Thirdly, drug treatment counselors consider the effectiveness of the program's treatment methods when recommending these programs to addicts. This is determined through evaluating the program's success rates, especially from an objective external agency. This process may also require consideration of the program's accreditation and licensing to determine whether its workers are properly trained mental health professionals and specialists. The success rate of a drug treatment program is crucial in determining its effectiveness in helping the addicted individual to recover.

The fourth factor considered by these professionals when recommending a treatment program is social factors since several environmental factors enhance the probability of exposure to particular drugs. In some cases, some drugs are more often used within some cultures while other drugs are easily found is some geographic areas. Social factors are also considered because drug use takes place in the context of social network for many people (Hoffman et. al., n.d.).

In…...

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References:

"Chapter 1 Substance Abuse Treatment and Family Therapy." (n.d.). National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved from U.S. National Library of Medicine website:

 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64269/ 

Gyarmathy, V.A. & Latkin, C.A. (2008). Individual and Social Factors Associated with Participation in Treatment Programs for Drug Users. Substance Abuse & Misuse, 43, 1865-1881.

Hoffman et. al. (n.d.). The Living in Balance Counseling Approach. Retrieved from National

Patient and family education is essential especially with regards to eating habits. The patients should avoid excess fat in their diet as it contributes to high chances of contracting the disease (Bolen et al. 2010). The drug has, however, remained on the market in the U.S. The drug has been removed from European markets due to escalating concerns regarding safety. Obesity has considerable contribution to the number of preventable deaths in the United States. In essence, obesity is a condition whereby the affected being has a body mass index (BMI) that exceeds 30. Apparently, BMI refers to the measure of a person's body relative to his or her height (Bolen et al. 2010).

The United States and several other economies of the world spend hefty sums of money in their budget estimates towards treatment and general containment of obesity, hypertension, diabetes II and other causes of preventable deaths. Americans have spent…...

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References

Aronson, J.K. (2011). Side effects of drugs annual: A worldwide yearly survey of new data in adverse drug reactions. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Bolen, S., Clark, J., Richards, T., Shore, a., Goodwin, S., & Weiner, J. (2010). Trends in and patterns of obesity reduction medication use in an insured cohort. Obesity (Silver Spring,

Md.), 18(1), 206-209.

Carter, R., Mouralidarane, a., Ray, S., Soeda, J., & Oben, J. (2012). Recent advancements in drug treatment of obesity. Clinical Medicine, 12(5), 456-460.

Psychoactive Drug Treatment
PSYCHIATIC TEATMENT THOUGH ANTIDEPESSANTS

Treatment of Pregnant and Lactating Women through 'Antidepressants'

Treatment of Pregnant and Lactating Women through 'Antidepressants'

A large number of pregnant women suffer from psychiatric problem at some stage in their pregnancies are treated with psychotropic medicines. Prescribing these medicines to pregnant women is a special concern for the gynecologists and the patients due to the several risks involved; like miscarriages, abortions, premature births and infants with birth defects. Gynecologists need to keep in mind the consequences of prescribing psychiatric medicines to the pregnant and lactating women, chances of exposure to their offspring, effects of not treating the psychiatric illness and the alternative solutions like counseling and therapies. Therefore, use of psychiatric medicines for the treatment of pregnant and lactating mothers is a hot and controversial issue these days. The purpose of writing this paper is to discuss this issue in detail and explore the positive and…...

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References

Hendrick, V. (2003). Treatment of postnatal depression. British Medical Journal, 327, 1003-1004.

Howland, R. (2009). Prescribing Psychotropic Medications During Pregnancy and Lactation: Principles

and Guidelines. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. May 2009

Volume 47 Issue 5: 19-23

Analysis of “Black--White Disparities in Criminal Justice Referrals to Drug Treatment: Addressing Treatment Need or Expanding the Diagnostic Net?”
Identify the purpose of the research study, problem, and questions

The major aim of the article; Black--White Disparities in Criminal Justice Referrals to Drug Treatment: Addressing Treatment Need or Expanding the Diagnostic Net? written by Karen Mcelrath, Angela Taylor, and Kimberly K. Tran (2016) is to analyze the racial (Black/White) disparities in the diagnoses of drug abuse against dependence. The article’s objective is to study the way race, and less importantly, related socio-demographic and substance use factors, affect the diagnoses of cannabis use problems, particularly, diagnoses of cannabis dependence against cannabis abuse. The article’s writers equally studied Black/White disparities in diagnoses amongst persons referred to therapy by self, healthcare personnel and several others sources.
The research subject here is, a little over half of the marijuana-related admissions into U.S. state-funded therapy are always referred…...

