fallacy is that teachers are legally required to cover the curriculum as quickly…...

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Works Cited

Ingersoll, Brooke, and Dvortcsak, Anna. (2006). Including Parent Training in the Early

Childhood Special Education Curriculum for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 8(2), 79-87.

King-Sears, Margaret E. (2008). Facts and fallacies: differentiation and the general education curriculum for students with special educational needs. Support for Learning, 23(2), 55-62.

inclusion" is not part of the law; instead, it states that each student must be educated in the least restrictive educational environment (LRE). Analyze all sides of "inclusion," (1. full inclusion; 2. inclusion in special classes like physical education, art, or lunch; and 3. inclusion in all classes except for reading or math).
Inclusion

The term 'inclusion' means complete acceptance of every student which leads towards sense of acceptance and belonging in the classroom. Over the years, there has not been any fixed definition of inclusion, but different groups and organizations have provided their own definitions. The most basic definition of 'inclusion' states that every student with special needs are supported in 'chronologically age appropriate general education classes' in schools and get the instructions specialized for them by the Individual Education Programs (IEPs) within the general activities of the class and the main curriculum. The idea of 'inclusion' is to ensure…...

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Bibliography

Cologon, K. (2013). Inclusion in Education. Children with Disabiliity Australia.

Constable, S., Grossi, B., Moniz, A., & Ryan, L. (2013). Meeting the Common Core State Standards for Students With Autism. Council for Exceptional Children.

Evers, T. (2011). Common Core State Standards for Literacy in all subjects. Madison: Wisconsin Department of Public Intrusion.

FDDC. (2012). What is Inclusion? Florida: Florida State Univeristy Center for Prevention and Early Intervention Policy.

There is no right or wrong way in curriculum development from a constructivist approach because knowledge is individually constructed by the learner herself on the foundation of what she already knows, so therefore it is impossible to come up with uniform learning outcomes for all students.
4. Devise five to seven criteria for judging the articles. (for example, ease of reading, application to curriculum development, author proved main points, and so on.) Evaluate each article objectively using the five to seven criteria. Based on the evaluation, name the article(s) you would recommend to a colleague or another student for professional development. Also, based on the evaluation, name the article(s) you would suggest be deleted from this paper. Provide a rational for each of the selections.

The criteria utilized is: (1) content; (2) structure; (3) ease of reading; (4) author's knowledge and ability to make points; (5) application to curriculum development. The…...

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References:

Erickson, H. Lynne. (2002). Concept-based curriculum and instruction: Teaching beyond the facts. Corwin Press; 1st edition.

Hills, J. (2004). "Better teaching with Deming and Bloom." Quality progress, 37:3, 57.

Senge, Peter M. (2006). The fifth discipline: The art & practice of the learning organization. Broadway Business; Revised edition.

Yi, Jialin. (2005). "Effective ways to foster learning." Performance improvement, 44:1,

colostate.edu/guides/research/casestudy/pop2a.cfm.
3. Hispanic, White Communities Forge Ties in Alabama (2003) a UA Center for Public Television and Radi9o Production. Online available at:

4. McDade, Sharon a. (2002) Definition of a Case Study. Faculty Center for Teaching and Learning - North Carolina State. Online available at http://www.ncsu.Edu/fctl/Programs/Instructional- Development/Teaching _Materials / CaseStudies/Materials / Case studyDefintion.pdf# search =%22 CASE%20STUDY % 3A%20DEFINIT ION%20OF %22.

5. UAB Wins $389,000 in Grants to Help Teachers Educate Non-English Speaking Children (200) UAB Media Relations. 27 Nov 200. Online available at http://main.uab.edu/show.asp?durki=46333.

6. English Language Development and Multicultural Education (2005) University of Alabama. Berkeley University Online available at http://crede.berkeley.edu/tools/directory2-/PDF/esl.pdf#search=%22Alabama%3A%20Elementary%20ESL%20SERVICES%22.

7. English as a Second Language (ESL) (2004) Baldwin County Public Schools; Bay Minette, Alabama. Online available at http://www.bcbe.org/Default.asp?DivisionID='824'&DepartmentID='958'.

8. UAB Wins $389,000 in Grants to Help Teachers Educate Non-English Speaking Children (200) UAB Media Relations. 27 Nov 200. Online available at http://main.uab.edu/show.asp?durki=46333.

