Council of Arles
During the early history of the Christian Church, the ancient oman city of Arles, now in France, hosted a number of synods (councils) that would have a profound effect on the evolution and development of Christianity. We must remember that Christianity began as a Jewish sect in the mid-1st century, originating in the eastern Mediterranean Coast. As an offshoot to Judaism it became popular and grew to Syria, o, Asia Minor and Egypt, and by the 4th century A.D. had become the dominant religion within the oman Empire (ivers, 2008).

In general, of course, Christians believe that Jesus was the messiah prophesized in the Hebrew Bible, the "Old Testament." The foundation of Christian theology is based on early ecumenical "creeds" that contain claims the form the foundation of the faith. These state in general that Jesus suffered, died, was buried and was resurrected, then ascended into heaven where he…...

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REFERENCES

Fourth Century Christianity. (2008). Wisconsin Lutheran Council. Cited in:

 http://www.fourthcentury.com/the-councils-decision/ 

Ammann, L. (2010). What Do Traditional Anglicans Believe? All Saints Anglican

Church of San Antonio. Cited in:

Aside from the practical considerations provided by the system which split the federal and local authorities, there was also the matter of the limitation of powers. In this sense, the central government was built in such a manner as to express the boundaries of the influence even the elected office representatives had on the particular issues concerning each state. Thus, the Congress and the House of epresentatives were established and these institutions came to represent the essence of the American epublicanism and democracy.

Despite these revolutionary ideals, the interpretation of the epublican creed came to be associated with the industrial aspects of the economy. As the country began to flourish and the economic development came to be associated more and more with the industrial revolution, so did the epublican political thought. The issue related to the taxation without representation and the subsequent debates that emerged gave way to an increasingly worried…...

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References

Appleby, Joyce. Republicanism and Ideology. American Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 4, Republicanism in the History and Historiography of the United States. (Autumn, 1985), pp. 461-473.

Mcgurk, John. "A New Look at Civic Republicanism." Contemporary Review, Vol. 283, October 2003.

Slaughter, Thomas P. The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

This was racism at its worst. The enslaved Africans and the native Indians began to get closer to each other, and started to share certain ethic traditions between themselves, and soon, they started to marry each other, especially because of the disproportionate number of African males to females. A number of red-black people began to emerge from these unions, and these people formed traditions of their own. However, slavery continued to flourish and all these people were technically termed slaves. Having decided to take maters into their own hands to protest against the indignities being perpetrated against them in the name of slavery, Africans, Cherokees or Native Americans, and also Irish workers put up small acts of resistance and revolutions. (Chronology on the History of Slavery 1619 to 1789)
In the year 1790, in the United States of America, a census revealed that about 19% of the entire population of…...

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References

Ainslie, Ricardo; Brabeck, Kalina. Race Murder and Community Trauma: Psychoanalysis and Ethnography in Exploring the Impact of the Killing of James Byrd in Jasper, Texas. Journal for the Psychoanalysis of Culture and Society. Vol. 8; No: 1; 2003; pp: 114-116

Allen, Annette M; Brackett, Kimberly P; Marcus, Ann; Mullins, Larry C; Pruett, Daniel W; Tang, Zongli. Perceptions of Racism on Campus. College Student Journal. Vol. 37; No: 1; 2003; pp: 20-24

Bynon, Gai; Cleary, Felicity; Hamilton, Alex; Maller, Jerome; Melior, David; Watson, Lara. The Perception of Racism in ambiguous scenarios. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. Vol. 27; No: 2; 2001; pp: 46-52

Chronology on the History of Slavery 1619 to 1789. Retrieved at   Accessed on 28 June, 2005http://www.innercity.org/holt/chron_1790_1829.html .