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References

Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Irvine, C. K. S., & Walker, D. (2013). Introduction to research in education. Cengage Learning.

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.

Mcelrath, K., Taylor, A., & Tran, K. K. (2016). Black--White Disparities in Criminal Justice Referrals to Drug Treatment: Addressing Treatment Need or Expanding the Diagnostic Net?. Axioms (2075-1680), 5(4), 1-15. doi:10.3390/bs6040021

Pharmacotherapy for Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary DisordersThe patient HL is suffering from an unknown illness, the symptoms of which resemble GI and hepatobiliary disorders; however, upon obtaining information about the patients personal medical history, it becomes clear that the underlying cause of the symptoms might be more complex than first realized: the patient is a drug abuseror at least has a history of drug abuse (and it is unclear at this time whether the patient is abusing drugs again or not). The patient is also possibly suffering from Hepatitis C. As there is no clear indication of the cause of the patients nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, the first step is to try to stabilize the patient by ensuring the bodys fluids are at a sufficient level. The next step would be to conduct an investigation that goes more in depth to determine the nature of the patients problems. That will require…...

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References

Kiriyama, A., Honbo, A., Nishimura, A., Shibata, N., & Iga, K. (2016). Pharmacokinetic-

pharmacodynamic analyses of antihypertensive drugs, nifedipine and propranolol, in spontaneously hypertensive rats to investigate characteristics of effect and side effects. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 76, 21-29.

Sanger, G. J., & Furness, J. B. (2016). Ghrelin and motilin receptors as drug targets for

Breast Cancer
ETIOLOGY AND PEVENTION OF BEAST CANCE

Breast cancer is the type of cancer that has been chosen for the assignment. Breast cancer is a cancer type that attacks the tissues in the breast of women. This cancer characterized by the presence of a lump inside the breast tissues, notable changes in the shape of the breast, the formation of dimples in the skin surrounding the breast, among others. The breast is made up of some tissues called lobules. These tissues play a significant role in milk production together with other tubes called ducts carrying milk from the lobules to the nipples. The common type of cancer that attacks the tissues is ductal cancer. Ductal cancer attacks the cells of the ducts and spreads throughout the other parts of the breast (Winchester, 2006).

Available Preventive Services

Breast cancer can be prevented through some weights. These factors include maintenance of the body weight, not…...

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References

Grobstein, R. H. (2010). The Breast Cancer Book: What You Need To Know to Make Informed Decisions. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Winchester, D. J. (2012). Breast Cancer. Hamilton: Decker.

Pharmacotherapy for Hematologic DisordersAnemia is an hematologic disorder that occurs when the individual lacks the requisite number of healthy red blood cells for bringing oxygen to the bodys cells. Without oxygen, the bodys cells are essentially choked to death. ed blood cells depend on a number of supports, such as iron, B12, and folate for healthy development. In children these supports are especially necessary and they are still in a developmental stage. Treating children with anemia can depend upon the severity and source causing the anemia; however, there are some pharmacotherapy options available. This paper will consider drug treatments for patients with anemia and the factor of age and how it plays a part in the treatment process.As Ozdemir (2015) notes, reduced erythrocyte count or a hemoglobin (Hb) value 5 percentile below the normal hemoglobin value specified for that age in healthy individuals is defined as anemia (p. 11). Treating…...

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ReferencesÖzdemir, N. (2015). Iron deficiency anemia from diagnosis to treatment in children. Turkish Archives of Pediatrics/Türk Pediatri Ar?ivi, 50(1), 11.Powers, J. M., Buchanan, G. R., Adix, L., Zhang, S., Gao, A., & McCavit, T. L. (2017). Effect of low-dose ferrous sulfate vs iron polysaccharide complex on hemoglobin concentration in young children with nutritional iron-deficiency anemia: a randomized clinical trial. Jama, 317(22), 2297-2304.

I would recommend the D.A.R.E. program due to the success we just mentioned as a result of the study done on the students at various stages in their education. And there are many other studies as well that indicate success (D.A.R.E., n.d.). That, to me, is the proof that the program works.

