Early Childhood
Many have agued about the contributing factors to the differences that fathers and mothers have. Some have associated the differences with gender socialization while others have linked it to be biological. Of course, these two have contributed but we cannot run from the key contributor, biological. Our bodies and characters are manifested through the biological process that takes place in our bodies.

Fathers are always different to mothers in terms of their voices where most of the fathers tend to have deep voices contrary to women who have high pitched voices. Emotionally fathers are strong where crying or showing fear is not much evidenced in them like the way mothers tend to be weak emotionally; they cry easily and have a lot of fear. Fathers can also be described as impassive while mothers are passive, fathers are rational in terms of their decision while women are irrational, fathers are rough…...

mla

References

John Stossel, (1998) "Boys & Girls Are Different: Men, Women, and the Sex Difference," ABC News Special, The Electric Library.

Leslie Feinberg, (1996) Transgender Warriors, Beacon Press: Boston, Massachusetts.

Early Childhood
The educational setting I have selected in my community to deconstruct within this document is called Thriving Minds (formerly Muskal Assessment and Learning Clinic). I was able to contact two long-term staff members of this organizations for a fairly candid interview revolving around their educational philosophy as specifically applied to parental involvement. Since this particular learning clinic exists outside of the formal constructs of any public or private school educational system, parental involvement is integral to the relationship fostered between clinicians, parents and students since it is usually the parents who decided to enroll their children. As such, the degree of parental involvement actuated at Thriving Minds is perhaps considerably more than that at traditional educational institutions such as schools or learning academies.

Parental involvement is defined at Thriving Minds in a variety of ways, all of which relate to the basic concept of keeping parents informed about their students'…...

In this regard, there is a clear sociological agenda which initiates with the expectation that boys will be attracted to certain features in their toys and that girls will be attracted to certain other, divergent features.
Ultimately, this denotes that it will fall upon the shopping parent to determine which type of toy is more valuable to his or her child. To my perspective, those toys which lack an apparent sociocultural agenda do so because they are inherently flexible to the innumerable needs and ambitions of the developing child.

Adolescence:

Paper Clips (2004) is a compelling documentary in which the children of an elementary school in hitwell, Tennessee have been engaged in a project designed to better conceptualize and put into perspective the enormity and horrors of the Holocaust. The class would center on teaching the students tolerance, and would prove directly well-suited to the adolescent stage experienced by most of the…...

mla

Works Cited:

Crain, W.C. (1985). Theories of Development. Prentice-Hall.

Harder, A.F. (2002). The Developmental Stages of Erik Erikson. Learning Place Online.

Early Childhood
Norm-referenced vs. criterion-referenced test

A norm-referenced test is an assessment that usually brings out an estimate of the position of the person who is being tested in a population that is predefined with the focus being the trait that is being measured. The estimate is normally obtained from analyzing the test scores as well as other data which is got from the population and is relevant .in this type of assessment there is identification of whether the person who is taking the test is better or worse than the other people who are also taking the test. However this assessment is not used to determine whether the person who is taking the test knows more or less than the requirement. Criterion referenced test is an assessment involves translating test scores into statements regarding the expected behavior of an individual who has attained a particular score or how they relate to…...

mla

References

Dannielle.(2008). Norm-Referenced vs. Criterion-Referenced Testing.Retrieved Novemeber 10,2013 from  http://www.altalang.com/beyond-words/2008/05/22/norm-referenced-vs.-criterion-referenced-language-tests/ 

Robert, C.(2013). Differences Between Standardized & Non-Standardized Assessments. Retrieved Novemeber 10,2013 from  http://classroom.synonym.com/differences-between-standardized-nonstandardized-assessments-4442.html 

Klotz, M.B & Canter, A.(2013). Response to Intervention (RTI): A Primer for Parents. Retrieved Novemeber 10,2013 from  http://www.readingrockets.org/article/15857/

Early Childhood Activities
My Creative Activities Portfolio

My Name

CE230 Creative Activities for Young Children Final Project

Activity #

Creating a Leaf Character

Ehlert, L. (2003). Leaf man. New York: Harcourt Children's Books.

Age(s):

wks-1 yr ages 2-4

ages 5 -- 7

ages 8 -- 10

ages 10-12

Time equired:

minutes

After completing this activity, students will be able to sort leaves by attributes (shape, color, size) and assemble them to create an original art project which they can then use as a story prompt for a subsequent writing lesson.

