The significance of this finding is primarily that the recorded diversity level of the species studied corresponds directly to all the other elements of the complex ecosystem processes essential to the planet's atmosphere and to the continued replenishment of the planet's surface.
Danovaro also points out that the direct relationship between the number of supported species and the efficiency of ecosystem processes revealed in his findings demonstrate that the deep-sea ecosystem is even more dependent on biodiversity than previously thought. On land, biodiversity is known to be important in the overall ecosystem, but it is only one of many other interrelated component of overall ecosystem efficiency and health. Apparently, in the underwater environment, biodiversity is not just another contributing factor, but rather, it is the single most important specific aspect of measurable factors that determines the state of the entire ecosystem.

The findings announced by Danovaro are particularly significant far beyond…...

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References

Cell Press (2007, December 28). Deep-sea Species' Loss Could Lead to Oceans' Collapse, Study Suggests. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 19, 2008, at  http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071227184100.htm

Earth Science
Ring of Fire

Ring of Fire originally aired on the National Geographic Channel in August, 2007 as part of the Naked Science series produced by Ben Fox and Ian Hunt. The hour-long Ring of Fire program focuses on scientific efforts to understand the danger posed by the 25,000-mile long chain of volcanoes and earthquakes that makes up the Ring of Fire. The video explores scientific explanations for a rise in volcanic activity throughout the Ring of Fire, and discusses ways of predicting future volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis.

The Ring of Fire is a horseshoe shaped region surrounding the Pacific basin that comprises 90% of the world's volcanoes, and 80% of the world's largest earthquakes. The Ring of Fire is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches, island arcs, and volcanic mountain ranges and plate movements. It is also known as the Pacific Ring of Fire, Circum-Pacific belt or…...

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Works Cited

Chang, A. (2010). Pacific Northwest at risk for mega earthquake. Associated Press. Retrieved August 15, 2011 from:  http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/35674095/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/pacific-northwest-risk-mega-earthquake/ 

Crystalinks. (2011). Pacific Ring of Fire. Retrieved August 15, 2011 from:  http://www.crystalinks.com/rof.html 

McGuire, B. (2009). MegaQuake the destructive power of the planet. Retrieved August 15, 2011 from: http://www.mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk/stranger-than-fiction/megaquake.html

Natural Resources Canada. (2011). Giant megathrust earthquakes. Retrieved August 15, 2011 from:  http://earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/zones/cascadia/mega-eng.php

Climate modeling does not yet enable the detailed analysis of individual storms, but it does analyze the trends of the factors known to cause severe thunderstorms, including warm, moist atmospheric conditions near the ground, cold, dry air higher in the atmosphere, and winds traveling upwards from the ground to higher regions of the atmosphere. Generally, climate modeling uses information from grids representing specific regions of the country. As the technology and sophistication of the computer programs continues to improve, scientists expect to be able to study smaller and smaller areas with even greater specificity and accuracy. Subsequent studies are already being planned to do so by increasing the resolution of the imaging as well as by analyzing individual storms.

Unfortunately, that means certain areas like New York and Atlanta will be affected by global warming much more than the rest of the country as a whole.

Even worse, the research demonstrated that…...

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References

Purdue University (2007, December 5). Global Warming Likely to Increase Stormy Weather, Especially in Certain U.S. locations. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 19, 2008, at  http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071204121949.htm

Furthermore, whereas the European Parliament originally intended for the aviation sector to comply with the new restrictions on emissions by 2011, the recent EU Environmental Council in Brussels proposed postponing that another year to 2012.
More importantly, there are financial mechanisms capable of limiting the ability of regulated industries to purchase exemptions that function very much the same way traffic fines do. Instead of limiting the opportunity to do so within the aviation industry, the recent Council proposal set a very relaxed standard that will enable the aviation industry to simply pay for the right to continue to pollute at rates that are not significantly reduced as intended. At the same time, the European Council has proposed a reduction of 8% from the 1990 emission levels by the year 2012. In view of the loopholes that currently would allow the industry to simply pay its way out of full compliance,…...