Staircase ramps which are comprised of steep and narrow steps that lead up one face of the pyramid were more in use at that time with evidence found at the Sinki, Meidum, Giza, Abu Ghurob, and Lisht pyramids respectively (Heizer).
A third ramp variation was the spiral ramp, found in use during the nineteenth dynasty and was, as its name suggests, comprised of a ramp covering all faces of the pyramids leading towards the top. Reversing ramps zigzag up one face of a pyramid at a time and would not be used in the construction of step pyramids, while lastly interior ramps that have been found within the pyramids of Sahura, Nyuserra, Neferifijata, Abusir, and Pepi II (Heizer, Shaw).

Ancient Greece

Ancient Greek architecture exists mainly in surviving temples that survive in large numbers even today and is tied into Roman and Hellenistic periods which borrowed heavily from the Greeks. Temples are…...

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Bibliography

Ackerman, J.S. "Architectural Practice in the Italian Renaissance." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (1954): 3-11.

Alchermes, Joseph. "Spolia in Roman Cities of the Late Empire: Legislative Rationales and Architectural Reuse." Dumbarton Oaks Paper (1994): 167-178.

Allen, Rob. "Variations of the Arch: Post -- and lintel, Corbelled Arch, Arch, Vault, Cross-Vault Module." 11 August 2009. Civilization Collection. 5 April 2010 .

Anderson, James. "Anachronism in the Roman Architecture of Gaul: The Date of the Maison Carree at Nimes." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (2001): 68-79.

" (Jan. 16, 1896, p. 9) oentgen won a Nobel Prize for his discovery which was very well deserved considering the fact that he was the first to notice the X-rays when similar rays had been seen before. Once the discovery became public, there was no stopping the physicists, scientists and even photographers. Everyone tried to find out how they could make use of those rays with Edison developing incandescent bulbs to produce X-rays and British scientist William Bragg worked on inner nature of X and y-rays. Many more researches and studies followed the initial discovery and they helped better understand the nature of X-rays and how they could benefit the medical community.
eferences

Alexi Assmus: Early History of X-rays. etrieved online 3rd June 2009 from http://www.slac.stanford.edu/pubs/beamline/25/2/25-2-assmus.pdf...

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References

Alexi Assmus: Early History of X-rays. Retrieved online 3rd June 2009 from  http://www.slac.stanford.edu/pubs/beamline/25/2/25-2-assmus.pdf

"They are adding 1 million new users a day."
Impact on cultures

One of the Chinese cultures that are affected by the wireless technology is the Cash Culture. Paying in cash has been a practice to most Chinese. Credit and debit cards are not in the trend of the Chinese culture. However, with the revolution of the wireless technology, cash would seem to be a little out of the way of how the technology will be utilized. This is because part of a type of a mobile service uses prepaid methods. Tom York, in his article China's Exploding Wireless Industry, mentions the following.

Payments for small purchases can be billed along with the monthly wireless bill, the method now used to bill for third-party purchases and services.

ut that system probably won't work on a large scale need to support a mobile economy," says Chen. He also notes that more and more consumers…...

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Bibliography

Intel Working to Advance Use of Wireless Technology in China.

Retrieved on February 11, 2005 from Intel Online. Web site:  http://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/releases/20040609corp.htm 

York, T. China's Exploding Wireless Industry.

Retrieved on February 11, 2005 from Hpbazaar Online.

17th century, a book inspired by Sir Walter Raleigh and written by Richard Hakluyt, entitled "Western Planting," built up great interest in American colonization. Focus of commercial explorations was possible trade with the East India Company for the West. The King of England formed and granted a royal charter to the London Company and the Plymouth Company (Interesting.com) to found a colony. In December 1606, the London Company, led by Captain Christopher Newport, reached a town and named it Jamestown, after the King of England. It was the first permanent settlement in North America, the whole of which was then Virginia. The first settlers in this new land consisted of 12 laborers, a few carpenters, a blacksmith, a mason, a barber and a tailor and 50 other men.
When Captain Newport returned England for a while and left the colony to the inefficient leadership of Governor Wingfield, trouble and misery…...