Materials/Equipment:

Brown paper lunch bags, assorted autumn leaves, collected outdoors by students, 9X12 sheets of construction paper, white school glue, plastic "google" eyes

Highlight (all) elated Developmental Area(s):

Drama

Creative Play

Art

Music

Movement

Individual

Small Group

Large Group

Cognitive

Linguistic

Physical

Sensorimotor

Social-emotional

Procedure: Explain in detailed narrative form using complete sentences how this activity is accomplished. Include the skills that are required and learned and what will be necessary for the instructor to successfully accomplish this task with his/her students.

The teacher will read aloud to the whole class Leaf…...

mla

Resources/Developing_Estimation.pdf

"Responsive Classroom morning meeting activities." (2008). Northeast Foundation for Children. Retrieved April 15, 2013 from  http://www.responsiveclassroom.org/sites/default/files 

/pdf_files/videos/mmactivities_directions.pdf

Findings from several research studies show that when computer software and classroom manipulatives were compared, "the computer software was found to be the more effective means of skill building in young children" (Hitchcock and Noonan, 2000). The key, it appears, is the judicious use of technology and the timeframe in which computers are used. Computer software can be used as a learning tool, but disguised as a game. Further research found that computers are motivating and promote teacher-student interaction, which allows the teacher to encourage, prompt, and point to display items. While more research is clearly needed, the computer can be programmed to meet individual learning needs and to adapt regular curriculum issues in a more robust manner (Spencer and Baskin, 1997).
Part 4 -- The literature shows us that there are five major ways in which computers enhance learning in early childhood education:

Enhancing Learning -- There is a positive…...

mla

REFERENCES

Cesarone, B. (2000). Computers in Elementary and Early Childhood Education. Childhood Education. 77 (1): 54-63.

Department of Education. (2003). Benefits of Technology use. Retrieved from:

 http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/os/technology/plan/national/benefits.html 

Hitchcock, C. And Noonan, M.J. (2000). Computer-Assisted Instruction of Early Academic

Porch (2002) points out that research unequivocally shows that early childhood education paves the way for later educational success.
As of now, few states offer fully funded early childhood education programs. As of 2002, only three states offered fully-funded pre-kindergarten programs (Porch 2002). The fundamental purpose of the Early Childhood Development Initiative was to increase awareness of the importance of early childhood education. Yet more work needs to be done to ensure government support of early childhood development programs and not just lip service.

Kagan (2004) suggests some possible solutions to the lack of comprehensive funding for early childhood education programs for every American. Urban areas should be the number one recipient for federal and state funding, given that most of the nation's disadvantaged students live in urban centers and attend urban schools. Furthermore, wise investments into appropriate early childhood education programs will ensure that the taxpayer funds are spent well…...

mla

References

Early Childhood Cognitive Development." The White House. Retrieved May 15, 2008 at  http://www.whitehouse.gov/firstlady/initiatives/education/readingprograms.html 

Kagan, S.L. (2004). Improving Urban Student Achievement Through Early Childhood Reform: What State Policymakers Can Do. Early Childhood Reform. Retrieved May 15, 2008 at  http://www.ecs.org/clearinghouse/50/07/5007.htm 

Porch, S. (2002). Early Childhood Education Issues. Educational Research Service. Spring 2002. Retrieved May 15, 2008 at  http://www.ers.org/spectrum/spg02a.htm

Early Childhood (Ages 3 to 7)
Early childhood (3-7)

Development of prefrontal cortex

By early childhood, areas such as sensory areas of the brain are already myelianated and after that the motor areas begin myelination. During childhood, myelination of the prefrontal cortex takes place and the pattern of development goes on until adolescence. The prefrontal cortex is at the front of the brain that is involved in complex and cognitive regulatory behaviors. This rate of development and myelination differs from one child to another hence the differences in their skills and abilities. This part of the brain is evidently one that has the most prolonged development period as its development occurs throughout childhood and into adolescence.

This section of the brain plays a role in different types of functions; goal setting and the planning of a sequence of actions, inhibiting inappropriate reposes and working memory meaning that it keeps information available and accessible for…...

mla

References

Tsujimoto1, S.(2009).The Prefrontal Cortex: Functional Neural Development During Early Childhood. Retrieved February 15, 2014 from  http://nro.sagepub.com/content/14/4/345.abstract 

Bergen, D.(2002). The Role of Pretend Play in Children's Cognitive Development. Retrieved February 15,2014 from http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v4n1/bergen.html

Fairness
When data collection is reliant on teacher reporting and therefore the "...perception and rating of the Kindergarten teacher" (uhn, uderman, & Zumbo, 2007, p. 456), how would you suggest best controlling for or adjusting for perception bias?