9. Alabama (2006) KYTESOL Newsletter Vol. XXVI, No.2 Spring 2006. Online available at…...

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11. Alabama: Featured Facts (2005) From the SREB Factbook on Higher Education. Online available at  http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:Mb3MWbM-0b4J:www.sreb.org/main/EdData/FactBook/2005StateReports/Alabama05.pdf+Alabama+Hispanic+education&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=6 

12. Alabama Education Policy Primer: Chapter 2 Achievement (2005) Education Foundation - Online available at; http://www.aplusala.org/primer/ch2.asp

Education for Hispanic Students in the Elementary Schools of Alabama

role of physical education in the public school system has been under pressure from a number of fronts. In the contracting budgetary environment, the amount of dollars dedicated to non-core curriculum studies have experiences forced cut backs. When academic achievement levels are suffering across the board, many school systems make the mistake of cutting phys ed budgets in order to bolster focus on core academic areas. However, school systems that make this choice are often starving the goose that can help lay the golden egg. Studies and experiential evidence demonstrate that academic achievement is tied to both proper educational methods in the classroom, and a curriculum which focuses on developing the entire student, including his or her body through physical education.
For example, according to Maier (2001) 49 states no longer have a daily requirement for physical education. Illinois is a lone exception, and the school system is reaping the…...

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Bibliography

Bunting, C. (1989). The compatibility of physical education and outdoor education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 60(2), 35-39.

Chase, Matthew R. (2004, March 1) Nontraditional recreation activities a catalyst for quality physical education: these activities offer the most promising path to lifelong physical activity, and the barriers to implementation disappear in the face of careful planning. The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance.

Maier, T. (2001, Aug 27) Schools Giving P.E. Short Shrift. Insight on the News, Vol. 17.

McCracken, B. (2001). It's not just gym anymore: Teaching secondary school students how to be active for life. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Curriculum Design
ISSUES AND TRENDS IN CURRICULUM DESIGN

The obj3ective of this study is to review and research issues and trends in curriculum design relating to healthcare and to elaborate on recommendations dealing with the issues and in view of the trends.

Gone are the days in education when the issues were simple and the lessons followed course since in today's society there are healthcare issues such as AIDS, premarital sex and needed birth control measures as well as other non-sexually related diseases including cancer and other health issues. The curriculum for healthcare education is a touchy issues because of the various religion, political, social, and familial values that exist in a diverse society with many races, ethnicities, and backgrounds. For this reason, the educator in healthcare must understand the volatile ground on which curriculum design may tread and the various view of parents, communities, as well as religious and political leaders…...

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Bibliography

Albert LJ (2010) Curriculum Design: Finding a Balance. The Journal of Rheumatology. Retrieved from:  http://www.jrheum.com/subscribers/07/03/458.html 

McKimm, J. (nd) Curriculum Design and Development. Retrieved from:  http://www.faculty.londondeanery.ac.uk/e-learning/setting-learning-objectives/Curriculum_design_and_development.pdf 

Olsen, LK (1994) Trends and Issues in Health Education Curriculum. Liberty University. 1994. Department of Health Professions. Retrieved from:  http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=health_fac_pubs 

Stevenson, KR (201) Educational Trends Shaping School Planning, Design, Construction, Funding and Operation. National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities. Retrieved from:  http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED539457.pdf

Students in the 21st century have the opportunity to learn at a rapid pace, through the use of new media and new pedagogical methods. New media shifts the pedagogical focus away from fragmented knowledge towards a more integrative and multidisciplinary understanding of the natural world. 21st century learning engages students with material, encouraging them to think creatively and critically rather than simply learning by rote memorization. Science curricula in public schools should reflect the new tools and technologies of the 21st century.
The Australian science curricula remains committed to 21st century learning and the development of effective citizens. To develop effective citizens, science teachers need to cultivate in their students a sense of curiosity or scientific inquiry and an appreciation for the scientific method of answering questions. A scientific worldview encourages students to ask probing questions and shows them how to find the answers to those questions. Science is a field…...

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References

ACARA (n.d.). Learning area: Aims. Retrieved online:  http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/science/aims 

ACARA (n.d.). Learning area: Rationale. Retrieved online:  http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/science/rationale 

Gaffney, J. (2005). The importance of science literacy in modern culture. Retrieved online: http://www4.ncsu.edu/~jdgaffne/scilit.pdf

Hartmann, A.C. (2013). Education: science literacy benefits all. Nature 498(171).