Not having known a great deal about this program, I was impressed when I reviewed the various research studies and the basics of the program. Particularly, I think the fact that it has reached so many classrooms across the country with practical information is valuable.

ibliography

D.A.R.E. (n.d.). Research, resources, evaluations. Retrieved July 2, 2009, from dare.com: http://www.dare.com/home/Resources/Default5647.asp?N=Resources&M=16&S=0

Darnell, A., & Emshoff, J. (2008, July 24). Findings from the evaluation of the D.A.R.E. prescription and over-the-counter drug curriculum. Retrieved July 2, 2009, from dare.com: http://www.dare.com/home/Resources/documents/DAREReport0821_final.pdf...

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Bibliography

D.A.R.E. (n.d.). Research, resources, evaluations. Retrieved July 2, 2009, from dare.com: http://www.dare.com/home/Resources/Default5647.asp?N=Resources&M=16&S=0

Darnell, A., & Emshoff, J. (2008, July 24). Findings from the evaluation of the D.A.R.E. prescription and over-the-counter drug curriculum. Retrieved July 2, 2009, from dare.com: http://www.dare.com/home/Resources/documents/DAREReport0821_final.pdf

Drug Control
"Prevention is better than cure" is an age-old and time-tested maxim. It has been proved correct in many different situations. None more so than in the area of drug abuse: it being far easier and more cost effective to prevent drug use than drug treatment. This essay explains why drug treatment is far more expensive than drug prevention.

A study by the Lewin Group for the National Institute on Drug Abuse estimated the total economic cost of alcohol and drug abuse in the U.S. was $245.7 billion for 1992. ("NIDA InfoFacts" 2005) This includes productivity losses (losses from premature death, drug abuse-related illnesses), health costs, and other, primarily crime-related, costs such as losses due to incarceration and criminal careers. If we consider a hypothetical case in which we prevent all alcohol and drug abuse in the United States, we would theoretically save $245.6 billion.

On the other hand, by treatment of…...

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References

"Alcohol and Drug Services Study (ADSS) Cost Study." (2004). The DASIS Report. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved on August 27, 2005 from  http://oas.samhsa.gov/2k4/costs/costs.htm 

'NIDA InfoFacts: Costs to Society." (2005) National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved on August 27, 2005 from  http://www.nida.nih.gov/infofacts/costs.html 

Keen, Judy. "Bush Plans Hit on Drug Abuse" (2002). USA Today. Retrieved on August 27, 2005 from  http://www.usatoday.com/educate/ondcp/lessons/Activity5.pdf 

The 1992 cost estimate had increased 50% over the cost estimate from 1985; hence the current economic cost due to drug abuse must be much higher.

" American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 21(1), 111-35. A research team led by Dr. Michael French gathered to estimate the costs and benefits of residential and publically funded treatment programs for addiction issues. The team was derived from the University of Miami. Program and the client related economic cost estimates were obtained using data collected at the site with the drug abuse treatment cost analysis program (DATCAP). It was concluded that the economic benefit to society was almost four times what the cost of treating residential clients. Short-term follow-up treatment was also beneficial and the economic benefit was even higher.
Hanlon, T.E., Kinlock, T.W., Nurco, D.N. (1991). "Recent research on the relationship between illicit use and crime." Behavioral Sciences & the aw, 9(3), 221-242.

The study reviews previous research on the correlation of drug use and criminal behavior resulting in arrest since 1980. Advances were noted in crime studies that…...

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Lennings, C.J., Copeland, J., Howard J. (2003). "Substance use patterns of young offenders and violent crime." Aggressive Behavior. 29(5), 414-422. This study's hypothesis was that alcohol use is a significant predictor of violent crime in committed by the youth. Researchers studied 300 juveniles that had been incarcerated in the prison system of New South Wales. Of the 300, more than 70% admitted to having committed violent crimes. Most correlated with the onset of violent crimes was alcohol use followed by cocaine use. The findings accounted for the correlation that exists between the use of substabce and aggressive, violent crime and so, further supported the "Goldstein hypothesis" which believes that substance abuse facilitates violent behavior directly.

