Chicago School of Thought, Anomie and Strain Theories
Criminology: Chicago School, Anomie and Strain Theories

The Chicago School of criminology is a name for a conglomeration of different criminological theories that stress how the environment shapes crime-related behaviors. Chicago School theories are often said to be based on an 'ecological' models of crime. For example, theorist obert Park held "all cities would contain identifiable clusters, which he called natural areas, where the cluster had taken on a life or organic unity by itself," including ethnic and class-based enclaves (Criminological theory: A text/reader, 384). Park specifically commented upon trends in which saw commercial businesses invading traditionally residential areas of Chicago, causing the residents to care less about the quality of their neighborhoods, show less solicitousness to their fellow human beings, and thus precipitate more crime (Criminological theory: A text/reader, 385). Ernest W. Burgess later expanded upon the theory, dividing cities into progressive 'zones.'…...

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References

Criminological theory: A text/reader. Sage. Retrieved from:

 http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/29411_6.pdf 

Robert Agnew's general strain theory. (2014). FSU. Retrieved from:

 http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/agnew.htm

Bronfenbrenner Ecological Model
Comment by Sabina:

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological System Theory is about a child's development within the context of relationships in the child's life. Bronfenbrenner's theory is based on different complex layers of the child's environment, with each different layer impacting and affecting the development of the child. In this model of child development the microsystem and mesosystem are both important influential factors in the development of the child. The microsystem and mesosystem impacts the development of the layers in the developing child. Bronfenbrenner's theory also accounts for the individual's biological makeup. The Bronfenbrenner's Ecological System Model basically explains how nurture influences nature to create the individual. This theory is about the complex layers in the child that were created by both biological factors and environmental factors. The breakdown of any of these layers will cause a rippling effect in the development of the child.

The environment in which is child is raised…...

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References

Baker, M (2001) Cultural variations in families. In Families. Labour and Love. Family diversity in a changing world. (pp 26 -- " 49). Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin.

Centre on the Developing Child (2008). The Timing and Quality of Early Learning Experiences Combine to Shape Brain Architecture. Available at  http://developingchild.harvard.edu/library/reports_and_working_papers/working_papers/wp5/ 

Darling, N. (2007). Ecological Systems Theory: The Person in the Center of the Circles. Research in Human Development. 4 (3-4), 203-217.

Gerhardt, S. (2004). Original Sin. In Why love matters. How affection shapes a baby's brain. (167-191). Hove: Bruner Routledge.

Bioecological Theory
Bioecological model differs from others in that it charts and describes the development of the human and the group over the spectrum of the life course, through successive generations both past and present.

The model consists of four principal components and the prime dynamic, interactive element that guides them. The four processes are:

the forms of interaction between organism and environment, usually called 'proximal processes that due to interaction between organism and environment effect human development

Persons -- the individual who is effected by the processes (proximal process)

the environment (socio-geo-historical etc.) in which the proximal processes occur and impact

Time -- the period in which the proximal processes occur.

Characteristics of the person can shape the proximal process and there are three key typologies that are actually predominant. These are:

Dispositions -- these set the processes in motion in a particular direction and sustain their trajectory

2. esources -- consisting of ability, experience, knowledge and skills…...

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References

Adamsons, K., O'Brien, M., & Pasley, K. (2007). An ecological approach to father involvement in biological and stepfather families. Fathering, 5, 129 -- 147.

Bronfenbrenner, U. & Morris, PA (2006). The bioecological model of human development, Handbook of Child Psychology, 1, 793-828

Hetherington, D. & Parke, G. (1999) Child Psychology: A Contemporary Viewpoint, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill

McAlister AL, Perry CL, & Parcel GS. (2008) How Individuals, Environments, and Health Behaviors Interact: Social Cognitive Theory. In: Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice 4th Edition. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Applying Social-Ecological Model Social-Ecological ModelSocial-Ecological Model looks into a comprehensive interplay between individual, community, relationship, and social factors. It provides us with the knowledge of several factors that exposes people to violence or protect them from perpetrating or experiencing violence. ings that overlap over the other are used in the model to demonstrate how aspects at a particular stage influence aspects on different levels (CDC, 2016). In addition, the model hints that it is appropriate to act along several levels of the model at a particular time to prevent violence. This perspective has more chances of sustaining prevention efforts over time and attaining population-level impact.On an individual level, the model identifies personal and biological historical factors that enhance one becoming a perpetrator or a victim of violence. Some factors for consideration include income, history of abuse, substance use, age, or education. Violence prevention strategies enhance attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs that…...