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References

World Wildlife Fund (2008, January 3). Climate Pollution From Aviation Increasing. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 19, 2008, at  http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080101201618.htm

Essentially, it is a systems theory that sees systems that are apparently disorganized (that is unpredictable because of the large amount of variables) as systems that do have order, it is just complex and we need to find it. Some call it the butterfly effect due to that the flapping of a butterfly's wings in China might have an effect on Peru's weather. Even the most sophisticated computers cannot analyze the number of variables that are needed to predict climate or weather. Thus, our task is to uncover more robust data and analysis systems that can take variables like industrialization, automobiles, large fields of grain, large herds of cattle, etc. And plug into a model that makes sense ("Chaos Theory, " n.d.)
What are the implications of the results of this study?

Clearly, the implications of the study are twofold: more data needs to be analyzed prior to making any gross…...

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REFERENCES and WORKS CONSULTED

Brahic, C. (April 2007). "China's Emissions Shall Pass…" The New Scientist.

Cited in:  http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11707 

"Chaos Theory: A Brief Introduction." (n.d.) IMHO. Cited in:

www.inho.com/grae/choas/chaos/html

The water acquisition in these areas depends specifically on the amount of rain fall. Its climate is affected by the North Pacific High, an oceanic high pressure cell that regulates the moderate temperature ranges. The city lies on the west side of the mountains, so the area receives much more precipitation (University of Illinois 2010). Most Mediterranean climates occur on the Western end of continents. Berkeley, and the entire Californian coast receives most of its rainfall during the winter months, therefore the precipitation rates will be the highest in the winter months than the rest of the year. Moreover, the Ocean regulates temperature in this area, which is completely absent in the case of Terre Haute Indiana. ather, Berkeley is surrounded by the ocean and mountains, which are the factors that have a primary affect on the differences between the two areas' water budgets.
WATE BUDGET for TEE HAUTE, INDIANA…...

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References

Ritter, Michael. (2006). The water balance. The Physical Environment: an Introduction to Physical Geography. Retrieved February 28, 2010 from  http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/hydrosphere/water_balance_1.html 

Schaffner, Brynn & Robinson, Kenneth. (2009). World climates. Blue Planet Biomes. Retrieved February 28, 2010 from  http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/climate.htm 

University of Illinois. (2010). The Hydrologic Cycle. Retrieved February 28, 2010 from  http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/%28Gh%29/guides/mtr/hyd/home.rxml

Earth Science class topic Mars. Attached documents style report properly. 2-10 sources peer-reviews journal. And 2 figures. Please read documents. In text citations needed .
Mars has always been one of the most intriguing planets in the solar systems and society did not hesitate to relate through the planet both from an astronomic point-of-view and from a cultural perspective. The fact that it is very probable for primitive life to exist below the planet's surface makes it possible for the masses to understand that this planet is not as different from earth as they might be inclined to imagine. One of the most effective methods to learn more about Mars would be to compare it to Earth. This would enable individuals to become acquainted with the planet's particularities and with its similarities to other planets in the solar system.

The planet's history and its relationship to mankind

a. Mars' contemporary significance

hen seen…...

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Works cited:

Bergin, Mark and Salariya, David, "Exploration of Mars," (Salariya Publishers, 2002)

Clancey, William J., "Working on Mars:

Voyages of Scientific Discovery With the Mars Exploration Rovers," (MIT Press, 31.08.2012)

Doyle, Amanda, "Spirit and Opportunity, the twin Martian rovers," Retrieved October 8, 2012, from the SEN Website:  http://www.sen.com/feature/spirit-and-opportunity-the-twin-martian-rovers.html

earth science. Earth Science being the study of the Earth is concerned with changes of the surface and interior of the Earth, and the forces that cause these changes (eed, 2008). Furthermore, Earth Science examines the interaction between Earth's weather and climate, the changes of organisms through time as interpreted by organic evolution. This article outlines factors that could make humanity extinct; natural disasters, human-triggered cataclysms, willful self-destruction, and greater forces directed against us. This article's theme is important as it addresses factors that when critically looked at have effects on the Earth's structure. Understanding the future is important as it helps individuals to take measures before any damage is realized.
Aims of the Article

This article's main objective is to ascertain whether human beings face the imminent danger of extinction from the universe. The article fulfills this objective by outlining factors that could see an end to humanity in the…...

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References

Franklin, J. (2009). What Science Knows: And how it Knows it. New York: Encounter Books.

Jha, A. (2011, November 20). Is the end of the world really nigh? The Guardian.

Oldroyd, D. (2006). Earth Cycles: A Historical Perspective. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.

