Drug-testing in schools has been shown to reduce the use of drugs as well as reduce other negative activities and occurrences known to be associated with drug use among students. There are critical components of a drug testing program and this study has related those components and the appropriateness of their use in a school drug testing program.
ibliography

Yamaguchi, Ryoko; Johnston, Lloyd D. And O'Malley, Patrick M. (2003) Relationships etween Student Illicit Drug Use and School Drug-Testing Policies. J. Sch Health, 2003;73(4): 159-164.

Judy Kreamer, Gary M. Fields, Ph.D., et al., titled "The Overlooked Cause of Children eing Left ehind: Drug Use Compromising Academic Success," published by Educating Voices, Inc., 2008

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, "Academic Performance and Substance Use among Students Aged 12 to 17: 2002, 2003, and 2004." The NSDUH Report, Issue 18,…...

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Bibliography

Yamaguchi, Ryoko; Johnston, Lloyd D. And O'Malley, Patrick M. (2003) Relationships Between Student Illicit Drug Use and School Drug-Testing Policies. J. Sch Health, 2003;73(4): 159-164.

Judy Kreamer, Gary M. Fields, Ph.D., et al., titled "The Overlooked Cause of Children Being Left Behind: Drug Use Compromising Academic Success," published by Educating Voices, Inc., 2008

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, "Academic Performance and Substance Use among Students Aged 12 to 17: 2002, 2003, and 2004." The NSDUH Report, Issue 18, May 2006

Student Drug Testing Coalition (2008) Reports and Resources. Online available at http://www.studentdrugtesting.org.

As a result, unions today are completing a variety of drug screens on construction workers who are members to ensure compliance to the federal law (Fournier, 2006). Unions have also acknowledged publicly that drug abuse in the construction industry is particularly acute and that there needs to be a continual focus on improving the screening methods to ensure compliance (Fournier, 2006). Like the U.S., Canada has aggressively pursued this program to ensure their union members are healthy and capable of delivering on the contracts delivered (Contant, 2008). In British Columbia for example 35,000 unionized construction workers were tested last year for drugs, using a randomized set of test approaches to ensure accuracy (Contant, 2008).
Summary

The passing of the Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 has led to a global adoption of more stringent standards for drug screening and evaluation throughout the construction industry globally. The U.S. In many respects as set…...

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References

Contant, J.. (2008, October). This is just a test. . . For drugs and alcohol. OH & S. Canada, 24(7), 8.

Paul Fournier. (2006, April). Construction's Bad Habit. New England Construction, 70(7), 8.

Gerber, J.K. And G.S. Yacoubian, Jr. (2002). An assessment of drug testing within the construction industry. Gerber, J.K. And G.S. Yacoubian, Jr. J Drug Education 32(1):53-68

Girardot, D.. (2008). Trends in testing for drug abuse. Occupational Health, 60(12), 28-29.

This would also serve to improve the relationship and the trust between the teachers, students and their parents.
ibliography

OHSU, (Dec 2002), 'Pilot Study Reports High School Drug-Testing Program Dramatically Reduces Drug Use', Retrieved on February 23rd 2008, from, http://www.ohsu.edu/unparchive/2002/123002saturn.html

Robert Taylor, (1997) 'Compensating ehavior and the Drug Testing of High School Athletes', CATO Journal, Retrieved on Feb 24th 2008, at http://web.psdomain.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/rstaylor/Drug%20Testing.pdf

Jennifer Kern, Fatema Gunja, Alexandra Cox, Marsha Rosenbaum, Ph.D., Judith

Appel, J.D. & Anjuli Verma, (Jan 2006), 'Making Sense of Student Drug

Testing: Why Educators Are Saying No', Retrieved Feb 24th 2008, at http://www.safety1st.org/images/stories/pdf/drugtesting.pdf

Linn Goldberg, M.D, Dianne L. Eliot, M.D. Davip P. Mackinnon, Ph.D, Esther

Moe, Ph.D, Kerry S. Kuehl, M.S, Liva Nohre, Ph.D and Chondra M. Lockwood,

M.A, (Jan 2003), 'Drug Testing Athletes to Prevent Substance Abuse:

ackground and Pilot Study: Results of the SATURN (Student Athlete Testing

Using Random Notification) study', Journal of Adolescent Health, Vol 32, Issue 1, (http://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X (02)00444-5/abstract

NIDA, 'NIDA InfoFacts: High School…...