Teacher reporting is understandably used in studies like that of uhn, uderman & Zumbo (2007). In the uhn, ederman & Zumbo (2007) study, the Kindergarten teachers rated their own students on the EDI. It is difficult to conceptualize other means by which the students could be evaluated. Researchers could use third-party observers, such as Kindergarten teachers from other schools. This might reduce perception bias in that teachers are somewhat likely to develop personal likes or dislikes during the course of instructing their students. A teacher from another school who has not been in contact with the students might have less personal bias toward the population being measured, but would be lacking in the ability…...

mla

Guhn, Guderman and Zumbo (2007), Oliveri, Ercikan and Zumbo (2013), and readings from the text all illuminate some of the ways diverse classrooms function. Early childhood educators face a multitude of issues during the course of their work. One of the greatest challenges to early childhood educators is assessment, and finding the most appropriate, least biased, and least invasive methods of assessing students from diverse populations. Assessments should certainly be comprehensive and refer to the whole child, as Guhn, Guderman and Zumbo (2007), Oliveri, Ercikan and Zumbo (2013), and readings from the text all show. Behavioral issues need to be taken into account, as to issues related to social learning and emotional maturity. Yet concrete learning tasks, ranging from language development to specific knowledge, also need to be measured in ways that are sensitive to different learning styles. One way to ensure a fair assessment is simply to use multiple methods of assessment for each child, and to assess for as many factors as possible to avoid overlooking key areas of strength or weakness. Moreover, administrators or coworkers can monitor assessments or perform independent ones to correct for and address potential biases related to gender or ethnicity. Ideally, observing children in a naturalistic setting over a long period of time would help provide a comprehensive picture of their development. Video recordings might also come in handy for review purposes.

3. Does the prospect and understanding of differential item functioning (DIF) change your perception of reported scores and rankings on tests such as the PISA? Explain how DIF may have changed your perception or did not and why?

Measurement biases like differential item functioning (DIF) has changed my perception of reported scores and rankings on tests like the PISA. The plethora of learning that takes place at home and in communities can often supplant or enhance the learning that takes place in the classroom. Social learning in diverse communities also complicates matters related to DIF. Understanding DIF enhances my personal appreciation for early childhood education methods. Many tests do take place in settings that might enhance DIF, whereas more naturalistic assessments might minimize DIF. Specific methods of controlling for DIF can also be used in more complex data analyses. While I understand the need for assessments, I do believe that standardized systems like PISA can be seriously flawed in their design and interpretation. Learning more about DIF has helped me envision how to design more appropriate assessment methods while still recognizing the role that specific learning plays in education. Assessments that acknowledge cultural bias, allowing more nuance and greater reliance on holistic teacher observations, will be preferable in early childhood education. In many cases, multiple assessment methods can be combined to provide a complete picture of a child's development.

Children constantly grow and evolve with time, and relevant communication, emotional, social, and cognitive changes are experienced. Social and emotional changes are how children start perceiving things around them and respond accordingly. These perceptions can build from the closest relations, like parents and friends. This paper analyzes three developmental domains, cognitive, social, and emotional, of the selected developmental period in my life in relevance to the theories. The practical applications would help gain a deep understanding of the identified stage and theories in the real world. I interviewed my mother for this paper to get an in-depth analysis of my early childhood stage. She told me that I was kind and empathetic from the beginning, which formed the basis of my upbringing. I was a quick friend-maker during early childhood since I liked to be around people. Making friends gave me confidence that I could adjust to any type of person…...

mla

Reference

Cherry, K. (2019, August 2). Support and criticism of Piaget\\'s stage theory. Very Well Mind. Retrieved from  

https://www.verywellmind.com/support-and-criticism-of-piagets-stage-theory-2795460 

Alternative Methods in eading Assessment for Young Learners
eading is one of the arduous tasks to teach in the early childhood subject. At the same time, it is also a very interesting process. As mostly believed, the beginning of the language learning process always involves enthusiasm and the joy of the subject going through trial and error, recognizing the closest parts of their life. It goes through that way - until one day the process becomes a real and conscious workshop.

As children start getting their formal education, they need to go through the development process with a series of goals, which mostly are carefully set up for them, in order to obtain an addressed achievement in a given time schedule. As the result, they may look a little bit nervous and reluctant to show their real competence, as the process of assessment considered threatening.