Powell, C.S. (2000, October 1). 20 Ways the World Could End. Discover Magazine.

IX. Teacher presentation

The teacher's presentation in inquiry-based learning must be one that presents questions to the students. This can be best achieved through an interesting presentation that requires students to actively and fully participate in that which is being presented by the teacher. Capturing the classroom attention in this activity may be easily accomplished through filling a basket or box with oddities relating to earth science and to one-by-one pull them out of the container and lay them on the object being used for the presentation (i.e. teacher's desk, table, etc.) and to then ask the students what the object is allowing the students to guess, discuss and debate, and then providing the correct answer. But this is not the only question asked as the answer leads to more questions. For example: The teacher removes a conch shell from the basket holding the mystery items. The students guess and many…...

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References

Wiles, Kimball (1959) Teaching for Better Schools, 2d. ed Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Zimmerman, S & Hutchins, C (2003) 7 Keys to Comprehension. Three Rivers Press. New York.

Inquiry-Based Education in Earth Science Instruction

Earth Science
Air Mass

The Texas A&M University (1996-2007) claims that the Continental Tropical air mass is probably what's developing in the state of Arizona. These represent dry, hot air masses being created over southwest U.S. and north Mexico. The air mass makes its way into the U.S. via western Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, and typically moves in the east to northeast direction, carrying dry, hot air to the state of Texas. The precipitation direly needed in summer months is often brought by the thunderstorms and rain showers that form.

Thunderstorms

As per the Texas A&M University's (1996-2007) explanation, a majority of thunderstorms take place during the evenings or late afternoons, following maximum warming by radiation. During late afternoons, instability will probably be at its peak, on account of daytime heating, which increases the PBL (planetary boundary layer)-middle layer temperature gradient. With occurrence of daytime heating, the capacity of the air to evaporate…...

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REFERENCES

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (2014, June 4). Astrophysics. Retrieved July 14, 2016, from NASA:  http://www.nasa.gov 

Texas A&M University. (1996-2007). Air Masses. Retrieved July 14, 2016, from Texas A&M University:  http://www.met.tamu.edu 

Holland, A., & Williams, M. (2016). Stellar Evolution: The Life and Death of Our Luminous Neighbors. Retrieved July 14, 2016, from University of Michigan:  http://umich.edu

Interdisciplinary Education in Earth Sciences and Sustainability
Increasingly, educational scholars are observing the distinctive cognitive value in classroom projects that cross disciplinary boundaries and drive students to employ multiple learning strategies in completing academic tasks. This denotes the ambition to render curricular procedure and academic content according to the broader needs that must be fulfilled as one moves forward on one's academic journey. Accordingly, the approach taken to academics in this project proposal will center on the refinement of more generally applicable skill sets such as interpersonal communication, team orientation and learning through practical usage of emergent skills in science and mathematics disciplines. This approach will be modeled in accordance with the Common Core State Standards authored by the State of New York.

The project designed here would place students in groups, designated each group to study and create a presentation on a specific ecosystem. Possible selections would include the rainforest, northern…...

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Works Cited:

Moore, J. (2005). Is Higher Education Ready for Transformative Learning? Journal of Transformative Education, 3(1), 76-91.

New York State Education Department (NYSED). (2011). Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects. NYSED.gov.

Scientific Argument Foucault’s Pendulum is one of the key aspects that has been discussed and debated about in the course of time since its establishment. The main argument made by Foucault’s pendulum is to show proof that the earth actually rotates. The experiment introduced a pendulum that is already set in motion in a careful manner to evade the instigation of any slanting motion by tying it with a strand. Strangely, the pendulum then seems to alter its direction of swing in the course of time devoid of any external output or influence. This is to show that it is in actual fact that the Earth is the one rotating, whilst the pendulum goes on to swing in the similar plan in relation to the rest of the universe (Sparks, 2013). For instance, when an experiment is conducted, every time the pendulum goes through a swing for a period of six…...