Education
Over the last several years, educators have been facing considerable challenges in meeting rising expectations for performance. This is because a host of solutions (such as the No Child Left Behind Act) have not addressed the lack of student achievement. Instead, academic performance has continued to linger and become worse in some areas (i.e. mathematics and science). (Hannah, 2012)

In New Jersey, the Core Content and Common Core Curriculum standards is designed to provide clarity on specific subjects and topics students must learn in order to graduate from high school. To fully understand how this occurring requires examining the way it is related to the concepts from Mary Zimmerman's Metamorphoses and a contemporary issue. This will be accomplished by focusing on the modes of communication, its shape and the way the literature can provoke cultural insights. Together, these elements will highlight how the Core Content and Common Core Curriculum standards are…...

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References

Science Standards. (2013). NJ. Retrieved from:  http://www.nj.gov/education/cccs/standards/5/ 

Hannah, D. (2012). 5 Ways No Child Left Behind Act. American Progress. Retrieved from:  http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/education/news/2013/04/08/59542/5-ways-no-child-left-behind-waivers-help-state-education-reform/ 

Rich, M. (2012). U.S. Students Still Lag. New York Times. Retrieved from:  http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/education/us-students-still-lag-globally-in-math-and-science-tests-show.html?_r=0 

Wandberg, R. (2000). Communication. Mankato, MN: Life Matters.

13. I also think that field experiences in the community are extremely necessary for success.

14. I don't think enough teachers complete their practicum or student teach in minority schools, and I think this area is underserved and not supported enough by administration and community in many areas.

15. I don't think many teachers would want immersion, living and teaching in a minority community, and I think this is far underserved in the educational community.

16. The group-setting model is very prevalent, and it does make for more challenge and support throughout college.

Almost all of these elements are extremely relevant to the 21st century learner, teacher, and total school environment. As classrooms become more diversified and unique, today's teachers must make more attempts to understand the different blends of students and cultures that fill their classroom, and educational curriculum is key to this basic understanding. Classrooms are not going to become less diverse,…...

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References

Coballes-Vega, C. (1992). Considerations in teaching culturally diverse children. Retrieved from the Eric Digests Web site:   Aug. 2007.http://www.ericdigests.org/1992-4/diverse.htm31 

Willis, a.I. (2000). Critical issue: Addressing literacy needs in culturally and linguistically diverse classrooms. Retrieved from the North Central Regional Educational Laboratory Web site: Aug. 2007.http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/content/cntareas/reading/li400.htm31

Zeichner. (1993). 16 key elements of effective teacher education for diversity. Retrieved from the North Central Regional Educational Laboratory Web site: Aug. 2007.http://ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/educatrs/presrvce/pe3lk5.htm31

Curriculum
The learning and skills sector (LSS) is an Essential part of educational development in the United Kingdom. For many years this educational program faltered and was not taken seriously. However in recent years Legislators in the UK have dedicated a great deal of time and resources to improving LSS. According to Maxwell (2009)

The Learning and Skills Sector (LSS) in England is diverse, comprising further education (FE) colleges, sixth-form colleges, personal and community development learning and work-based training and learning in other adult settings such as prisons and the uniformed services. Over the last 15 years the sector has moved from a position of 'benign neglect' (Young et al. 1995, 7) to being placed 'at the forefront of UK's attempt to raise its skill profile' (Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills, and Department for Children, Schools and Families 2007, 3). Developing the workforce needed to support this ambitious agenda became one…...

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Works Cited

Curriculum for diversity guide. Retrieved January 4, 2011 from: http://shop.niace.org.uk/media/catalog/product/C/u/Curriculum-for-Diversity-Guide.pdf

Fisher, R., and Webb, K. (2006) Subject specialist pedagogy and initial teacher training for the learning and skills sector in England: the context, a response and some critical issues. Journal of Further and Higher Education. 30(4), 337 -- 349

Foundation Learning Curriculum for adults. Retrieved January 4, 2011 from:

http://readingroom.skillsfundingagency.bis.gov.uk/sfa/adult_flc_-_factsheet_-_april_10_-_final.doc

Education
Apex Middle School, part of the wake county public school system in aleigh, NC has implemented a rigorous curriculum for grades 6, 7 and 8. The curriculum for Apex Middle School includes the following: Language Arts, Math, Science, Social Studies, Computer Education, Health and Physical Education (Wake, 2003). The objectives of each of these programs are stated below. The Apex Middle School curriculum and objectives outlined in this paper are similar to the curriculum and objectives for most public middle schools in NC. How does this differ from the middle school curriculum typically seen in New York middle schools?

According to the New York State Education Department, the objective or mission of educators is "That all students will meet or exceed high learning standards at the elementary, middle, secondary and continuing education levels" (NYSED, 2003). Major reform is currently occurring in New York. These reforms will have the potential to greatly…...

