Ebola Virus
Description, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatments

Also known as the Ebola Virus, this an extremely fatal disease found among humans as well as the non-human primate such as chimpanzees, gorillas and monkeys. The disease was discovered in 1976. The disease was named after the river in Democratic epublic of Congo where this disease was first found.

What is Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?

This is one of the two viruses which originate from the family of NA viruses also known as Filoviridae. There are five clearly defined sub-types of this Ebola Virus which are found among humans. These are known as the Ebola Sudan, Ebola Zaire, Ebola Coast and Ebola Bundibugyo. The last one which is known as Ebola eston is also a subtype but by far it has not been found in the humans and has only affected the non-human primates (Mahy & Peters, 1996).

The exact location or place of origin to the Ebola…...

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References

Geisbert, T.W., Jahrling, R.B. And Hanes, et al., (1992) M.A. "Association of Ebola- Related RestonVirus Particles and Antigen with Tissue Lesions of Monkeys Imported to the United States."

Mahy, B.W.J. And Peters, C.J. (1996) "Current Problems with Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers."

Microbe Hunters Past and Present.

Murphy, Frederick A., Kiley, Michael P., and Fisher-Hoch, Susan P. (1990). "Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola." Fields' Virology.

In fact, four workers tested positive for the Ebola virus, but it did not make them sick, and eventually the virus passed from their bodies. The scientists do not know why this occurred, but they did learn that Ebola travels through the air, as well as being spread by blood and blood contact.
At first, it seems as if the people working on the Ebola project are doomed. The virus is extremely deadly, and almost impossible to cure. Fifty to 90% of people infected with the disease will die from it, and death is not quick, it is quite long and extremely painful. The body's blood supply begins to clot, and then not clot, and the virus takes over major organs, such as the liver and intestines, literally destroying them. It is a nasty virus, and in Africa when it broke out in 1976, it wiped out entire villages. Scientists…...

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References

Editors. "Questions and Answers about Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever." Centers for Disease Control. 2005. 23 Nov. 2007.  http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/ebola/qa.htm 

Preston, Richard. The Hot Zone. New York: Anchor Books, 1994.

Scenario An attack of Ebola Virus as a terrorist after an attack.
The Ebola virus can spread through the air if someone coughs or sneezes and their phlegm or liquid comes in contact with someone’s eyes, inside of their mouth, nose or some broken skin on the body like a cut or scrape (WHO, 2014). As a terrorist, the best way to get many people infected would be in a hospital setting or a place where people will sweat a lot and breathe more heavily like inside a gym. This would allow the contamination to be more effective. By sending someone to a gym and coughing around people working out, they would be more likely to contract the virus.
Sweat is also another way to transmit the pathogen, along with semen, vomit, and urine (WHO, 2014). In terms of who would be affected, if the clear choice is a gym, the expected targets…...

Ebola Epidemics – Challenges & Containment In Nigeria Ebola and Its Origins
There is no known origin of the Ebola virus that emerged with a vengeance in 2014 in West Africa. And while there had been numerous other documented cases of Ebola in Africa, the outbreaks had always been much smaller and confined to a particular locale. In 2014, however, tens of thousands of infections occurred, ranging across seven different African countries (Mari-Saez, Weiss & Nowak, 2015). What caused the outbreak is unclear, though some researchers have speculated that the fruit bat may be, if not the primary source of the virus, at least a transmitter of the virus to humans (Hassanin et al., 2016).
Transmission, Symptoms of Ebola
The fruit has been shown to be a host carrier of the Ebola virus in Africa (Hassanin et al., 2016). As the fruit bat is a source of food in Africa and considered a delicacy,…...

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References

Alexander, K. A., Sanderson, C. E., Marathe, M., Lewis, B. L., Rivers, C. M., Shaman, J., ... & Eubank, S. (2015). What factors might have led to the emergence of Ebola in West Africa?. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9(6), e0003652.

Cardile, A. P., Murray, C. K., Littell, C. T., Shah, N. J., Fandre, M. N., Drinkwater, D.C., ... & Vento, T. J. (2015). Monitoring exposure to Ebola and health of US military personnel deployed in support of Ebola control efforts—Liberia, October 25, 2014–February 27, 2015. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 64(25), 690.