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References

Mann, D. (2014). What’s Up With That: How a Swinging Pendulum Proves the Earth Rotates. WIRED. Retrieved from:  

Sparks, M. (2013). What is Foucault\\'s Pendulum? The Telegraph. Retrieved from:  http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/google-doodle/10317223/What-is-Foucaults-Pendulum.html 

https://www.wired.com/2014/05/wuwt-foucaults-pendulum/ 

One of the top performers, Singapore, boasts a very different approach towards mathematics education: "hile a single lesson in a U.S. textbook might span two pages and take one class period to go through, a lesson in a Singapore textbook might use five to ten pages and take several days to complete. The Singapore texts contain no narrative explanation of how a procedure or concept works; instead, there are problems and questions accompanied by pictures that provide hints about what is going on" (Garelick 2006: 1). However, an attempt to adapt such an approach in one Montgomery, Alabama school suburban district was abandoned, as it was feared that introducing new methods of teaching math within districts might make it difficult for students to meet state standards on standardized tests at the end of the year.
True, many Asian nations such as Korea also have national science and math educations and…...

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Works Cited

Adams, Cecil. (1999). "What exactly was the 'new math'?" The Straight Dope. Retrieved 28 Jul 2007 at  http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mnewmath.html 

Blosser, Patricia E. (1989). "The Impact of Educational Reform on Science Education."

ERIC/SMEAC Science Education Digest. No. 4. Retrieved 28 Jul 2007 at  http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9215/impact.htm 

Garelick, Barry. (Fall2006). "Miracle math: a successful program from Singapore tests the limits of school reform in the suburbs." Education Next. Retrieved 28 Jul 2007 at  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0MJG/is_4_6/ai_n16832469

This type of evolutionary thinking will challenge the initial creationist act as well. Many creationist currents, including the Christian one, believe that human life was also created through divine intervention, so any kind of such approach where life actually evolved to form the human being along the way takes away the special characteristics of human kind, as perceived by Christianity, for example. So, evolutionism virtually challenges the entire theological belief on the history of Earth and its inhabitants.

4. Logical positivism is based on general skepticism towards mythology, theology or metaphysics and on the idea that all true facts can and have to be verified in order to become veridical. In this sense, besides empiricism and materialism, verificationism is also one of the pillars on which logical positivism is based.

For a fact, proposition or idea to be cognitively meaningful, it has to be able to follow a particular path of cause-consequences…...

Science Tasks (Document 2 of 2)
MOISTURE-RELATED HABITAT PREFERENCES IN ISOPODS

PROJECT DESIGN PLAN

Isopods -- also known as "sowbugs" or "pillbugs" -- are usually mistakenly thought of as insects. In reality they are the only terrestrial species of crustacean, and are evolutionarily more related to crabs, shrimp and lobster than any kind of "bug."

This evolutionary relationship to so many aquatic species -- and the dearth of land crustaceans besides the isopods -- raises interesting questions about the isopod choice of habitat.

Crustaceans obviously have a system of underwater respiration using gills. Isopods also have these gills but do not live underwater: they are predominantly found in moist damp environments (beneath a rotting log).

But could isopods live underwater if necessary, or are their gills fully adapted to land life now?

I proposed an experiment to determine habitat preferences in isopods. It would offer a representative sampling of isopods the chance to choose between separate habitats.

In…...

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WORKS CITED

Gibb, Timothy J. And Oseto, Christian Y. (2006). Arthropod Collection and Identification: Field and Laboratory Techniques. San Diego and London: Elsevier Academic Press.

Robinson, William H. (2005). Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.

Landslides are a recurring natural hazard affecting many regions around the world, causing significant damage to infrastructure, property, and sometimes loss of life. In recent years, there has been an increased emphasis on using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as a tool for assessing landslide susceptibility and risk mapping. GIS allows researchers and planners to integrate various factors that contribute to landslide occurrence, such as topography, geology, land use, soil properties, and precipitation, to create spatial models that can identify areas at risk of landslides.
One of the key advantages of using GIS for landslide susceptibility mapping is its ability to analyze....

Key Findings on Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using GIS in Literature
1. GIS-based mapping techniques effectively identify areas with high landslide susceptibility.
Integration of geospatial data, such as topography, geology, hydrology, and land use, allows for comprehensive assessments.
Statistical and machine learning algorithms, including logistic regression, decision trees, and support vector machines, have been successfully employed.
2. Geomorphological and geological factors play a crucial role in landslide susceptibility.
Slope gradient, aspect, and curvature provide insights into terrain morphology and stability.
Bedrock lithology, faults, and geological formations influence ground conditions and susceptibility to landslides.
3. Hydrological characteristics are essential for assessing landslide triggers.
Proximity to....