They also have to use the media to do advocacy.
A barrier like knowledge of impact has the most potential to be reduced in order for the venture to realize its goal. Majority of people resort to damping their electronic wastes into landfills or even use earth as a waste basket because they do not know the impact of engaging in such activities. Some even end up burning such waste oblivious of deleterious effects of engaging in such acts. Take an example of the components of a computer motherboard. It is highly probable that they contain heavy metals like mercury and lead.

Scientific research shows how dangerous these heavy metals are to the lives of human beings especially when they find their way into the human diet (UNEP, 2009). Lead is connected with memory loss in human beings (Heylighen & Bernheim, 2000). When key partners like Lower East Side Centre and…...

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References

Heylighen, F. & Bernheim, J. (2000). Environmental Conditions. Retrieved October 5, 2012 from  http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ENVICOND.html 

Kozlan, M. (2010). What is E-waste and how can I get rid of it? Retrieved October 5, 2012 from  http://www.fourgreensteps.com/infozone/featured/features/what-is-e-waste-a-how-can-i-get-rid -

of-it

Russell, M. (2006). Tips and tricks for recycling. Retrieved October 5, 2012 from  http://www.smartbiz.com/article/articleprint/1525/-1/58

Political Economy of E-Waste
Introduction to E-Waste

While developed countries and the west, in general, continue to take pride in applying modern technology in their activities, some parts of the world seem to be losing because of the same developments in the west. The countries in the global north are pursuing modern technology in all respects possible. There are hundreds of thousands of electronic waste products that are generated from such pursuits. The electronic devices developed in these countries are largely sold in countries with a ready market to receive them. The devices come with a limited life span. They often stop functioning after their lifespan has lapsed. It follows that such devices and equipment has to be disposed off. It is this aspect of handling the products of technology that causes a major problem in some countries. Most of the devices contain metallic parts and toxic constituents. The toxins cause a…...

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Bibliography

"Chapter 5 -- Environmental and Health Risks: Unusual Expansion of Waste Incineration in China Needs Attention." Chinese Research Perspectives Online (n.d.). doi:10.1163/2213-6002_crpn_liu_9789004324596_0006.

"FRONTLINE/World Ghana: Digital Dumping Ground | PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. Accessed February 7, 2017.  http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/ghana804/video/video_index.html .

Electronic Wasteland"  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuGSSuGs9jM 

"Watchdog group tracks what really happens to your 'recycled' e-waste" -- PBS News Hour

E-Trash
Most of the world's electronic trash -- especially old computers -- is dumped in the third world countries, resulting severe environmental problems and illnesses among residents. A latest news agency declares that about 80% of the world's electronic trash is imported to Asia every year, and about 90% of which ends up in China (Chandran, 2002). The large amount of electronic trash dumped in Chinese cities has created serious health hazards for residents living across these cities. Although Chinese authorities have listed Guangdong's towns of Guiyu, Longtang and Dali and other areas as the country's major collection and distribution centers for electronic trash, these areas now have become a health hazard. The health problems arise through cathode ray tubes (CTs), and any device that might hold them. CTs contain lead and other chemicals that leach from landfills into groundwater. The pollutants are released into the air during burning.

ecently, the European…...

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References

Bartholomew, Doug (2001). E-Business Commentary -- PC Makers: Haul Your Own Trash. Industry Week, August, pp.21-24.

Berger, Sandy (2004). Recycling Computers & Electronic Equipment. Compu-Kiss, pp. 1-2.

Chandran, Rina (2002). Trash e-trash. Business Line, April 10, pp. 4-5.

Markoff, John (2002). Technology's Toxic Trash Is Sent To Poor Nations. Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition, pp.7-8.

The role of the leader is to inspire vision, demonstrate confidence and set examples for the group to follow. Our leader will need to create a positive environment to energize our group towards achieving our objectives. To reach common consensuses, our leader will be given the power of final say after the group has deliberated and debated on an issue. To reach our goal, we will be very careful when choosing a leader. We will choose a leader based on several qualities that our leader must possess and these qualities will include:
Communication skills

Written skills

Ability to convince other people efficiently and effectively

Education qualification

Good personality.

ased on the strategies that we will use to select our leader, it is envisaged that our leader will assist the group to reach a better decision.

Team Work

While our leader is to assist the group to reach a better decision for good of the venture, however, the…...