Hassanin, A., Nesi, N., Marin, J., Kadjo, B., Pourrut, X., Leroy, É., ... & Ruedi, M. (2016). Comparative phylogeography of African fruit bats (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) provide new insights into the outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa, 2014–2016. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 339(11-12), 517-528.

Marí Sáez, A., Weiss, S., & Nowak, K. (2015). Investigating the zoonotic origin of the West African Ebola epidemic. EMBO Molecular Medicine, 7, 17-23.

Shuaib, F., Gunnala, R., Musa, E. O., Mahoney, F. J., Oguntimehin, O., Nguku, P. M., ...& Nasidi, A. (2014). Ebola virus disease outbreak-Nigeria, July-September 2014. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63(39), 867-872.

Abstract Today, there are dozens of deadly diseases in the world, but the Ebola virus disease (alternatively “EVD” or “Ebola”) is among the most virulent and lethal. Although intensive research is underway, there is no cure currently available for Ebola and the death toll attributable to this disease continues to increase. To date, there have been nearly 30,000 cases of Ebola infections that caused more than 11,000 deaths, primarily in West Africa, but the disease has the potential to spread worldwide unless first responders, emergency management managers and the health care community take aggressive steps to identify infections and contain outbreaks. The main purpose of this study is to provide a systematic and critical review of the relevant juried, scholarly and governmental literature about the Ebola virus disease to create an awareness manual that is targeted at educating Nigerian citizens concerning this disease. A secondary purpose of this study is to…...

Indigenous Environmental Studies
The Link

For this assignment, we choose the problem of deforestation in Africa and it potential link to the outbreak of the Ebola virus. There have been scientific discussions and debates about whether deforestation was the primary cause of the rise and spread of the Ebola virus which is yet to be conclusively proven but there are enough indications to this end. Hence, for this paper, it is proposed to study the possible link between deforestation in Africa to the spread of the deadly virus that resulted in one of the greatest natural disasters for mankind.

Was deforestation the case of west Africa's Ebola outbreak?

Deforestation in Africa -- especially in sub-Saharan Africa is a major problem and a cause of concern for environmentalists as well as for the local population. However, this problem turned out to be a care for the global population after the rapid spread of the Ebola…...

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References

Chasek, P., Downie, D., & Brown, J. (2014). Global environmental politics. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.

Clerici, M., Combal, B., Pekel, J., Dubois, G., van't Klooster, J., Skoien, J., & Bartholome, E. (2013). The eStation, an Earth Observation processing service in support to ecological monitoring. Ecological Informatics, 18, 162-170.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2013.08.004 

Davies, C. (2015). Deforestation 'may have started west Africa's Ebola outbreak'. The Guardian, p. 1. Retrieved from  http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/29/deforestation-might-have-started-west-africas-ebola-outbreak 

Ginsberg, J. (2014). How saving West African forests might have prevented the Ebola epidemic. The Guardian, p. 1. Retrieved from    http://news.mongabay.com ,. (2006). Africa's deforestation rate may be underestimated. Retrieved 25 February 2016, from http://www.theguardian.com/vital-signs/2014/oct/03/ebola-epidemic-bats-deforestation-west-africa-guinea-sierra-leone-liberia 

What are Bacteria and Viruses?
The most palpable variance between bacteria and viruses is their size. Whereas both bacteria and viruses are too tiny to notice with the naked eye, most bacteria are about one micrometer in length and can be perceived with a good optical microscope. On the other hand, viruses are smaller than the wavelength of visible light, which implies that they can be solely perceived by using an electron microscope (Nursing Times, 2006). Infection, every so often the initial phase, takes place when bacteria, viruses or other microbes that cause disease enter the human body and start to proliferate. Disease comes about and ensues when the cells in the human body are damaged, as a result of the infection, and signs and symptoms of a disease appear.
Causes

Bacterial and viral infections are contaminations caused by bacteria and viruses. Bacteria release toxins into the blood stream whereas viruses damage body…...

Writing a paper about a complex issue such as the Zika virus can be a challenging enterprise, but the model essay presented below provides some useful guidance concerning how to get started, including developing an appropriate thesis, writing an outline and locating relevant content from reliable and legitimate sources. Writing an abstract, introduction and conclusion becomes easier once the preliminary research for the body of the essay is completed.
Topics:

The Effects of Zika virus on pregnant women

How the Zika virus is spread from country to country

Identifying opportunities to reduce Zika virus infections

Will the Zika virus become a pandemic?