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Bibliography

1. Folk, Stephney. Virginia's Founding Fathers. (accessed 28:03:03). http://www.lineone.net/~fight/Stephney/virginia.htm

2. Garman, Gene. Founding Principles Rejected: Colonial Virginia. 1998 accessed 28:03:03).  http://www.sunnetworks.com/~ggarman/princip.html 

3. Interesting.com. Colonial Virginia. (accessed 28:03:03).  http://www.interesting.com 

4. Jeff. The Founding of Jamestown. The Montague Millennium, 2002.

history of the League of Women Voters rightly begins with the very inception of the Women's Movement and the fight for liberation in the United States. During the early history of the United States there was little, if any respect for the principles of women's rights. In an intensely patriarchal society a man " ... virtually owned his wife and children as he did his material possessions. If a poor man chose to send his children to the poorhouse, the mother was legally defenseless to object." (Women's History in America) The history of women's movements in the United States is largely a reaction to this system of exclusion and male-dominance.
The start of the history of the fight for women's rights begins with a tea party hosted by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, in New York. Mrs. Stanton expressed her feelings of discontent at the situation of women in society. This meeting…...

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Bibliography

A biography of America: The sixties. learner. February 13, 2005..  http://www.learner.org/biographyofamerica/prog24/feature/ 

Eisenberg B. And Ruthsdotter M. Living the Legacy:

The Women's Rights Movement 1848 -- 1998. February 12, 2005. http://www.legacy98.org/move-hist.html

LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS. Houghton Mifflin. February 13, 2005.

sound technologies and sound design in Film
Sound in films

Experiments in Early Age

Developments

Crucial innovations

Commercialization of sound cinema: U.S., Europe, and Japan

Sound Design

Unified sound in film production

Sound designers in Cinematography

Sound Recording Technologies

History of Sound Recording Technology

Film sound technology

Modern Digital Technology

History of sound in films

Developments

Sound Design

Sound Recording Technologies

The film industry is a significant beneficiary of performing arts. The liberal arts combined with latest techniques and advancements experienced a number of stages. The introduction of films and sound in films was a significant development of its times. The introduction of first film along with sound was a unique event and it revolutionized the industry in such a way that it influenced every individual related to the industry to start thinking on creative and innovative grounds for improvements. The stages of films can be identified as silent films shown in theaters and they were narrated live. However the introduction of sound in films was…...

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Bibliography:

Alten, SR 2008, Audio In Media, Thomson Wadsworth, USA.

Altman, R 2004, Silent Film Sound, Columbia University Press, USA.

Ballou, G 2008, Handbook for sound engineers, Focal Press, USA.

Beck, J & Grajeda, T 2008, Lowering the boom: critical studies in film sound, University of Illinois Press.

Prostitutes are often represented and protected by a pimp. A pimp is a man who is responsible for protecting the prostitute, and collecting the money that she gets paid for her services. Pimping is also illegal as it has commonly led to violence against the prostitute or Johns and it is often steeped in drug use or providing drugs to the prostitute to keep her hooked and willing to perform sex in exchange for those drugs.

LEVELS

There are many types of prostitutes. The street prostitutes walk around on city streets soliciting customers who drive by in cars. They generally have a room or access to a hotel nearby or they will get into the vehicle and perform acts of sex for money.

There are also brothels in some parts of the world as well as Nevada.

Brothels are controlled houses or environments in which prostitutes work. They have an older woman, called a…...