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ReferencesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). The social-ecological model: a framework for prevention. 2015. URL: cdc. gov/violenceprevention/about/social-ecologicalmodel. html [accessed 2021-04-22].Carter, S. P., Campbell, S. B., Wee, J. Y., Law, K. C., Lehavot, K., Simpson, T., & Reger, M. A. (2021). Suicide attempts among racial and ethnic groups in a nationally representative sample. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 1-11.Rosario-Williams, B., Rowe-Harriott, S., Ray, M., Jeglic, E., & Miranda, R. (2022). Factors precipitating suicide attempts vary across race. Journal of American college health, 70(2), 568-574.King, C. A., & Merchant, C. R. (2008). Social and interpersonal factors relating to adolescent suicidality: A review of the literature. Archives of suicide research, 12(3), 181-196.Slocum, L. A., Esbensen, F. A., & Taylor, T. J. (2017). The code of silence in schools: An assessment of a socio-ecological model of youth’s willingness to report school misbehavior. Youth & Society, 49(2), 123-149.Gee, G. C., & Ford, C. L. (2011). Structural racism and health inequities: Old issues, New Directions1. Du Bois Review: social science research on race, 8(1), 115-132.https://www.

Present a Theory/Theoretical FrameworkQualitative case study design with semi-structured interviews will serve as the method and design for this study.The appropriateness of method and design can be found in the fact that the qualitative case study design will allow for an in-depth exploration of the experiences of women with Alzheimer\\\'s disease. This type of study can also shed light on the social and cultural factors that influence the experiences of women with Alzheimer\\\'s, such as gender roles, stigma, and access to healthcare. Furthermore, a qualitative study can identify gaps in current healthcare services and support systems for women with Alzheimer\\\'s, as well as highlight potential areas for intervention and improvement. It can also generate hypotheses for future quantitative research on the topic.Semi-structured interviews will provide a flexible and open-ended approach to data collection, allowing participants to freely express their experiences and perspectives. This approach is particularly useful when the focus…...

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ReferencesBurke, L. (2014). Oneself as another: Intersubjectivity and ethics in Alzheimer’s illness narratives. Narrative Works, 4(2).Shapiro, J. (2011). Illness narratives: reliability, authenticity and the empathic witness. Medical humanities, 37(2), 68-72.Steffen, A. M., & Jackson, C. S. (2012). Predicting facilitators’ behaviors during Alzheimer’s family support group meetings. American Journal of Alzheimer\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s Disease & Other Dementias®, 27(2), 114-120.

Self-esteem and self-efficacy are issues that are of primary importance. These are affected by a number of environmental factors, including immediate family, but also the environment in which a person moves, as well as the wider social environment.

Contextualism

Contextualism was promoted in 1942 by S.C. Pepper, and was previously known as "pragmatism." This term was often used in the work of Charles S. Peirce, William James, Henri

ergson, John Dewey, and George Herbert Mead (Morris, 1997). In psychological development, contextualism suggests the influence of a broad number of categories, beginning with the immediate family, and broadening to the peer group, society, and global environment. ehavior is therefore to be seen in the context not only of immediate family and peer influence, but also in the context of broader society.

According to Morris (1997), Pepper's use of the term "contextualism" first occurred during 1932, where he referred to John Dewey's pragmatism. According to this…...

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Bibliography

Blunden, Andy. (2001, February). "The Vygotsky School." Spirit, Money and Modernity Seminar. http://home.mira.net/~andy/seminars/chat.htm

Blunden, Andy (1997). "Vygotsky and the Dialectical Method."

Domitrovich, Celene E. (2001, April). "Parenting practices and child social adjustment: Multiple pathways of influence" In Merrill-Palmer Quarterly. Wayne State University Press

Erikson, E.H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.

This interpretation would therefore tend to suggest a view of the art that shows cultural and social disparities between classes and social groups in the society.
3. Conclusion

In the final analysis what is clear that Mithen's approach holds a great deal of potential for an understanding of past cultures and societies from an archeological perspective. This interpretive stance is valuable in that it takes into account a wide ranging and inclusive understanding of the concept of ecology. Mithen's view is both logical and consistent with contemporary approaches in other disciplines in its emphasis on holistic and integrative views and interpretations of reality. Another benefit of this stance is that it brings to bear a host of different disciplines and perspectives that can help to unravel the mysteries encapsulated in the artifacts of the past.

However, while holistic thinking and integration are useful conceptual tools for research one should not discount other…...

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Bibliography

Hodder, I., & Hutson, S., 2003, Reading the Past: Current Approaches to Interpretation in Archaeology (3rd ed.), Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Faris, J., 1983, 'From Form to Content in the Structural Study of Aesthetic Systems', in D. Washburn (ed.), Structure and Cognition in Art, Cambridge University Press, London.