This issue has been a long time discussions…...

mla

References

Beck, J.W. (1999). How to Raise a Brighter Child: The Case for Early Learning. Pocket Books. 352

Katz, L.G. (1997). A Developmental Approach to Assessment of Young Children. Retrieved November 6, 2002 from ERIC Digest. ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education Urbana IL. Web site: http://ericps.ed.uiuc.edu/eece/pubs/digests/1997/katz97.pdf.

Latha, R.H. (1999). A Reading Programme for Elementary Schools. The English Teaching Forum. Vol. 37. No. 4. pp. 12-15.

Meisels, S.J. (1995). Performance Assessment in Early Childhood Education: The Work Sampling System. Retrieved November 6, 2002 from ERIC Digest. ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education Urbana IL. Web site:  http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed382407.html .

NURSING Nursing: NR602 Clinical PearlsTable 1: Category 1 chosen from the videoCategory nameHealthy teethPositive interaction/ behaviorWhen the provider asked him whether the parent brushes her childs teeth with water, she responded by saying that she brushes his teeth every morning and night.Negative interaction/behaviorNone as such.Guidelines/ recommendationsThe parent should have responded in the same way as she did since she should comprehensively listen and reply to the providers questions.Scholarly referenceIt is recommended that for children under three years of age, no more than the size of a rice grain of toothpaste should be used for brushing his teeth daily, in the morning and night (Mark, 2019)Professional/ ethical communicationProfessional communication should include well-mannered and humble responses from the parent. The interaction between the childcare provider and the parent would enable the provider to learn what should work and what not in early childhood development.Table 2: Category 2 chosen from the videoCategory nameCognitive…...

mla

References

Brown, N., Luckett, T., Davidson, P.M. & Giacomo, M.D. (2015). Interventions to reduce harm from smoking with families in infancy and early childhood: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(3), 3091-3119.  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120303091 

Effective discipline for children. (2004). Pediatrics and Child Health, 9(1), 37-50.  https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/9.1.37 

Hernandez-Alava, M. & Popli, G. (2017). Children’s development and parental input: Evidence from the UK millennium cohort study. Demography, 54(2), 485-511.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0554-6 

Liu, X., Yang, J., Chen, X. & Li, L. (2016). Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors on child passenger safety among expectant mothers and parents of newborns: A qualitative and quantitative approach. PloS One, 11(1).  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146121

Another important strategy is that of exploring spatial relations. In such activities, children gain a better visual and practical sense of the spatial relations within mathematics. Scholastic's article portrays two girls discussing the appropriate spatial placement of a couch in a dollhouse. Such thinking methods can be influenced utilizing activities asking the children to map their house, their school, or their neighborhood in proportions. This will help open the child's mind to a more organized way of approaching spatial relations.
Using such strategies help lay the foundations of mathematics essential for later higher levels of learning. It is important to introduce elementary topics and concepts as early as possible, without boring young children to loose their interest. Early math lessons should include engaging activities which help keep the child moving and the learning environment active....

Orientation will be held in a similar way, with parents exposed to Hahn's philosophy and rationale of the school curriculum, introduced to each of the teachers and invited to participate in joining in the various activities. Monthly reports will summarize the monthly events. Yearly reports will summarize the institution's annual achievement.
Description of assessment process used to document children's progress.

The Work Sampling System will be used which is a comprehensive assessment system for children in preschool though third grade. This consists of:

1. A modified Developmental checklist, arranged by 4 of the customary 7 domains: social development, language, art and music, and physical development.

2. Portfolios of children's work collected three or more times and year

3. Summary reports, written by teachers three times a year based upon their observations and ongoing records (Valeska Hinton early childhood educational center, Peoria, Illinois).

eferences

6 declines of modern youth; Kurt Hahn. Wilderdom www.wilderdom.com/sixdeclinesofmodernyouth.html

Esquith. . (2009) Lighting their…...

mla

References

6 declines of modern youth; Kurt Hahn. Wilderdom www.wilderdom.com/sixdeclinesofmodernyouth.html

Esquith. R. (2009) Lighting their fires: raising extraordinary kids in a mixed-up, muddled-up, shook-up world. New York: Viking

Four antidotes to the declines of modern youth -- Kurt Hahn Wilderdom www.wilderdom.com/fourantidotes.html