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References

Prostitution (Accessed 10-6-06)

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution

Clark, R. E. (2004). The classical origins of Pavlov's conditioning. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 39(4), 279-294.
Classical conditioning is the cornerstone of behaviorism. However, it is often taken for granted how classical conditioning was introduced to the field of psychology. This article starts with a brief section about the precursors of Pavlov’s famous dog salivation response experiments. The precursor to Pavlov was Twitmyer’s knee-jerk reflexes. Like Green (2009), Clark (2004) talks a little of William James and his contributions to the early evolution of psychology. Then, Clark (2004) delves into the meat of the matter: Pavlov’s experiments. Using dogs as subjects, the Russian scientist revolutionized the study of human behavior with his studies showing how classical conditioning works. Clark (2004) traces Pavlov’s work, and also shows how it was received. Then, the author shows how Pavlov’s conditioning experiments became classical conditioning through the work of B.F. Skinner. Essentially, this research uses…...

Michigan Auto Show: History
Early History

The history of the Michigan Auto Show (now re-named as the North American International Auto Show) dates back to 1899 when it was held for the first time as the Detroit Auto Show in Detroit. The credit for organizing the earliest Detroit Auto Shows goes to illiam E. Metzeger who dealt in bicycles before becoming associated with the auto industry. ("Zacharias"). Metzeger had traveled to England in 1895 to attend the world's first auto exhibition and returned to Detroit to become its first auto dealer. (Ibid.)

In 1899 Metzeger and an associate formed the Tri State Sportsman's and Automobile Association and leased the Light Guard Armory in Detroit to organize a hybrid exhibition of sporting equipment and automobiles. At the first show, the major attractions were big-game trophies from Africa, fishing tackle and assorted sporting equipment, rather than automobiles. Metzeger was the only auto dealer in Detroit…...

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Works Cited

Auto Show Historical Overview: A colorful past, an exciting future." January 2002. NAIAS 2002 -- Official Web site. March 10, 2002. http://www.naias.com/main.asp?sectionID=51&visitorType=1

Economic Impact: North American International Auto Show." January 2002. NAIAS 2002 -- Official Web site. March 10, 2002. http://www.naias.com/main.asp?sectionID=87&visitorType=1

Interesting Facts." January 2002. NAIAS 2002 -- Official Web site. March 10, 2002. http://www.naias.com/main.asp?sectionID=5&visitorType=1

2002 NAIAS: History." Woman Motorist. (n.d.) March 10, 2002.  http://www.womanmotorist.com/autoshows-2002/naias-2002/naias-2002-history.shtml

Histories of the orld in 6 Glasses (compare and Contrast 3 Drinks)
The History of the orld in Six Glasses by Tom Standage

'Tell me what you drink and I will tell you who you are'

The History of the orld in Six Glasses by Tom Standage chronicles human history through changing tastes in beverages, spanning from beer to wine to 'spirits' (hard liquor), coffee to tea, and ending with Coca-Cola. Although many books have explored human history through the lens of a singular foodstuff, few have used beverages. Yet, as Standage points out in his introduction, although a person can survive without food for a relatively long period of time, without liquids, he or she will perish in days. Beverages also have intoxicating properties which can change the way that civilizations unfold, either causing drunkenness or alertness. And it is perhaps for that reason that so many cultures and nations have defined…...

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Works Cited

Standage, Tom. The History of the World in Six Glasses. New York: Walker & Co., 2005.

Early vs. later Aegean Civilization -- Minoan and Mycenaean vs. Classical and Hellenic Ages
The early Minoan and Mycenaean cultures of the Aegean represent, respectively, a palace-ruled island-based culture and a more militaristic land-based culture, that were eventually to converge into the singular culture of the Classical Age of mainland ancient Greek civilization. At first, this development may seem surprising. The differences between the early and late artistic and political eras seem striking to the modern eye. hile Minoan and Mycenaean statues are static and almost Egyptian in their stylization, Classical and particularly Hellenic sculptures and depictions of the human form are 'realistic,' idealized, or highly emotional in their stance and expression. The earlier civilizations were either royal or military-run, and fairly enclosed. Athens was to form the cradle of democracy for later civilization, and even Sparta formed alliances with other city-states. Still later, Hellenic society became extremely porous, as it…...