Flannery, K. V, and Marcus, J., 1976, 'Formative Oaxaca and the Zapotec Cosmos',

American Scientist, volume 64, pp.374-83.

Social Ecology Model
Social ecology requires that people see that nature and society are intertwined by progress into one environment that is made up of two differences. The first difference being biotic nature and the second being human nature. Human nature and biotic nature split an evolutionary prospective for better prejudice and elasticity. Nature is the manner in which people are flexible, extremely intellectual primates that occupy the natural world. In other words, individuals generate an atmosphere that is most appropriate for their manner of survival. In this case, human nature is no different from the atmosphere that each animal, contingent upon its aptitudes, generates as well as acclimates to, the biophysical conditions or eco community in which it lives. On this extremely basic level, people are, in fact, doing nothing that varies from the endurance actions of nonhumans (Bookchin, 2001).

The SEM is made up of several levels wrapped around one…...

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References

Bookchin, Murray. (2001). What Is Social Ecology? Retrieved December 11, 2010, from Web site:  http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bookchin/socecol.html 

Innovative Pediatric Nursing Role: Public Health Nurses in Child Welfare: Theoretical Framework for Health Case Management Role. (2006). Retrieved December 11, 2010, from:  http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/543725_4 

Social Ecological Model. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2010, from Web site:  http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/cpns/Documents/Network-Appendix6SocialEcologicalModel.pdf

Health Belief Model and Health Education Public/population health standards place the conventional medical individual care model within several determinants of health. Currently, various public health models exist and are available for a huge range of purposes such as the Health Belief Model. These various health models exist to provide an improved understanding of the dynamics relating to the health and wellbeing of populations. In addition, there are social determinants of health (SDOH), which basically refer to the political, social and economic factors that impact the health of individuals and populations. The social determinants of health also refer to the ecological model and place significant emphasis on healthcare institutions and organizations established by humans to organize or structure social processes relating to individuals and populations’ health including health education. This paper examines how the Health Belief Model can be used to address the issue of health education.
The Issue of Health Education
The modern…...

Urbanization
Ecological Problem

Grade Course

Walking on grass while it rains, looking at the blue sky and hearing the bird chirp, and letting cool breeze touch the skin are amongst some of the most refreshing moments which one would loathe. The refreshment and serenity arising from such moments rather define environment as a miraculous beauty. Despite the ease and satisfaction associated with nature, ecological problems go hand in hand with the reality of the surrounding. Ecological issues are environmental issues such as overpopulation, climatic changes, land degradation, pollution and many more. These problems do not only destroy the splendor of nature, but they adversely affect life. As a matter of fact, these ecological issues are a result of human activity which leaves a drastic impact on the environment.

While considering the different environmental issues, it is important to shed light on urbanization which is a major ecological issue. Urbanization is commonly referred to the…...

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References

Jiang, L. (2008). Population, Urbanization, and the Environment: Growing Cities Stress Their Natural Surrounding, but They Can Also Help Protect Them. World Watch. Vol. 21, No. 5

According to Fitzpatrick & Keegan (2010), "This use of historical ecology to study "the complex, historical interactions between human populations and the ecosystems they have inhabited" (Kirch 1997a, p.2; see also Crumley (ed.) 1994), has been applied in other parts of the world to observe anthropogenic changes through time. Archaeologists, influenced by a wide array of scientific fields, have taken a keen interest in understanding how humans adapted, influenced, modified, and impacted their environment. This is a difficult endeavor, however, because "environments change and the magnitude of change are never constant" (O'Brien 2001, pp. 29-30). (Fitzpatrick, Keegan, pg. 30, 2007)

Fitzpatrick & Keegan point to the uses of historical ecology to investigate the interrelationships between humans and the biosphere. The importance of noting environmental changes as separate from human involvement may be erroneous. Environmental changes are hinted by proponents of historical ecology to have been initiated by humans through their interaction…...

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References

Anderson, a. 2009, Epilogue: Changing Archaeological Perspectives upon Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands1, University Press of Hawaii.

Balee W. (1998), Historical Ecology: Premises and Postulates -- Chapter 1.

Bird DW., Richardson JL., Veth PM., Barham AJ. (2002) Explaining Shellfish Variability in Middens on the Meriam Islands, Torres Strait, Australia. Journal of Archaeological Science, 29, 457-469

Erlandson, Rick (2010) Archaeology Meets Marine Ecology: The Antiquity of Maritime Cultures and Human Impacts on Marine Fisheries and Ecosystems.