White, H.R., Widom, C.S. (1997). "Problem behaviours in abused and neglected children grown up: prevalence and co-occurrence of substance abuse, crime and violence." Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 7(4), 287-310. The report discussed the correlation of alcohol abuse, drug abuse, non-violent crime and violence concerning children who were abused and neglected during the course of their development through childhood. The study was longitudinal (the subjects were studied over time into adulthood). It was found that abused and neglected females and males have a higher correlation in substance abuse and non-violent arrest. Abused and neglected females were found to be at a higher risk for both drug abuse or dependency diagnosis as well as arrests for violent crime.

Zarkin, G.A., Dunlap, L.J., Hicks, K., Mamo, D. (2005). "Benefits and costs of methadone treatment: results from a lifetime simulation model." Health Economics. 14(11) 1133-1150. Research examined prior studies that included the cost and benefits of methadone abuse treatment. These papers have often been written on single case studies. While valuable to society, the sample size limitation also limits the research because they view heightened problems as being able to be treated in one incident of treatment. A simulation model was created to embody the longitudinal study of the heroine use, criminal behavior, health care and employment of a population between the ages of 18-60. It was found that the model (which takes into account the dynamics of heroine use and views it as a, acute and reoccurring circumstance) finds that the benefits of treatment using this model far outweigh those produced by static models.

Drugs and Pregnancy
The habit of taking drugs continually well into the pregnancy stages of a woman has been associated with several effects that the drugs may have on the fetus. There have been several arguments posited by various groups depending on their standpoint about the issue of drug abuse and pregnancy. There have also been attempts, as seen in this session, to classify the drugs into those that do not arm the fetus and those that can in some way hurt the fetus. Having gone through the entire course and getting exposed to numerous materials, there is one thing that stands out clear and I came to understand with insurmountable evidence, the fetus is adversely affected by the drugs that the mother takes. This is true bearing that the fetus depends on the mother for entirely everything for its survival.

The central issues identified during the entire session include the effects…...

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References

Reuter (1994).Setting priorities: budget and program choices for drug control. The University of Chicago Legal Forum, pp. 14S 173.

National Institute on Drug Abuse, (2011). Drug Abuse among Pregnant Women in the U.S.

Retrieved June 2, 2013 from  http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/topics-in-brief/prenatal-exposure-to-drugs-abuse

Drug Tests and Government Benefits
Recently, there has been discussion regarding government benefits, such as unemployment. This discussion has focused on a new, potential requirement to receive benefits such as welfare: drug testing. People who are applying for benefits like welfare or unemployment would have to be tested for illegal drugs (Alcindor, 2012). If they were found to use drugs, they could be denied benefits. This would seen to make sense, because those who are out of work and needing government assistance should not be spending the money they do receive on illegal drugs or other nefarious activities. However, the American taxpayers are concerned about where the money for the drug tests will come from, and the federal government is already stating that states which pass this drug testing law for benefits will be in violation of federal law. That means these states could lose out on millions of dollars of…...

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Works Cited

Adams, Brooke. (26 March 2012). Guv signs off on welfare recipient drug-screening program. The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved from  http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/politics/53795131-90/cash-continue-drug-guv.html.csp 

Alcindor, Yamiche (29 February 2012). States consider drug testing welfare recipients. USA Today. Retrieved from  http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2012-02-17/welfare-food-stamps-drug-testing-laws/53306804/1 

Hoover, Tim. (29 March 2012). Bill to drug test welfare recipients dies in Colorado House in second reading. Denver Post. Retrieved from  http://www.denverpost.com/breakingnews/ci_20283105/drug-test-welfare-bill-dies-colorado-house-second?source=rss 

Rivas, Jorge. (25 August 2011). 96% of Florida welfare applicants pass drug test, discredit Tea Party gov. ColorLines. Retrieved from  http://colorlines.com/archives/2011/08/98_of_florida_welfare_applicants_pass_newly_implemented_drug_tests_discrediting_governor.html

Economists are concerned with the impact that the sale of drugs has on both individual and economic freedoms and frame their argument from this perspective. Others argue that reliance on the criminal justice system has not produced significant results and that it is time to reframe the argument to focus on the education, prevention, and treatment of drugs.
From the economic perspective, there are apparent differences between government prohibition and legalization of drugs. It has been estimated that total government expenditures devoted to the enforcement of drug laws is well in excess of $26 billion. These figures are also significant in state and local law enforcement agencies with drug related incidents making up one fifth of the total investigative resources and drug enforcement activities. Approximately 25% of the total prison population, municipal, state and federal, is made up of drug law violators. In fact, ten percent of all arrests are…...