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Bibliography

Environmental Protection Agency . Electronic Reuse and Recycling. EPA WasteWise Update. 2000. Retrieved 14 December 2012 from  http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/smm/wastewise/pubs/wwupda14.pdf 

National Research Council .Advancing the Science of Climate Change . National Research Council. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA. 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2012 from  http://dge.stanford.edu/labs/caldeiralab/Caldeira_research/pdf/ACC_Science_2010.pdf

Environmental egulations and Industry Best Practice for Efficient Use of esources
The inappropriate disposal of electronic or so-called "e-waste," including office consumables such as laser printer and photocopier toner cartridges, represents a major environmental threat. In fact, according to Taylor, "E-waste' is growing in landfills at three times the rate of general refuse."

In the past, identifying ways to recycle laser printer and photocopier toner cartridges was complicated by the fact that these cartridges contain a "complex mix of plastics, metals, foams and toner."

Identifying ways to recycle laser printer and photocopier toner cartridges, though, is worthwhile. For instance, "Printer cartridges contain valuable metals such as steel, aluminium and copper, as well as ink, toner powder, plastics, rubber, silica and foam, much of which can be recycled."

Nevertheless, Weissman emphasizes that the fact that, "Disposal of electronics waste is complicated, because many of the more than 1,000 different substances in electronics waste streams…...

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References

Gray, Gerry. (1999, Spring). "Corporations Go Green," American Forests, 104(1): 3-5.

"Recycle Your E-Waste Today." (2013, June 6). The Old Gympie Times, 37.

Taylor, Rachel. (2006, April-May). "He's Closed the Loop: A Single Environmental

Commitment Turned Steve Morris into an Entrepreneur with a Company That's about to Go Global," Ecos, 130: 8-10.

1. What is e-waste? What is so dangerous about e-waste? Many well-meaning individuals thought that recycling was the answer to the e-waste problem. But why hasn't e-waste recycling yielded the results hoped for?
E-waste (electronic waste) refers to the discarded electronic or electrical devices that are no longer being used, are unwanted, non-working, and obsolete. All used electronics that are destined for resale, reuse, recycling, salvage, or disposal are also considered to be e-waste. E-waste affects nearly every system in the human body mainly because they contain a plethora of toxic components like lead, calcium, mercury, barium, lithium, cadmium, polybrominated and flame retardants (Cucchiella, D’Adamo, Koh, & Rosa, 2015). Recycling of e-waste is still the answer to the e-waste problem, but recycling has to be carried out in a laid-out manner and not just anyone should be allowed to recycle e-waste. Recycling of e-waste is labor intensive and recycling employees need…...

Technology
As scientist come up with new technology for the welfare of mankind in this world they end up producing luxuries. The attitude of the people towards the environment is changing due to the fact that they need more and more luxuries and this makes them destroy the environment, and this make environment to be polluted in different forms.

In the act of mankind living luxuriously, they sometime use instruments such as air conditioners, fridges and others that do release C.F.Cs in the environment leading to deplete of the ozone layer, Paul Kennard (2006). According to researches the depletion of ozone layer during 19th century when there was no much use of such things, is compared with for 20th century, it has been found that there is 50% increase of the depletion. Deforestation uncontrollable for the purpose of building with the aim of accommodation tends to raise the content of oxygen…...

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Reference and Education: Science

Tania Branigan (25 November 2008). "One-third of China's Yellow river 'unfit for drinking or agriculture' Factory waste and sewage from growing cities has severely polluted major waterway, according to Chinese research." London: guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-03-14.

" (fom Wold envionmental news, Intenet edition)
Besides developing flexible legislation that will distibute the functions of ecycling between manufactues and municipal sevices thee has to be a definite and developed pogam that would specialize on the optimal and the most exhaust utilization of electonic waste, eduction of e-waste landfills and incineation. Recycling pogam should not be limited to the ecycling of CRT monitos, as thei ownes ae moe likely to bing the whole obsolete compute system to the ecycling, not just compute monitos.

The benefit of integal pogam of ecycling is that it allows using a vaiety of mateials used in the electonics manufactuing like pecious metals, semi-pecious metals, and some electonic items in the euse.

The most impotant pat of the e-waste management is seach of the most appopiate and qualified patnes in the technical o pactical pat of the poblem solution. This poblem is of the essential value, as the…...

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reference: being reused repaired and modernized; being recycled and the most ecologically disadvantageous solution is simply being land filled. But the realization of these practices faces a lot of obstacles mainly of financial character. All of them are quite expensive and do not bring desired return.

That's why scientists and economists agree in the following: recycling of e-waste has to be the concern of electronics manufacturers. Loop industry is the most optimal solution to the problem as the manufacturer becomes responsible for the recycling of the products he makes. Introduction of such practices has the negative outcomes of course. Because technological process becomes more complicated and intensive, requires involvement of additional equipment and facilities on the hand with new labour the net value of the production increases and so the customers would have to pay more for electronics.

Another direction in the solution of e-waste problem is export of e-waste to the developing countries, where the process of recycling is cheaper and the possibility of e-waste to be reused, repaired and modernized is higher. Moreover some third world countries use unpopulated territories for e-waste. Anyways, this kind of solution is not appropriate again, because most of these practices somehow avoid law regulations of these countries and cannot have a mass character. It only creates additional problem which would have to be solved in close future.

As most of experts agree that recycling of e-waste has to be the problem of e-products manufacturers they have to develop different effective strategies and technologies for the most optimal solution of this problem: starting form transportation of e-waste from customer to the process of recycling. At this point global environmental community has to cooperate and share new practices and approaches in solving this problem. It refers both to technology and legislative regulation of the problem.

And in developing own strategy for e-waste management the officials of different countries have to work together and adopt practices of each other that are being effective. Countries of European Union had already made the first steps to the solution of this problem, making manufactures to be responsible for the waste caused by their products. The United Sates and Canada should start to introduce these practices as well, if they want to achieve ecological balance and safe coexistence of scientific and technological progress with health of humanity.

Cross-functional team dynamics require leaders who can be transformational in their ability to communicate compelling missions, goals and objectives for the teams, not just managing by action item lists and project plans (Santa, Ferrer, Bretherton, Hyland, 2010).
The best cross-functional teams then have a level of passionate intensity about them; they see the much greater result they are attempting to accomplish as worth the sacrifices they need to attain them (Feng, Jiang, Fan, Fu, 2010). Nowhere is this more prevalent than in the area of new product development and introduction (NPDI), especially in high tech manufacturing where product lifecycles are so rapid (Boks, Stevels, 2007). In the leading high tech companies including Cisco, Hewlett-Packard, IBM and others, sustainability engineering, product development engineering, packaging, repackaging and remanufacturing all have their experts on cross-functional teams to share their expertise and insight to make sustainability initiatives accomplishable through better use of internal knowledge…...

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References

Albino, V., a. Balice, and R. Dangelico. 2009. Environmental strategies and green product development: an overview on sustainability-driven companies. Business Strategy and the Environment 18, no. 2, (February 1): 83.

Barrett, J.. 2007. Demand-Driven is an Operational Strategy. Industrial Management, November 1, 14-19,5.

C Boks, and a Stevels. 2007. Essential perspectives for design for environment. Experiences from the electronics industry. International Journal of Production Research 45, no. 18/19, (September 1): 4021.

Bongsug (Kevin) Chae. 2009. Developing key performance indicators for supply chain: an industry perspective. Supply Chain Management 14, no. 6, (November 1): 422-428.

The net effect of these trends on the environment is mixed. According to Kohler and Erdmann (2004), the expanded use of ICT applications will ultimately result in both benefits to the environment, as well as some new problems associated with their use. The extent to which the negative effects are mitigated will ultimately depend on the foresight that is used today to develop long-term energy and waste management policies that will control the development of ICT infrastructures and how they are used in the future (Kohler & Erdmann, 2004).
According to Lan and Thomas (2009), there is no escaping the fact that information and communication technologies are fundamentally changing the nature of commerce and hold important promise for economic development in the future. These authors are quick at add, though, that proceeding with these technologies is a complex enterprise and there are still a number of unknowns involved concerning how…...

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References

Cyr, C. (2007, April/May). E-waste not. Plenty, 31.

Daly, J. (2005, June). ICT and ensuring environmental sustainability. Communication Initiative.

Retrieved from  http://www.comminit.com/redirect.cgi?m=7e7425fe10109533767cb66 

a2ef922a4.

In particular, it states that Joffe-Walt's proposal of having developed countries take responsibility for their own waste to solve China's e-waste problems won't necessarily work.
Liu explains that China banned the import of e-waste way back in 2000. Thus, the continued import of e-waste is from black market trade fueled by China's abundant, cheap, and skilled labor force. The e-waste is shipped to Hong Kong that then smuggled into China where local authorities are willing to look the other way because it is such a hugely profitable business.

According to Liu, the efforts of developed countries to discontinue the export of e-waste will only serve to make the problem worse. For example, the European Union created the European Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment in 2005. This Directive "holds producers responsible for financing the collection, treatment, recovery, and environmentally sound disposal of waste electronics. However, the author contends that, while…...

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Bibliography

Joffe-Walt, Benjamin. (2005) "China's Computer Wasteland." In De Palma, Paul (Ed.), Computers in Society 06/07 (pp. 169-171). Dubuque: McGraw Hill: Contemporary Learning Series.

Liu, Yingling (2006, May 4). "China's E-Waste Problem: Facing Up to the Challenge." Retrieved from http://www.worldwatch.org/node/3921

This approach has been regarded as one of the best and safest approaches. Despite this, there is widespread concern about proper radioactive waste management. (National esearch Council (U.S.), 1)
According to a 1976 EDA report, the nine facilities for radioactive waste disposal have been referred to as significant health hazards. Leaks and spills at such facilities are not very uncommon. In fact, the radioactive waste storage facility at ichland has reported around 18 leaks in a period of 20 years discharging approximately 430,000 gallons of radioactive wastes, shows the enormity of the situation. Leaks have also been reported in Kentucky, New York State, and in Tennessee. (Gyorgy, 130) it has been reported that the U.S. generates radioactive PCB wastes at a rate greater than 5 million tons annually. Moreover, the U.S. has more than 200 million tons of uranium mill tailings in which 85% of its original radioactivity still persists.…...

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References

Brown, Lester R; Earth Policy Institute. Eco-Economy.

Earthscan, 2003.

Cember, Herman. Introduction to Health Physics.

McGraw-Hill Professional, 1996.

The WITE initiative was a collaborative approach that drew upon industry, state, local governments as well as the EPA's isk eduction Engineering Laboratory with the overall goal of developing more effective pollution prevention technologies that could assist the electronics manufacturing industry in developing a "crade to grave" approach to managing these products (appaport, 1999).
Besides these earlier efforts, in more recent years, increasingly rigorous laws and regulations have been implemented by the EPA with the goal of minimizing the impact of electronics and electrical device waste on the environment have began to make a major difference in recovering these toxic substances before they ever have a chance to become waste. For instance, pursuant to the above-mentioned esource Conservation and ecovery Act, it is now illegal for companies in the United States to simply discard hazardous waste, including electronics and electrical devices, in normal trash receptacles (The importance of recycling computers,…...

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References

Brown, V.J. (2004). Electronics, lead and landfills. Environmental Health Perspectives,

112(13), 734.

Gaba, J.M. (2008). Rethinking recycling. Environmental Law, 38(4), 1053-1054.

Gebrewold, F. (1999). Current hazardous waste management and disposal practices among small quantity generators. Journal of Environmental Health, 57(2), 11.

Information SystemsTable of ContentsAbstract 1What is an Information System (IS)? 2Why Learn about IS? 26 Major Types of IS: Who Uses Them and How 3Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) 3Management Information Systems (MIS) 5Decision Support Systems (DSS) 6Executive Information Systems (EIS) 7Expert Systems (ES) 8Office Automation Systems (OAS) 8Information System Applications 9Operational-Level Systems 9Management-Level Systems 10Strategic-Level Systems 11Negative Effects on the Environment 11Conclusion 12eferences 13AbstractThis paper examines Information Systems (IS) within the context of the modern organization and the wider environment. It first describes their types, applications, and the environmental implications of their widespread use and also discusses the specific functions and users of various IS, including Transaction Processing Systems (TPS), Management Information Systems (MIS), Decision Support Systems (DSS), Executive Information Systems (EIS), Expert Systems (ES), and Office Automation Systems (OAS). In addition, it classifies IS into operational-level, management-level, and strategic-level systems to explain their significance in facilitating day-to-day operations, supporting…...

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References 13AbstractThis paper examines Information Systems (IS) within the context of the modern organization and the wider environment. It first describes their types, applications, and the environmental implications of their widespread use and also discusses the specific functions and users of various IS, including Transaction Processing Systems (TPS), Management Information Systems (MIS), Decision Support Systems (DSS), Executive Information Systems (EIS), Expert Systems (ES), and Office Automation Systems (OAS). In addition, it classifies IS into operational-level, management-level, and strategic-level systems to explain their significance in facilitating day-to-day operations, supporting managerial decision-making, and informing strategic planning processes. Finally, it examines the environmental impact of IS, particularly the challenges posed by energy consumption, electronic waste (e-waste), resource depletion, and carbon emissions associated with the life cycle of information and communication technology products and services. Solutions to these challenges focus on sustainable practices in the development, deployment, and disposal of IS.Keywords: Information Systems, Environmental Impact, Organizational Efficiency, Decision Support Systems.What is an Information System (IS)?An Information System (IS) is an organized system for the collection, organization, storage, and communication of information (Stair et al., 2015). More precisely, it is the study of complementary networks that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data (Salama & Bachr, 2019). A complete IS includes four key components—people, processes, data, and technology (Al-Shammari, 2009). People are the end-users who interact with the information system. Processes are the methods and procedures that describe how data is processed and used in the system. Data consists of the raw data captured by the system, which is processed into useful information. Technology refers to the hardware and software used to capture, store, process, and disseminate information. These components work together to help organizations achieve their objectives by providing managers and other decision-makers with precise, timely, and relevant information.Why Learn about IS?In today’s modern, digital era, IS are essential in nearly all aspects of society and business operations, from managing day-to-day transactions to informing strategic decisions. Understanding IS enables one to grasp how society in general and organizations in particular use technology to achieve desirable outcomes. Learning about IS also gives people more knowledge to interact with and use data effectively, which can help them in decision-making processes. A good understanding of IS means one has a sense of how data can be transformed into valuable information and insight. For someone interested in strategic planning or making operational improvements, knowing about IS means being firmly grounded in the reality of today’s technologically-driven world (Stair et al., 2015).IS knowledge helps individuals understand how technology can create competitive advantages. Because it assists in automating operations and improving decision-making, IS can help businesses differentiate themselves in the marketplace. As technology advances, an understanding of IS helps people remain adaptable and fluent in the use of new technologies as well as in the marketplace of ideas. IS also bridges the gap between business and technology, incorporating principles from fields such as management, operations, and computer science. This interdisciplinary nature makes IS knowledge valuable for understanding how different parts of an organization can integrate and function cohesively.Practically speaking, knowledge about the field of information systems also offers diverse career opportunities. From systems analysis and design to IT project management, understanding IS principles is crucial for anyone pursuing a career in technology or any field where technology plays a critical role.6 Major Types of IS: Who Uses Them and HowTransaction Processing Systems (TPS) Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) serve as the operational backbone for a wide array of organizations, by streamlining the execution of daily transactions that include sales, receipts, deposits, payroll, and inventory management among others (Rainer et al., 2020). These systems are engineered for both speed and reliability, so as to support the smooth operation of an organization\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s day-to-day activities. Because they can automate routine tasks, TPS improve operational efficiency and free up human resources to focus on some of the more complicated tasks and decision-making processes.In the retail sector, both small stores and multinational chains rely on TPS to manage everything from sales transactions to inventory levels, and customer data. The technology underpinning cash registers, point-of-sale (POS) systems, and online checkout systems exemplifies TPS in action, facilitating swift and accurate transaction processing. Similarly, financial institutions such as banks and financial services companies depend on TPS for the processing of deposits, withdrawals, transfers, and payments. The operation of automated teller machines (ATMs), online banking platforms, and credit card processing systems are all contingent on the robust capabilities of TPS (Rainer et al., 2020).Manufacturing companies leverage TPS to keep track of orders, monitor inventory, manage procurement processes, and oversee production schedules, in support of the efficient movement of materials and products through the supply chain. In the realm of healthcare, TPS are indispensable for managing patient records, processing billing information, and handling insurance claims, thereby guaranteeing that healthcare operations proceed without a hitch. Government agencies also benefit from TPS, utilizing them for a range of functions including tax collection, license renewals, and the disbursement of benefits. The use of TPS across these various sectors underscores their versatility and critical role in the operational efficiency of modern organizations. TPS aids in the maintenance of accuracy and security of data as it assists in handling sales transactions, financial processing, inventory management, payroll systems, order processing, and record-keeping. In doing so, it also supports regulatory compliance and improves service delivery, thus contributing to customer satisfaction and the effectiveness of organizational operations. The automation of routine transactions thanks to TPS helps organizations to allocate their human resources to more strategic tasks (Stair et al., 2015).Management Information Systems (MIS)Management Information Systems (MIS) aid modern organizations by synthesizing data to generate reports in support of management tasks. These systems are tailored to produce a spectrum of reports, from routine operational summaries to intricate analyses aimed at facilitating strategic decisions. MIS are very instrumental for middle managers, as they help them to monitor, control, and optimize business processes within their domain of responsibility (Rainer et al., 2020). Middle managers across various departments and sectors rely on MIS to navigate the complexities of organizational operations. These individuals, responsible for bridging the gap between the strategic directives set by upper management and the operational activities carried out by front-line employees, use MIS to gather actionable insights. Whether it\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s in finance, operations, marketing, human resources, or production, MIS provide the necessary tools to assess performance, identify trends, and make informed decisions (Kavanagh & Johnson, 2017). In finance, for example, MIS help managers track budget allocations, monitor spending, and forecast future financial needs, to protect the organization\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s financial health and stability. Operations managers use MIS to streamline processes, manage supply chains, and enhance efficiency, thereby improving productivity and reducing costs. In marketing, MIS enable the analysis of market trends, customer behaviors, and campaign effectiveness, facilitating the development of targeted marketing strategies. Human resources managers like to use MIS to track employee performance, manage recruitment processes, and develop training programs.MIS are also beneficial in strategic planning and problem-solving. As they can give detailed analyses and create predictive models, MIS allow managers to anticipate challenges, identify opportunities, and devise strategies for growth and improvement. They assist in the simulation of various scenarios, which in turn helps managers evaluate the potential outcomes of different decisions and choose the path that best aligns with the organization\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s goals. Moreover, MIS can improve communication and collaboration within the organization by creating a centralized platform for sharing information, so that all managers are working with the same data and aligning their efforts towards common objectives (Kavanagh & Johnson, 2017). Decision Support Systems (DSS)DSS are interactive, software-based systems that provide support in decision-making processes, especially in situations where problems are not well-structured and solutions are not readily apparent. These systems are engineered to assist managers across various levels by offering advanced analytical tools and modeling techniques. DSS are adept at handling complex data sets, enabling the analysis and simulation of different scenarios, which can help in forecasting outcomes and assessing the impact of various decisions (Rainer et al., 2020).The users of DSS span a wide range, from mid-level management to top executives, essentially anyone involved in the decision-making process who faces complex problems without clear-cut solutions. For instance, a marketing manager might use a DSS to evaluate the potential impact of different advertising campaigns based on historical sales data and market research. Similarly, a supply chain manager might employ a DSS to optimize inventory levels by analyzing patterns of demand and supplier performance.DSS facilitate a collaborative decision-making process by allowing the integration of data from various sources and enabling the sharing of insights and forecasts. They support the evaluation of alternatives and the exploration of future scenarios, helping managers to make more informed, data-driven decisions (Rainer et al., 2020).Executive Information Systems (EIS)EIS, on the other hand, are tailored for senior executives and are designed to provide a holistic view of an organization\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s performance through dashboards and data visualizations. These systems aggregate data from across the organization to present high-level metrics and key performance indicators (KPIs) that are critical for strategic planning and decision-making. EIS focus on the future, incorporating trend analysis, drill-down capabilities, and forecasting tools to assist executives in navigating the strategic direction of the organization (Kavanagh & Johnson, 2017). Senior executives, including CEOs, CFOs, and other C-suite leaders, use EIS to stay informed about the organization\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s performance and to identify opportunities and challenges. For example, a CEO might use an EIS to monitor overall company performance against strategic goals, drilling down into specific areas like revenue growth, operational costs, and market share. This at-a-glance view enables executives to quickly assess the health of the organization, make strategic decisions, and allocate resources effectively.EIS are instrumental in supporting the strategic decision-making process at the highest levels of management. They provide executives with the tools to analyze trends, monitor critical metrics, and forecast future performance, all of which are essential for guiding the organization towards its long-term objectives (Stair et al., 2015).Expert Systems (ES)Expert Systems are a form of artificial intelligence that simulates the judgment and behavior of a human or an organization that has expert knowledge and experience in a particular field. These systems are developed by integrating the knowledge of experts into a set of rules that guide decision-making processes, offering advice or recommendations accordingly. They are particularly beneficial in fields that require a high degree of specialized knowledge, such as medical diagnosis, where an ES can assist doctors by providing second opinions and diagnosing based on symptoms and medical data (Rainer et al., 2020).In engineering, ES can optimize design processes and troubleshoot issues by applying the deep, specialized knowledge embedded within them. In finance, they aid in investment decisions, risk assessment, and fraud detection by analyzing vast amounts of financial data against known patterns and rules. The core advantage of ES lies in their ability to provide consistent, high-quality advice and to make knowledge accessible to non-experts, thereby amplifying the decision-making capabilities within organizations.Users of Expert Systems include professionals seeking to augment their expertise with deep, domain-specific knowledge and insights. These systems are designed to extend the cognitive capabilities of individuals in complex decision-making scenarios, so that decisions are informed by a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter, even when direct human expert involvement is not feasible (Kavanagh & Johnson, 2017). Office Automation Systems (OAS)Office Automation Systems focus on improving the efficiency of office tasks and workflows. OAS encompass a broad range of software and hardware solutions designed to automate and optimize administrative duties, thereby reducing manual labor and streamlining operations. These systems facilitate a variety of office functions, including document management, scheduling, email communications, and data management (Stair et al., 2015).Through the automating of routine tasks, OAS free up employees to focus on more strategic and creative work, enhancing productivity and reducing the likelihood of errors. For example, document management systems make sure that files are stored systematically, making retrieval easy and efficient. Similarly, scheduling systems automate appointment and meeting planning, while email management systems help organize communications, so that information flows smoothly within and outside the organization (Rainer et al., 2020).OAS are used across all levels of an organization, from entry-level employees to senior executives, aiding in the efficient execution of daily tasks. The universal applicability of OAS makes them an indispensable part of modern office environments, facilitating seamless operations and communication. Information System Applications IS applications can be categorized into three distinct types based on the level of operations they support within an organization: operational-level systems, management-level systems, and strategic-level systems. Each type can support the organization\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s hierarchy and decision-making processes, from day-to-day operations to long-term strategic planning.Operational-Level SystemsOperational-level systems are designed to support transactional and day-to-day operational activities within an organization. These systems manage and automate routine tasks, facilitating the efficient execution of short-term processes that are essential for the smooth functioning of various departments. For example, in the context of a manufacturing company, operational-level systems might include order tracking systems, inventory control systems, and assembly line scheduling systems. In retail, they encompass point-of-sale (POS) systems and customer relationship management (CRM) systems that handle sales transactions and customer interactions (Rainer et al., 2020).The primary users of operational-level systems are frontline employees and supervisors who require real-time data to perform their duties effectively. These systems are characterized by their high volume of transactions, which are typically simple and repetitive. The goal of operational-level systems is to increase efficiency, ensure accuracy in transactions, and provide a foundation for higher-level decision-making processes.Management-Level SystemsManagement-level systems are intended to serve the informational needs of middle managers and department heads, providing them with tools to monitor, control, and plan the operations under their purview. These systems aggregate data from operational-level systems and apply analytical processes to support tactical decision-making. Management-level systems include Management Information Systems (MIS), which generate reports on the organization\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s current performance, and Decision Support Systems (DSS), which offer analytical tools and modeling capabilities to assist in solving more complex problems.The focus of management-level systems is on the medium term, facilitating resource allocation, performance analysis, and operational planning. They help managers identify issues, analyze trends, and make informed decisions to optimize departmental performance and align with organizational objectives (Rainer et al., 2020).Strategic-Level SystemsStrategic-level systems are designed to support senior management and executives in the formulation of long-term strategies and organizational goals. These systems provide a high-level view of the organization\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s performance and its environment, offering insights into long-term trends, opportunities, and threats. Executive Information Systems (EIS) and strategic planning systems fall into this category, providing dashboards and visualization tools that summarize key performance indicators (KPIs), financial metrics, and market data (Rainer et al., 2020).Strategic-level systems enable top executives to perform long-range planning, make strategic decisions, and assess the potential impact of those decisions on the organization\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s future. They are characterized by their ability to integrate internal and external data, facilitating a comprehensive analysis of the organization\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s strategic positioning.Negative Effects on the Environment IS can have negative impacts on the environment. These impacts are primarily due to the energy consumption, resource use, and waste associated with the lifecycle of information and communication technology (ICT) products and services. Understanding these environmental challenges is essential for developing more sustainable practices and technologies. One of the most significant environmental impacts of information systems is the energy consumed by the devices and infrastructure that support them, including servers, data centers, and network devices. Data centers, in particular, are intensive energy consumers due to the need to power and cool a large number of servers 24/7. The global digital ecosystem\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s energy demand contributes to the consumption of fossil fuels, resulting in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that drive climate change (Olah et al., 2020).The rapid pace of technological advancement and the consequent obsolescence of electronic devices contribute to a significant amount of electronic waste, or e-waste. This includes discarded computers, smartphones, tablets, and other electronic components that are integral to information systems. E-waste often contains hazardous materials, such as lead, mercury, and cadmium, which can leach into the soil and water, posing health risks to humans and wildlife. Proper disposal and recycling of e-waste remain significant challenges (Rainer et al., 2020).The manufacturing of electronic devices and infrastructure for information systems requires a substantial amount of non-renewable resources, including precious metals like gold, silver, and platinum, as well as rare earth elements. The extraction and processing of these materials have environmental impacts, including habitat destruction, water pollution, and the depletion of finite resources. Plus, electronic devices and systems generate heat, which can contribute to the urban heat island effect in densely populated areas. This increases the demand for cooling energy in buildings and affects local ecosystems and biodiversity (Olah et al., 2020).Addressing the environmental impact of information systems involves adopting more sustainable practices, such as improving energy efficiency in data centers, extending the lifespan of electronic devices, and enhancing recycling and waste management processes. Developing more energy-efficient computing technologies, promoting the use of renewable energy sources, and encouraging responsible consumption and e-waste recycling are important steps toward reducing the negative environmental impacts of information systems.Conclusion In conclusion, IS cater to specific operational, managerial, or strategic needs. The classification into operational-level systems, management-level systems, and strategic-level systems reveals the hierarchical importance of IS in facilitating day-to-day transactions, tactical management, and long-term strategic planning. However, some consideration should be given to the environmental repercussions of IS, characterized by significant energy consumption, e-waste generation, resource depletion, and carbon emissions, pose substantial challenges. These negative impacts can be addressed by sustainable practices in the development, deployment, and disposal of IS. ReferencesAl-Shammari, M. (Ed.). (2009). Customer Knowledge Management: People, Processes, and Technology: People, Processes, and Technology. IGI Global.Kavanagh, M. J., & Johnson, R. D. (Eds.). (2017). Human resource information systems: Basics, applications, and future directions. Sage Publications.Rainer, R. K., Prince, B., Sánchez-Rodríguez, C., Splettstoesser-Hogeterp, I., & Ebrahimi, S. (2020). Introduction to information systems. John Wiley & Sons.Oláh, J., Aburumman, N., Popp, J., Khan, M. A., Haddad, H., & Kitukutha, N. (2020). Impact of Industry 4.0 on environmental sustainability. Sustainability, 12(11), 4674.Salama, H., & Bachr, C. (2019). Implement of the information. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 27(2), 456-462.Stair, R., Reynolds, G., Aldcorn, J., & Neufeld, D. (2015). Principles of information systems. Cengage Learning Canada Inc.

production and consumption of material resources is an often overlooked but very important aspect of human life on earth, as we are increasingly fighting to maintain sustainability of the global population. The capital of natural resources is being drained as economic and political factors influence the production and consumption of material resources. Developed nations have fared much better than poor undeveloped nations in terms of moving towards being able achieve sustainability. Two production habits related to material resources that can be discussed and that are important for the sustainability of the global population; are the production of vehicles for transportation and also the production of electrical appliances. These two types of material resources have great impact on the potential sustainability of the world's population. The production habit of vehicles for transportation, specifically cars is driven by a global economy that demands the production of millions of new vehicles every…...

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References

Eljarrat, E., Barcelo, D., & Alaee, M. (2011). Brominated flame retardants. Berlin: Springer.

Mulvaney, D. (2011). Green technology: an A-to-Z guide. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Marina pollution is a significant problem that is only increasing as the popularity of boating and water sports increase.  Here are some PhD thesis topics about marina pollution to consider:

The impact of headwater emptying on marina pollution levels and whether the presence of readily available waste disposal stations helps reduce those pollution levels.  A secondary question to consider would be whether the fees associated with those waste stations impacts how much they are used, for example do free waste disposal stations help decrease marina pollution?

How parking lot runoff impacts marina pollution and can this impact be lessened....

Essay Topics on Pollution

Air Pollution:

The Impact of Air Pollution on Human Health and the Environment
The Role of Vehicle Emissions in Air Quality Degradation
The Economic and Social Costs of Air Pollution on Cities
The Effectiveness of Air Quality Regulations and Standards
The Future of Air Pollution Mitigation and Control

Water Pollution:

The Causes and Consequences of Water Pollution in Developing Countries
The Impact of Agricultural Practices on Water Quality
The Role of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Reducing Water Pollution
The Legal and Policy Framework for Water Pollution Control
The Challenges and Solutions to Marine Pollution

Land Pollution:

The Sources and....

Literary Analysis

Hamlet's Tragic Flaw: An Exploration of Indecisiveness and Self-Doubt
The Role of Ambition in Macbeth: A Study in Power and Corruption
The Tragic Heroine in King Lear: A Comparison of Cordelia and Goneril
Romeo and Juliet as a Tragedy of Fate or Free Will
The Meaning of Love in Twelfth Night: A Romantic Comedy with a Twist

Character Analysis

The Complexity of Hamlet: Madness, Melancholy, and the Search for Truth
Macbeth: A Tragic Hero or a Villain?
Ophelia in Hamlet: A Study of Fragility and Female Agency
The Character of Falstaff in Henry IV and Henry V: Humor, Loyalty,....

A suitable thesis statement for an expository essay on managing human waste could be: "The effective management of human waste is paramount to ensuring public health, preserving the environment, and fostering sustainable development by employing advanced technologies, implementing proper regulations, and promoting awareness among individuals and communities." When developing a compelling managing human waste thesis statement, it is important to focus on the key aspects of the topic that will capture the reader's interest. Consider highlighting the significance of addressing this issue, the potential benefits of effective waste management, and the various approaches that can be utilized to make a positive....