Dr. Kurt Hahn www.wilderdom.com/KurtHahn.html

Education in Early Childhood Early childhood programs are the first source of information and knowledge for the young minds that have just started to explore the world. It is high time when the child's brain and thoughts would be steered in any direction as they are raw and hungry for knowledge. The future development is based on the foundations set in this age as a strong base would help in lifelong learning and social and cognitive development.
One key trend that is transforming early childhood programs is the increased use of technology, which has proved useful in current pandemic times. Children of today are already living in a digital age since the previous generation thought television was the newest form of technology (National Association for the Education of Young Children, 2012). Now, children are well-aware of mobiles, laptops, and tablets that have been increasingly used in schools for better knowledge gaining and…...

mla

References

Blackwell, C.K., Lauricella, A.R. & Wartella, E. (2014). Factors influencing digital technology use in early childhood education. Computers and Education, 77, 82-90.  

Cassidy, J., Jones, J.D. & Shaver, P.R. (2014). Contributions of attachment theory and research: A framework for future research, translation, and policy. Development and Psychopathology, 25(4 Pt 2), 1415-1434. DOI: 10.1017/S0954579413000692

Cherry, K. (2020, March 31). The 4 stages of cognitive development. Very Well Mind. Retrieved from  https://www.verywellmind.com/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development-2795457 

Delgado, P. (2019, October 22). The importance of parental involvement in teaching. Observatory. Retrieved from  https://observatory.tec.mx/edu-news/the-importance-of-parental-involvement-in-teaching 

Edarabia. (n.a.). 7 domains of early childhood development. Retrieved from  https://www.edarabia.com/7-domains-of-early-childhood-development/ 

Horsburgh, J. & Ippolito, K. (2018). A skill to be worked at: Using social learning theory to explore the process of learning from role models in clinical settings. BMC Medical Education, 18(156).  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1251-x 

Kelly. (2016, January 13). Childcare qualifications needed to work in childcare. Early Years Careers. Retrieved from  https://www.earlyyearscareers.com/eyc/qualifications-and-training/childcare-qualifications-needed-to-work-in-childcare/ 

Kharrazi, S.K. & Delgoshaee, Y. (2010). Cognitive approach towards education and its impact on social responsibility of pre-school children. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 2174-2177. DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.432http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.04.013 

The Neurobiology of ADHD: Exploring the Genetic and Environmental Influences

Introduction

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition that affects an individual's attention, behavior, and emotional regulation. Biological factors, including genetic and environmental influences, play significant roles in the development and manifestation of ADHD. This essay will delve into the neurobiology of ADHD, examining its genetic basis, environmental risk factors, and the interplay between these factors.

Genetic Basis of ADHD

Twin and family studies have consistently demonstrated a strong genetic component in ADHD. Research has identified several susceptibility genes located on different chromosomes that have been linked to the disorder. These genes are....

1. Discuss the role of genetics in the development of ADHD and how it impacts learning and memory processes in individuals with the disorder.
2. Evaluate the neurological basis of ADHD and its impact on cognitive functions such as attention, working memory, and executive functions.
3. Analyze the relationship between ADHD and learning disabilities, and how these co-occurring conditions affect memory formation and retention.
4. Explore the effectiveness of different pharmacological interventions for ADHD in enhancing learning and memory abilities in individuals with the disorder.
5. Discuss the potential role of neuroplasticity and neurogenesis in improving learning and memory outcomes in individuals with ADHD.
6.....

Yes, there are several essay topics that can present opposing viewpoints on the use of technology for little kids. Some potential topics include:

1. The benefits and drawbacks of introducing screen time to young children.
2. The role of technology in early childhood education: should it be embraced or limited?
3. The potential impact of excessive screen time on children's development and social skills.
4. The effectiveness of educational apps and games for young children.
5. The debate over whether parents should limit or monitor their children's technology use.

These topics can provide a platform for a lively and informative debate on the use of technology....

Essay Topic 1: The Impact of Technology on Young Children's Development

Viewpoint 1: Technology can hinder young children's development by limiting their physical activity, social interactions, and imaginative play.

Viewpoint 2: Technology can enhance young children's development by providing educational opportunities, fostering creativity, and improving communication skills.

Essay Outline:

Introduction: State the opposing viewpoints and provide a brief overview of the topic.
Body Paragraph 1: Discuss the negative impacts of technology on physical activity, social interactions, and imaginative play. Provide evidence to support these claims.
Body Paragraph 2: Explore the positive impacts of technology on educational opportunities, creativity, and communication skills. Provide evidence....