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References

Millhorn, M., Monoghan, M., Montero, D., Reyes, M., Roman, T., Tollasken, R., & Walls, B. (2009). North Americans' attitudes toward illegal drugs. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 19(2), 125-141.

Miron, J.A. (2001). The economics of drug prohibition and drug legalization. Social Research, 68(3), 835-855.

National Institute on Drug Abuse (1998). The economic cost of alcohol and drug abuse in the United States. National Institute of Health Publication, 98-4327.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2009, April). National household survey on drug abuse main findings, 1998.

Drug addiction is not merely a failure of will or weakness in character, however having this 'brain disease' does not absolve the addict of responsibility for his or her behavior, but it does explain why an addict feels compelled to continue using drugs (Leshner 2001). Environmental cues that surround an individual's initial drug use and development of the addiction, actually become "conditioned" to the drug use and thus are critical to the problem of addiction (Leshner 2001).
Therefore, when those cues are present at a later time, "they elicit anticipation of a drug experience and thus generate tremendous drug craving" (Leshner 2001). This type of cue-induces craving is one of the most frequent causes of drug use relapses, independently of whether drugs are available and even after years of abstinence (Leshner 2001).

In March 2006, it was reported that researchers from Liverpool, England discovered a gene that directly affects the risk…...

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Works Cited

Changeux, Jean-Pierre. (1998 March 22). Drug use and abuse. Daedalus. Retrieved November 06, 2006 from HighBeam Research Library.

Eaves, Lindon J. (2005 July 01). Familial influences on alcohol use in adolescent female twins: testing for genetic and environmental interactions. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. Retrieved November 06, 2006 from HighBeam Research Library.

Goldman, Erik. (2005 July 01). Genetic tests could improve future drug abuse treatment. Family Practice News. Retrieved November 06, 2006 from HighBeam Research Library.

Heroin Addiction Cuts Across All Social Boundaries, Caron Foundation Study Reports.

What further makes interpretation of results difficult to precisely define quantify is that the amount of drug stores depends on the nature of the drug itself, the duration of the ingestion of the drug, and the composition of the tissue holding the drug and the frequency of use. The greater the incidence of drug use the more permanent the level of toxins and chemicals in tissues throughout the body, and therefore the greater the probability of catching chronic drug users in drug testing. Thea difficult part of using drug tests periodically is the longitudinally there may be peaks and valleys to the incidence of drug abuse. Companies have begun surprise inspections of their workers in the most potentially dangerous occupations including forklift workers, construction workers, airline pilots, and heavy equipment workers.
Despite these shortcomings of tests, the advances made in drug testing technologies are gradually overcoming these obstacles related to…...

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References

Alleyne, B.C., P. Stuart, and R. Copes. (1991) Alcohol and other drug use in occupational fatalities. Journal of occupational medicine (Baltimore) 33(4):496-500, 1991.

Gerber, J.K. And G.S. Yacoubian, Jr. (2002). An assessment of drug testing within the construction industry. Gerber, J.K. And G.S. Yacoubian, Jr. J Drug Education 32(1):53-68

Koch, K. (1998). "Drug Testing." November 20, 1998

Kelly, T.H., R.W. Foltin, and M.W. Fischman. (1991) Effects of alcohol on human behavior: implications for the workplace. Drugs in the workplace: research and evaluation data. Vol. 11, National Institute on Drug Abuse. Rockville, Maryland 1991. pp. 129-146.

1. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Practices

Explore the implementation and outcomes of restorative justice programs in reducing recidivism, fostering victim-offender reconciliation, and promoting community healing.

2. The Impact of Implicit Bias on Sentencing Disparities

Investigate the role of unconscious biases in sentencing decisions, examining the extent to which race, gender, or other factors influence the severity of punishments.

3. The Role of Community Policing in Reducing Crime and Building Trust

Analyze the effectiveness of community policing strategies in fostering trust between law enforcement and the communities they serve, and its impact on crime prevention and community well-being.

4. The Use of....

Intestinal parasites are a common issue in domestic birds in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. A number of studies have been conducted to assess the prevalence and impact of these parasites on the health and productivity of poultry in the region. One such study conducted by Ansah et al. (2015) found a high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in domestic birds in the Ashanti Region, with the most common parasites being coccidia and helminths. The study also found that the presence of these parasites was associated with decreased egg production and overall health in the birds.

In a similar study by....