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Works Cited

Hawkes, Jacquetta. (2002) "Cultural Explanations." PhpWiki. [23 Feb 2002]http://metamedia.stanford.edu/traumwerk/index.php/Knossos%2C%20the%20Pacifistic%20Mother%3F%3A%20Comparisons%20with%20Mainland%20Greece.

History Of Softball
Softball has its origins in the game of baseball, the bat-and-ball sport which was first played in America with a codified set of rules in Hoboken, New Jersey on 19 June 1846. The game of softball appeared in the U.S. just over thirty years later in 1887. While the two sports are similar in many ways, they also contrast in a number of ways -- as does their history. This paper will examine the history of softball and show how and why it developed out of the game of baseball.

With the first known game of softball being played on Thanksgiving Day in Chicago between Yale and Harvard football fans. The game began quite by accident and quite spontaneously when, after the results of the football game between the two rivals were announced and winning parties were awarded their money, a graduate from Yale hurled a boxing mitt at…...

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From the 1950s onward, an organization known as the International Softball Federation began to oversee softball competition across the entire world. In Australia in 1965, women competed for the first time in an international championship match that included five teams from around the world. Even though the game was invented by men, the women beat them in holding the world's first world championship softball tournament. The first men's world tournament did not take place until the following year in 1966 and it was held in Mexico City. The United States men's team won the championship. From that time on, every four years, a world tournament has been held for competing times within the international community.

Softball even became an Olympic event in 1996 when women's softball was included as an official sport in the Olympic Games. The United States women's team has shown nothing but dominance in the Olympic Games since softball was inaugurated, winning three gold medals. The sport was cut, however, not even a decade after its inauguration, by the International Olympic Committee. (Baseball was removed from the Games as well). Still, some speculate that softball will return to the world stage along with all the other major sporting events of the Summer Olympics.

In conclusion, softball was a game that began quite by accident when rowdy college football enthusiasts took up hitting around a boxing mitt in a boat club in Chicago. Thanks to the determination of a man named George Hancock, the oversight of Lewis Rober (a fireman in Minneapolis), and the organization skills of Leo Fischer and Michael Pauley, softball evolved from the boat club to the Olympics as one of the world's most popular sports for men, women and children.

I. Introduction
- Definition of women's rights
- Importance of women's rights in society

II. Early history of women's rights
- Women's lack of legal rights in ancient civilizations
- Women's rights in early modern Europe
- The role of women in the American Revolution

III. Women's rights movements in the 19th century
- Seneca Falls Convention and the Declaration of Sentiments
- The suffrage movement in the United States
- Women's rights movements in Europe

IV. Women's rights in the 20th century
- Women's suffrage around the world
- Women's rights in the workplace
- The feminist movement in the 1960s and 1970s

V. Current challenges and victories in women's rights
- The fight for....

The Reliquary Statue of Sainte Foy: A Symbol of Religious Devotion in Medieval Europe
The Reliquary Statue of Sainte Foy, crafted in the 10th century, stands as a remarkable embodiment of religious devotion in medieval Europe. This exceptional artifact encapsulates the profound veneration of saints and the belief in their intercession during this era.
Historical Origins and Significance
Sainte Foy, a young Christian martyr from the 4th century, was venerated as a saint in the Middle Ages. Her relics, including her skull and right arm, were enshrined in the abbey of Conques in southern France. In the 9th and 10th centuries, Conques became....

Essay Topic 1: The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians in 586 BCE

Focus Questions:

What were the historical events leading up to the siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar?
Describe the military strategies employed by the Babylonians and the tactics used by the defenders of Jerusalem.
Analyze the impact of the siege on the city, its inhabitants, and the Jewish nation as a whole.

Essay Topic 2: The Babylonian Captivity of Judah (586-539 BCE)

Focus Questions:

How did the Babylonian exile affect the identity, beliefs, and practices of the Jewish people?
Discuss the social and economic conditions of the....