Titles:

The Epidemiology of the Zika Virus

The Origins and Transmission of the Zika Virus

The Zika Virus:  Who is at Risk and What Can be Done?

Outline:

I.  Introduction

II.  Review and Discussion

     A.  Background and overview

     B.  Recent and current trends in Zika virus infections

     C.  What can be done to reduce the risk of…...

, 2001). These two simple measures can drastically increase the subsequent spread of infectious disease throughout the country.
In Outbreak, the military institutes martial law to quarantine the infected populace in the town of Cedar Creek. Eventually, the military begins plans to bomb Cedar Creek in an attempt to eradicate the virus, which had thus far proven untenable. hile the concept of the United States government destroying a small town and murdering its populace is likely superlative Hollywood movie-making, the institution of martial law is a realistic and effective approach toward preventing further spread (Yassi et al., 2001).

In addition to the non-medical measures which can be taken to deal with the spread of an infectious agent, there are several medical actions which could be utilized to treat infected invididuals, including antivirals, antibiotics, or vaccines (Yassi et al., 2001). For example, antivirals and vaccines are both being utilized in an effort to…...

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Works Cited

Cavendish, M. (2007). Diseases and Disorders (p. 328). Marshall Cavendish.

Groseth, A., Feldmann, H., & Strong, J.E. (2007). The ecology of Ebola virus. Trends in Microbiology, 15(9), 408-416. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.08.001.

Petersen, W. (1995). Outbreak. Warner Bros. Pictures.

Preston, R. (2009). Panic in Level 4 (p. 230). Random House, Inc.

What are Bacteria and Viruses?
The most basic difference between bacteria and viruses is their size. Whereas both bacteria and viruses are too tiny to notice with the naked eye, most bacteria are about one micrometer in length and can be perceived with a good optical microscope. On the other hand, viruses are smaller than the wavelength of visible light, which suggests that they can only be perceived by using an electron microscope (Nursing Times, 2006). Infection, every so often the initial phase, takes place when bacteria, viruses or other microbes that cause disease enter the human body and start to multiply. Disease comes about and ensues when the cells in the human body are damaged, as a result of the infection, and signs and symptoms of a disease appear.
Causes

Bacterial and viral infections are contaminations caused by bacteria and viruses. Bacteria release poisons known as toxins into the blood stream whereas…...

" Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 22 Apr. 2009 .
Goldman, D. "The Generals and the Germs." Journal of Military History 73(2). Apr 2009: p. 531-569. Academic Search Complete. EBSCOHost. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. April 22, 2009 .

Guillemin, J. "Germ arfare Under the Microscope." Futurist 42(3) May/Jun 2008: p. 31. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCOHost. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. April 22, 2009 .

Kelle, A. "Strengthening the Effectiveness of the BT Control Regime -- Feasibility and Options." Contemporary Security Policy 24(2) Aug 2003: p. 95-132. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCOHost. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. April 22, 2009 .

Kellman, B. "Bioviolence: A Growing Threat." Futurist 42(3) May/Jun 2008: p. 25-30. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCOHost. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. April 22, 2009 .

Littlewood, J. "Biological eapons: Much Ado and Little Action." Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning & Policy 45(2) Apr 2007: p. 191-203. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCOHost. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. April 22,…...

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Works Cited

"Biological Weapon." Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 22 Apr. 2009 .

Goldman, D. "The Generals and the Germs." Journal of Military History 73(2). Apr 2009: p. 531-569. Academic Search Complete. EBSCOHost. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. April 22, 2009 .

Guillemin, J. "Germ Warfare Under the Microscope." Futurist 42(3) May/Jun 2008: p. 31. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCOHost. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. April 22, 2009 .

Kelle, A. "Strengthening the Effectiveness of the BTW Control Regime -- Feasibility and Options." Contemporary Security Policy 24(2) Aug 2003: p. 95-132. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCOHost. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. April 22, 2009 .