Nursing Theories
Transcultural Care

For the past several decades, nursing theory has evolved with considerable considerations towards transcultural care. The concept of culture was derived from anthropology and the concept of care was derived from nursing. When one understands the derivative of nursing knowledge and the basis for cultural sensitivity, one may tailor and provide the best nursing care for diverse groups. Each group may have specific needs that may help or hinder healthcare delivery. Hence, if one fully understands the meanings, patterns, and processes, one can explain and predict health and well-being. Although many nursing theories exist, a closer evaluation will be given to Cultural Care Diversity & Universality and Purnell Model for Cultural Competence.

Cultural Competence & Influence

Cultural competence is deemed as essential component in providing healthcare today. Healthcare professionals in healthcare organizations are addressing multicultural diversity and ethnic disparities in health (Wilson, 2004). To better serve constituents, understanding cultural factors…...

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References

Kim-Godwin, Y.S., Clarke, P.N. And Barton, L. (2001), A model for the delivery of culturally competent community care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 35: 918 -- 925. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01929.x

Maier-Lorentz, M. (2008). Transcultural nursing: its importance in nursing practice. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 15(1), 37-43.

Nelson, J. (2006). Madeleine Leininger's Culture Care Theory: The Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality. International Journal For Human Caring, 10(4), 50.

SNJourney. (2007). Purnell's model of cultural competence. Retrieved from http://www.snjourney.com/ClinicalInfo/Select%20Topics/Transcultural/PurnellModel2.pdf

Malthus Model
Thomas Malthus Model

Thomas Malthus authored the Malthusian growth model or the exponential growth model, one of the earliest and significant theories on population growth. This model is based on a mathematical proposition that population increased by a fixed proportion over any given period of time in the absence of constraints. Therefore, if the population increased from 1000 to 1200 over a certain number of years, then a population of 10,000 will increase to 12,000 during the same period. In other words, population grows at a constant rate every year. He described that the population will check itself and will not grow beyond the subsistence level and the birth rate will be fairly equal to the death rate. This is because when population increased beyond a certain level, the resources required to provide food will not increase and therefore, this will result in famine and starvation that will automatically bring…...

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References

Cyrus Chu, C.Y; Tai, Ching. "Ecosystem resilience, specialized adaptation and population decline: A modern Malthusian theory." Journal of Population Economics. May 2001: 7.

Morton, John; Shaw, Jane; Stroup, Richard. "Overpopulation: Where Malthus Went Wrong?" Social Education. October 1997: 342-46.

particularly using multicriteria analysis model of land use planning and land use management and how it affects the future of land management. It has 10 sources in APA format.
Issues pertaining to land use management, and land use planning are as varied in nature as their challenging existence. Taking diversity as one challenge, it is noticed that ascertaining the various goals, values and techniques of the land user have remained a crucial task. The intention of this paper is to detail some methodologies on selected issues of land use management and land use planning, and present relevant literature review that give credence to these methodologies.

The determination of how our land is or will be used is coined as land use planning and land management. Seeking to create a vision for use and management of lands and the natural resources, the land and resource management plans requires the involvement of people…...

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Works Cited

Toit, D.C. du.[July 2001]. Wise Land Use, White Paper On Spatial Planning And Land Use Management Ministry Of Agriculture And Land Affairs, available at:  http://www.polity.org.za/html/govdocs/white_papers/landdev.html?rebookmark=1 

Author not available, [2002]. United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, Chaper 10, Agenda 21, available at:  http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/land.htm 

Author not available, [2001]. United Nations Economic and Social Council, Commission on Sustainable Development http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/312/96/PDF/N0131296.pdf-OpenElement

O'Callaghan, M. [2001]. Global Vision, Sustainable City, available at: www.global-vision.org/city/intro.html

Introduction
The global ecological crisis is the largest challenge which humanity has ever had to face (Gare, 2017). Besides, abusing the natural resources, our present method of consumption and production of goods, all modeled on economic production and not based on bio-capability, is jeopardizing the living conditions of humans, yet simultaneously changing the social foundations of human beings. International threats and dangers evolved when the social fabric of the ecological and social system exceeds and supersedes its environmental counterpart. Global environmental or ecological threats and dangers are not just social-psycho constructs created for promoting a new method of social regulation on the people. They are the result of an economic development model wherein environmental deficiencies are being shared by everyone, while the financial benefits would be helpful to some and it shall change our planet for a considerable period. The most probable global cataclysmic threats and dangers seem to emerge from human actions, particularly…...

To effectively address the intersecting issues of poverty, substance abuse, and mental health in marginalized communities in a research proposal essay in social work, the following steps should be taken:

1. Clearly define the problem: Begin by introducing the problem at hand and providing background information on how poverty, substance abuse, and mental health intersect in marginalized communities. Use statistics and research to support the prevalence of these issues in these communities.

2. Identify the research question: Formulate a clear research question that addresses the intersection of poverty, substance abuse, and mental health in marginalized communities. For example, "How do poverty, substance....