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References

Wake County Public Schools/Middle School Curriculum/Raleigh, NC/

 http://www.myschoolonline.com/site/0,1876,31679-750-33-1773,00.html 

 http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/ 

New York State Education

A teacher must research the curriculum she or he will teach over the summer, to ensure that it is grade-appropriate and meets certain standards. The teacher must also be open to new possibilities, to try different approaches to structuring the syllabus and to changing the types of skills that are taught as a part of the curriculum, based upon his or her reading of educational journals, talking with colleagues, and reflecting upon the previous year.
But the process of curriculum design does not end when school begins. The teacher must assess the abilities of the students, and gain a sense of how the class functions as a unit. Are there many different levels of ability in the class? If so, the teacher may need to teach certain groups of students independently, to remedy current deficits in knowledge. The teacher should also be ready to alter the activities used to convey…...

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Works Cited

About the Curriculum Wizard." (2006). WNSS School Guide. Retrieved 22 Jan 2007 at Alan C. & Ornstein, Allen C & Francis Hunkins. (1998). Curriculum: Foundations, Principles, and Issues. 3rd Edition. Allyn and Bacon.http://www2.dpi.state.wi.us/sig/practices/cw/index.aspOrnstein,

Smith, M.K. (1996, 2000). "Curriculum theory and practice." The Encyclopedia of Informal Education. Retrieved 22 Jan 2007. www.infed.org/biblio/b-curric.htm.Last updated: 30 January 2005.

Teachers will need to look at process models for implementing these two approaches to achieve the benefits of both outcome-based education which emphasizes what students are expected to learn as well as open-ended education which encourages teachers to create a positive learning experience for the student. The former is best served by technical-scientific approaches while the later is best accomplished by nontechnical-nonscientific approaches. Fortunately, the approaches do appear to be complimentary more so than conflicting ideologies as positioned by some.
Therefore, teachers should seek out an integrative approach to their curriculum development approaches that weds process models. Practically speaking, this will mean striking a balance between student-centered and subject-centered curriculum and forming measurable expectations for the general student population as well as the flexibility to aim for highly individualized expectations that are unique to each student and that may be more subjectively assessed. and, of course, a broader community will…...

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Bibliography

Curriculum development. http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:JfY-Nw6yUmgJ:people.coe.ilstu.edu/malorber/411/Notes/07%2520curr%2520devel%252010-29-04.doc+Noye%27+%22curriculum+development%22+deliberation&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us

Ornstein & Hunkins (2003). Curriculum: Foundations, principles, and issues (4th ed). Boston: Allyn and Becon.

Ritz, J. Curriculum development.  http://www.odu.edu/~jritz/oted885/ntg8.shtml

Yes, there are many essay topics that present opposing viewpoints on sexual violence and gender. Some possible topics could include:

1. "Is sexual violence primarily a result of individual actions or societal norms?"
2. "Should the focus of sexual violence prevention efforts be on educating potential victims or potential perpetrators?"
3. "Do gender norms and stereotypes contribute to the perpetuation of sexual violence?"
4. "Is the criminal justice system effective at addressing sexual violence and providing justice for survivors?"
5. "Should the punishment for sexual violence crimes be more focused on rehabilitation or punishment?"
6. "Are men and women equally capable of committing sexual violence, or....

Addressing Barriers and Enhancing Participation: Strategies for Increasing Boys' Sports Engagement in Australia
To effectively increase Australian boys' participation in sports, a multifaceted approach is required that addresses the underlying barriers and creates a supportive environment that fosters their engagement. The following adjustments are crucial for achieving this goal:
1. Addressing Societal Stereotypes and Gender Norms:
Traditional gender roles and stereotypes can discourage boys from participating in certain sports perceived as "feminine" or less prestigious. It is essential to challenge these biases through educational campaigns and initiatives that promote a broader definition of masculinity and encourage boys to embrace physical activity regardless of....

1. In todays rapidly evolving healthcare landscape, the role of nurses has become increasingly crucial in providing high-quality patient care. As a result, nursing education programs, especially at the Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) level, must constantly adapt and innovate to ensure that graduates are equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to meet the demands of the profession. One key component of a well-rounded nursing education curriculum is the essay introduction, which plays a vital role in setting the stage for the topics that will be discussed throughout the program. By providing a strong foundation and clear direction....

1. Paragraph:

2. Background Information on Nursing Education Curriculum Planning for BSN Programs: