DSM IV-T
Grade course

Alcohol intake, getting high, cocaine addiction and withdrawal symptoms are some of the terms widely heard by everyone in their day-to-day lives. Although they may sound interesting, habitual or a source of entertainment, they can transform into serious illnesses. Due to this fact, substance-related disorders are listed in the DSM IV-T which includes the disorders associated with drug intake, related to the side effects of a medicine and also to the exposure of toxins.

The symptoms of substance related disorders commonly occur due to high dosage of medication. However, it may lower down as soon as the dosage reduces or is put to an end. The examples of some of these medicines include anesthetics, anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, anti-depressants, and more (Durand, M. 2009).

As mentioned earlier, apart from medications, there are a number of other chemical substances which might also be the factor in causing the substance related disorder. Amongst…...

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References

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fourth Edition. Text Revision. Washington DC

Brooks, B. (2006). "DSM-IV-TR for Clinicians: Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment

Planning." Pesi Training.

Durand, M. (2009). Abnormal Psychology. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

DSM IV Disorders
DSM IV-T - Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative Disorders

American Psychological Association has compiled and published DSM IV-T, which is a diagnostic manual of mental disorders. This manual not only categorizes mental enormities but also provide guidance and assistance to medical practitioners about the suitable and appropriate diagnosis and treatment of the included mental illnesses. Moreover, specific codes have been assigned to each disorder in DSM IV-T with a purpose of providing an effective method for medical documentation. Additionally, this manual serves as a valuable resource for teaching the technicalities of psychopathology. DSM IV-T extensively discusses wide range of mental disorders such as anxiety, somatoform, and dissociative disorders.

The person who experiences frequent fear and panic about different things is believed to be suffering from anxiety. Acute state of anxiety is conducive to various other mental disorders such as obsessive-compulsion disorder, panic disorder, phobia, and so forth. Furthermore, somatoform is a…...

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References

Weiten, W, Dunn, D & Hammer, E.Y. (2010). Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustments in the 21st Century. Tenth Edition. USA: Cengage Learning.

DSM-IV as a Classification System
Systems of classification for psychiatric diagnosis have several purposes: to distinguish one psychiatric diagnosis from another, so that clinicians can offer the most effective treatment; to provide a common language among health care professionals; and to explore the causes of the many mental disorders that are still unknown (Kaplan, Sadock, 1998, p. 287, from client's essay request).

Diagnosis is the foundation of all medical practices (errios, 1995). In recent years, the medical industry has experienced a revolution in medicine's ability to identify and treat the illnesses that burden humanity. The psychiatric industry, which specializes in treating mental illnesses, has been a key participant in this revolution, identifying new diagnostic measures and systems of classification for many psychiatric disorders.

As a result, modern psychiatrists rely on accurate and efficient diagnostic tools to help them identify the specific mental illnesses their patients suffer. Identifying these illnesses enables the psychiatrists to…...

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Bibliography

Frances A, Pincus H, Widiger T, Wakefield Davis W, First M. (1990). "DSM-IV: Work in Progress." Am J. Psychiatry 147:11.

Frances A, Wakefield Davis W, Kline M, Pincus H. First M, Widiger T. (June, 1991). "The DSM-IV Field Trials: Moving towards an Empirically Derived Classification." Eur Psychiatry.

Kline M, Sydnor-Greenberg N, Wakefield Davis W, Pincus H, Frances A. (1993). "Using Field Trials to Evaluate Proposed Changes in DSM Diagnostic Criteria." Hospital and Community Psychiatry 44:7.

Wakefield Davis W, Bauer M, Severino S, Spiegel D, Widiger T. (1993). "MacArthur Data Reanalyses: Examples from the Second Stage of Empirical Review." Hospital and Community Psychiatry 44:5.

Generally, mood disorders are influenced by both biological and environmental factors. In order words, these disorders can be inherited. The bipolar and cyclothmic disorders generally include both euphoric and depressive feelings, while the dysthymic and major depressive disorders only include depressive feelings. The bipolar and major depressive disorders have received most attention in terms of research. These disorders are generally treated by a combination of medication and psychotherapy. Being more severe than the other two mood disorders, they may also at times require hospitalization to ensure the safety of the patient.

The cyclothmic and dysthymic disorders are both less severe than the other two, but can also be disruptive if not appropriately treated. The prognosis for both of these are good in terms of functioning effectively in society. The more severe disorders may hamper functioning effectively in social and workplace situations, although the correct combination of psychotherapy and medication can enhance…...

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Sources

AllPsych. (2003). Psychiatric disorders.  http://allpsych.com/disorders/index.html 

Hsiung, Robert. (2008, March 3). DSM-IV Diagnoses and Codes.  http://www.dr-bob.org/tips/dsm4a.html 

Psychnet.uk. (2009). Complete List of DSM-IV Codes. http://www.psychnet-uk.com/dsm_iv/_misc/complete_tables.htm

Conduct an initial scenario cost analysis that will determine the optimal location for the new contract manufacturer
Decision analysis can be utilized to ascertain a suggested decision alternative or an optimal decision strategy when a decision-maker is encountered with an indeterminate and risk-full configuration of forthcoming happenings. The objective of decision analysis is to pinpoint the best possible decision alternative or the optimal decision strategy provided information regarding the indeterminate events and the potential consequences or payoffs (Anderson et al., 2012). In delineation, scenario analysis is the practice of approximating the anticipated portfolio value subsequent to certain period. This takes into account the supposition of particular variations within the portfolio's securities values or major factors come about; for instance, a variation in the interest rate. Scenario assessment is frequently employed to approximate variations to a portfolio's value as a reaction to an negative occurrence, and might be utilized to study a…...

DSM-IV-TR & Differential Diagnosis)
The client, Marie is a single, 25-year-old white female who is employed in an emergency room in a large urban hospital. Marie came to treatment on her own because of an inability to sleep, feeling down, and problems functioning at work.

DSM-IV-TR Diagnosis

Major depressive disorder

Anxiety disorders

Eating disorder

Sleeping disorder

Adjustment disorder

Other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention

Axis IV

Occupational Problems

Other psychosocial problems

Axis V

Rating Level of Symptoms

Transient, slight symptoms that are reasonable responses to stressful situations; more than a slight impartment I social, occupational, or school functioning.

Differential Diagnosis

A differential diagnosis in this case must take into consideration other factors that may be a focus of clinical attention including conditions or problems for which the client may seek or be referred for professional help including: (1) relational problems; (2) problems related to abuse or neglect; (3) psychological factors affecting medical condition; and (4) other conditions. (Axis Disorders of the…...

Substance use disorders including alcohol use disorder are defined in the most recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-V) by the presence of several time-dependent subjective and behavioral criteria. Diagnostic criteria vary depending on the substance being used or abused. Alcohol abuse disorder is among the most significant of the diagnoses given the legality of alcohol and the prevalence of alcohol use in the general population.
According to the National Institutes of Health, the vast majority (upwards of 86%) of all people in the United States drink at least sometimes, with more than half drinking monthly (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2015). It is estimated that about seven percent of the adult population in the United States have an alcohol use disorder: more than 16 million people. Of those, only 1.3 million people receive formal treatment in a specialized facility (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism,…...

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References

American Psychological Association (2015). Understanding alcohol use disorders and their treatment. Retrieved online: http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/alcohol-disorders.aspx

Burke, D. (2012). Alcoholism. Healthline. Retrieved online:  http://www.healthline.com/health/alcoholism/basics#Overview1 

"Causes," (n.d.). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved online:  http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-use-disorder/basics/causes/con-20020866 

COPAC (2015). Criteria for substance dependence. Retrieved online:  http://www.copacms.com/resources/recovery-101/criteria-for-substance-abuse/

Psychotherapy: The client will benefit from ongoing and in-depth psychoanalysis to attempt to discover some of the root causes of the issues. Because Belfort did not exhibit his behavioral problems prior to working in the Wall Street sector, it is likely that talk therapy will help elucidate some of the core reasons why he changed.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Once talking therapy has clarified some of the core issues Belfort is facing, cognitive-behavioral therapy can help him to identify the irrational, unreasonable, and untenable thought processes and biased beliefs that lead to his dysfunctional behaviors. The goal of the cognitive-behavioral therapy intervention will be behavioral change but also shifts in the ways Belfort views himself, other people, and his values.

Volunteer work and selfless service: Because Belfort has been consumed with an identity linked to money, power, and prestige, it may be helpful for him to shift focus to working with people in…...

DSM-5 Case Study Answers
Case Studies

Allyson

Using DSM-5 criteria, it appears Allyson may be suffering from social anxiety disorder, known as social phobia under DSM-IV (dsm5.org, 2016a). There are 7 symptoms listed under 300.23, the first is a fear of social or permanence situations, where there may be the scrutiny of others, and there is a fear of embarrassment (DSM5.org, 2016). Under DSM-IV, there was no timeframe, under DSM-5 this must be for at least 6 months, which we may assume is the case with the ongoing medication. There may also be reason to consider substance abuse, with increasing use of the drugs.

Karen

Karen should be considered under the substance use disorder. Two - three symptoms out of 11 listed, in DSM-5 there is no differentiation made between abuse and dependence (dsm5.org, 2016b). If Karen was drinking all the time, it is likely she was craving, or had a strong desire to use…...

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References

Bergland, C. (2015). What Are the Eleven Symptoms of "Alcohol Use Disorder"? Psychology Today. Available at dsm5.org. (2016a). Social Anxiety Disorder. Available at  http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Social%20Anxiety%20Disorder%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201506/what-are-the-eleven-symptoms-alcohol-use-disorder

dsm5.org. (2016b). Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders. Available at  http://www.dsm5.org/documents/substance%20use%20disorder%20fact%20sheet.pdf 

dsm5.org. (2016c), Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders, Available at  http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Obsessive%20Compulsive%20Disorders%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf 

OCD-UK, (2016). Treatments for OCD. Available at http://www.ocduk.org/ocd-treatments

Depressive Disorder
According to the DSM -- IV -- T (2000), Major Depressive Disorder is classified by the number of Major Depressive Episodes -- although only one is needed in order to diagnose Major Depressive Disorder -- and according to the severity, ranging from mild, moderate, severe without psychotic features, or severe with psychotic features (347). This means that, in practice, the signs or symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder are those of a Major Depressive Episode: the clinician is required to diagnose the Episode before the larger diagnosis of the Disorder is indicated. In order to diagnose a Major Depressive Episode, there must be present a mood which is obviously depressed, which can also be observed as simply the loss of interest in nearly all activities, or the absence of accustomed pleasure -- sometimes known by the more clinical term "anhedonia" -- in familiar activities (349). However, the DSM-IV-T specifies…...

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References

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.

First, the assignment of an arbitrary time period where bereavement is "normal" and after that particular time frame it becomes dysfunctional has no empirical basis. Secondly, the exclusion criteria in the DSM -- IV -- T most likely resulted in individuals who would have benefited from treatment not receiving treatment for their depressive symptoms until this particular time period expired. That is inexcusable. Finally, the research indicates that there may be some minor differences between bereavement and major depression; however, the two are not often clinically distinguishable aside from noting that in one case there was a loss of a loved one and yet individuals who are experiencing severe symptoms in bereavement are at risk for more serious issues. By eliminating the exclusion criteria clinicians are given much-needed room to treat their patients in individualized basis as opposed to a standardized cookie-cutter protocol.
eferences

American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical…...

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References

American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

(3rd Ed.). Washington DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

(4th Ed. -- Text Revision). Washington DC: Author.

unning head: DSM DSM 5Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5): ecent ChangesDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5): ecent ChangesThe Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) is considered the gold standard of how mental illness is diagnosed and treated within the psychiatric community of the United States. Although laypersons may think of mental illness or sanity versus insanity as stable classifications, the DSM has, in fact, undergone a number of significant changes over the years. For example, in much earlier editions of the DSM, homosexuality was classified as a mental illness. This is fortunately no longer the case. Changes from the DSM-IV to the DSM-V are far more recent and less extreme, although there have been some notable shifts that are clinically and culturally relevant.Perhaps the most significant of these is the elimination of Aspergers syndrome as a separate classification and its classication as part…...

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ReferencesGrohol, J. (2013). DSM-5 released: The big changes. Psych Central. Retrieved from: from  https://psychcentral.com/blog/dsm-5-released-the-big-changes

There is injustice done to the ratepayers through higher rates. Some others will benefit by the subsidized energy efficient products such as light bulbs, refrigerators, consultation services, and to cap it is argued that a utility service provider is in no position to fix the benefits as much as the customers and since it depends on many individuals and therefore the energy efficiency and the interest rates and the price of electricity are all subjective.
Thus the allowing of corporations to fleece the customer on their interpretation of the Demand analysis is wrong because the Corporations often attempt to have a very high rate exceeding 12% for capital Such irreversible investments would often require a rate of return of over twenty percent that makes the service affordable only for the very upper class leaving the rest in darkness. Since the investment cannot be reversed, there is a risk of the…...

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References

Haugland, Torleif; et al. (1998) "Energy Structures and Environmental Futures." Oxford

University: New York.

Edge, Chris. (2009) "Demand Side Management Progress Energy Overview"

Retrieved 4 March, 2012 from http://www.asiapacificpartnership.org/pdf/PGTTF/ddsm/presentations/DSM_at_Progress_Energy_-_Chris_Edge.pdf

These include Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), Thioridazine (Mellaril), Haloperidol (Haldol), Fluphenazine (Prolixin), Mesoridazine (Serentil), Perphenazine (Trilafon) and Trifluoperazine (Stelazine)
(b). Atypical Medications-is the newer medication to schizophrenia. The atypical drugs affect different areas from those affected by the antipsychotic drugs. These include Clozapine (Clozaril) -particularly effective in younger people, isperidone (isperdal) and Olanzapine (Zyprexa).

(c). other significant medication-these can also help suppress the symptoms and include Antidepressants, Antianxiety drugs, Lithium (for bipolar disorder) and Antiepileptic drugs.

(d). Electroconvulsive ("Shock") Therapy-where low voltage electric current is induced into the patient to cause seizure. It is of late considered to be safer than drug therapy.

(e). Psychotherapy- this is where the different professionals like the psychologists, some nurses, psychiatrists and social workers work together to study and help treat the patient along side using drugs. It exploits the cognitive behavior of the individual where the normal positive behavior is emphasized. It follows on the past thoughts, experiences,…...

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References

All Psych, (2004). Psychiatric Disorders: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,

Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Retrieved March 25, 2011 from  http://allpsych.com/disorders/dsm.html 

Health Information Publications, (2011). What Is Schizophrenia? Retrieved March 25, 2011 from  http://ehealthmd.com/library/schizophrenia/sch_whatis.html 

Grohol, M., (2006). Schizophrenia Treatment. Retrieved March 25, 2011 from  http://psychcentral.com/disorders/sx31t.htm

DSM-5 Diagnostic Case Studies
Case Studies

Tom is a 30-year-old male who was near the orld Trade Center during the 9/11 attack. He witnessed horrific scenes, including people jumping from the orld Trade Center. Since that day, he has had nightmares. henever a plane flies overhead, he has the feeling that he needs to run to a secure place. He has thought of moving out of New York City because he finds himself reliving the event every time he is down in the area of the 9/11 attack.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) although a very complex disorder, is a well-known psychiatric consequence of trauma, which is likely what Tom is experiencing (Iribarren, Prolo, Neagos, & Chiappelli, 2005). The event that is responsible for the PTSD must be directly experienced as a threat to one's own integrity and associated with intense fear, helplessness, or horror; the patient also persistently re-experiences the traumatic incident in…...

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Works Cited

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Arlington: American Psychiatric Association.

Gillespie, B. (2016). Substance or Medication Induced Psychotic Disorder DSM-5 (Alcohol-292.1, Drugs-292.9). Retrieved from Theravive:   -- 292.9)http://www.theravive.com/therapedia/Substance-or-Medication-Induced-Psychotic-Disorder-DSM--5 -(Alcohol--292.1,-Drugs

Hruska, B., Sledjeski, E., Fallon, W., Spponster, E., & Delahanty, D. (2011). Alcohol Use Disorder History Moderates the Relationship Between Avoidance Coping and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 405-411. doi:10.1037/a0022439

Iribarren, I., Prolo, P., Neagos, N., & Chiappelli, F. (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder: Evidence-based research for the third millennium. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.

....

Looking at how cars were invented and reality quickly became the go-to transportation method for much of the world is fascinating.  While the automobile was invented in Germany and France, Henry Ford, who mastered automation and the mass production of cars, probably deserves much of the credit for the automobile’s early successes.  In fact, Ford’s focuses on wages and affordability probably deserve credit for the rise of the American middle class, suggesting that the history of the automobile and the history of the middle class are inextricably intertwined.

I. Introduction

A. Precursors....

Key Elements of an APA Interview

1. Introduction

Begin by establishing rapport and setting a respectful tone.
Introduce yourself, state your purpose, and obtain informed consent.
Explain the interview process, including its duration and structure.

2. Personal History

Inquire about family background, childhood experiences, and educational history.
Explore significant events, relationships, and influences that have shaped the individual's life.

3. Presenting Problem

Ask the individual to describe the specific concerns or difficulties that brought them to the interview.
Gather details about the onset, duration, severity, and impact of the presenting problem.

4. Mental Status Examination

Assess the individual's appearance, behavior, speech, mood, and thought....

1. Introduction:
- Purpose of the evaluation
- Referral source
- Background information on the individual being evaluated
- Informed consent

2. Clinical Interview:
- History of presenting problem
- Developmental history
- Family history
- Mental health history
- Substance abuse history
- Cultural factors
- Legal history
- Risk assessment

3. Psychological Testing:
- Selection of appropriate assessment tools
- Administration and scoring of tests
- Interpretation of results
- Integration of testing data with interview findings

4. Collateral Information:
- Review of relevant records (medical, legal, educational)
- Interviews with collateral sources (family members, doctors, teachers, etc.)

5. Diagnosis and Formulation:
- Differential diagnosis
- DSM-5 diagnosis
- Psychosocial formulation
- Treatment recommendations

6. Report Writing:
- Organization of the report
- Use of clear and....