Ethics
Dr. Paul Hunter's efusal

The Case of Dr. Lukwiya

Justification of the Pressure of health Care

Dr. Paul Hunter's efusal:

Dr Hunter was very straightforward about admitting that he was afraid to treat the patient with monleypox. He did not mince words in saying that he was concerned that if he touched the patient he might get infected with the disease and in turn would end up infecting his children who were under the age 11. He was in fact happy that when the patient tasked himself to be transferred. The doctor tried and stayed away from the patient as much as possible and hence he did not even touch the patient even though he made regular visits to the isolation ward of the hospital. His primary concern was the safety and the life of his children because being doctor he very well knew the threat to life that the disease could pose.…...

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References

Boylan, Michael. Basic Ethics. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2000.

Boylan, Michael. Medical Ethics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000.

Edward Freeman, R., Gianfranco Rusconi, Silvana Signori, and Alan Strudler. 'Stakeholder Theory(Ies): Ethical Ideas And Managerial Action'. J Bus Ethics 109, no. 1 (2012): 1-2.

Graham, Gordon. Eight Theories Of Ethics. London: Routledge/Taylor and Francis Group, 2004.

Emergency Response The two most important operations that are executed during a successful response effort are evacuation and hazard or threat containment. Communication is essential to both responses and neither can be achieved without an effective communication effort; however, communication by itself is not a sufficient goal. In an emergency response situation, the two most critical steps are to safely evacuate anyone potentially still in danger and to then effectively contain the threat so that the danger does not spread to other places and risk the lives of others. Victim treatment and apprehension of the perpetrators are important—but in the first stages of response, they are secondary to the immediate goal of getting people to safety, which is always going to be the first and foremost initial concern in any emergency response approach (Haddow, Bullock & Coppola, 2017).
As Ding, Tong, Zhang and Mao (2018) point out, evacuation is one of the…...

isk Analysis and the Security Survey
The following risk analysis and security survey report will be centered on the hospital as an organization. Vulnerabilities can be classified as crime opportunities, opportunities for breaking rules and regulations, opportunities for profiting and also for loss. By definition, vulnerability can be a gap or a weakness inside a security program that might be exploited by opponents to acquire unlawful access. Vulnerabilities include procedural, human, structural, electronic as well as other elements that offer opportunities to damage assets (Vellani and Owles, 2007).

A vulnerability assessment can be classified as a systematic method utilized to evaluate an organization's security position, assess the efficiency of current security infrastructure, as well as, recognize security limitations. The basic approach of a Vulnerability Assessment (VA) first measures what precise assets require protection. Subsequently, VA recognizes the protection measures previously being used to protect those assets, as well as what limitations exist…...

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References

Brandon Region Hospital. (2012). Evacuation plan.

Brandon Region Hospital. (2012). Risk management plan.

Chung, S., & Shannon, M. (2005). Hospital planning for acts of terrorism and other public health emergencies involving children. Archives of disease in childhood, 90(12), 1300-1307.

Code Green Networks. (2009). Protecting Healthcare Organizations from Patient Data Loss. Retrieved from: www.codegreennetworks.com/resources/downloads/wp_patient_dlp.pdf

It starts with 2 broad branches -- Psychopathic rapists and Non-psychopathic rapists. In this category, Homolka can be classified to be a Psychopathic rapist. The next classification under psychopathic rapists divides them into opportunistic, pervasively angry and sadistic rapists. Here, the behavior of Homolka can be thought to be sadistic in nature. Under sadistic, there are 2 categories of rapists who are the overt and the muted rapists. Here, Homolka is classified as a muted rapist since her actions were not well pronounced and they were hidden and secret. The acts of rape only came to be known when they came clean to their uncle under the fear that their separation would lead to the rapes being discovered. Therefore according to the MTC:3, Homolka can be thought to be a type 5 rapist.
Under the gross typology there are various categories of rapists. There is the power reassurance rapist who…...

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References

  T., & Robbins, L. (2009). Holocaust Museum shooter James von Brunn had history of hate Retrieved 21st January, 2012, from Goodwin, J. (2006). A Theory of Categorical Terrorism. Social Forces, 84(4), 2027-2046.http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2009330156_holocaustshooting12.htmlEmery ,

Kruttschnitt, C. (1989). A Sociological, Offender-Based, Study of Rape. The Sociological Quarterly, 30(2), 305-329.