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Bibliography

OHSU, (Dec 2002), 'Pilot Study Reports High School Drug-Testing Program Dramatically Reduces Drug Use', Retrieved on February 23rd 2008, from,  http://www.ohsu.edu/unparchive/2002/123002saturn.html 

Robert Taylor, (1997) 'Compensating Behavior and the Drug Testing of High School Athletes', CATO Journal, Retrieved on Feb 24th 2008, at http://web.psdomain.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/rstaylor/Drug%20Testing.pdf

Jennifer Kern, Fatema Gunja, Alexandra Cox, Marsha Rosenbaum, Ph.D., Judith

Appel, J.D. & Anjuli Verma, (Jan 2006), 'Making Sense of Student Drug

The first condition of libertarianism is thus fulfilled. Now we come to the second part. If an employer chooses to have his employees tested, he should have made it absolutely clear when hiring them that they would be tested. It was then up to them to decide whether they wanted to work for his firm or not. If the employer decided to have a new policy of drug testing implemented in the company, then he must give his employees at least a period of six months to decide whether they wanted to continue working or not. In case they were on drugs before, this six-month period will give them a chance to give up the habit and become cleaner. Thus no one's liberty and rights would be hurt and everyone would get a fair deal. (Shaw, 2007)
John awls came up with a rather interesting theory of ethics and justice.…...

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Reference:

Shaw, W.H. & Barry, V. (2007). Moral issues in business. (10th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth

It so happened that Russian doctor Karlov was trying to find patients for another clinical trial for an experimental drug, and Ershov fit the requirements to enter the study. "They told me the treatment was safe," says Ershov. "I trust my doctor completely." Like 90% of Karlov's other clinical-trial patients, he immediately signed the consent form (Lustgarten, p. 1). Russia is one of those countries that suffers from high costs and low standards of medicine as well as lack of doctors.
utsourcing of medical trials is on the rise. As many as 40% of all drug testing is going to "emerging markets" and this number is rising. Vioxx and Zocor, created by Merck, tested in Russia as well as a few other developing nations, and many of Pfizer's drugs that earned them billions of dollars (AP, p. 1).

These experiments "raise questions about corporate ethics and profits on a frontier of…...

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Oboh, Mike. (2007). Pfizer faces $8.5 bln suit over Nigeria drug trial. Reuters News Service. Sunday, 30 Sep 2007. Retrieved October 12, 2007 at  http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070930/bs_nm/pfizer_nigeria_dc&printer=1;_ylt=AkMgNBgWdY6LMIhGScjpMkqb.HQA .

Spar, Debora and Day, Adam. (2006). Drug testing in Nigeria (B). Harvard Business School case.

Stephens, Joe. (2000). The body hunters: As drug testing spreads, profits and lives hang in balance. Washington Post. Sunday, 17 Dec. 2000. Page A01. Retrieved October 11, 2007 at  http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A11939-2000Dec15 .

Drug Testing / Police Coercion
Probationers/parolees Rights

Individuals classified as either probationers or parolees occupy an intermediate position in regard to their constitutional rights. They do not enjoy the full range of rights afforded ordinary citizens but they enjoy greater freedom and rights than those who are incarcerated. Probationers/parolees have a reduced expectation of privacy in comparison to regular citizens. In general, the rules of probation and parole, as recognized by the courts, restrict the rights of such individuals to the extent necessary to further the goals of probation or parole. These goals are ordinarily to assist the probationer or parolee in their efforts to rehabilitate themselves and still allow the state to monitor and enforce the conditions of probation/parole. The legal rationale for this position is that it is necessary in order to promote a legitimate governmental interest in protecting society from the activities of those who have already demonstrated that…...

Drug testing is one of the most controversial human resources practices. On the one hand, employers want to know whether their employees are doing anything to impair them while on the job. On the other hand, employees deserve the right to privacy. Court rulings on the ethics and legality of drug testing have been ambiguous. As the textbook points out, the United States Supreme Court "has concluded that drug tests are 'minimally invasive' procedures that as a rule do not violate individuals' rights," (p. 560). On the other hand, recent news articles show that drug testing remains one of the most controversial issues in human resources. Published in Fox News, the article "Judge says Florida governor's order to drug test state workers unconstitutional" reveals the conflict between employee and employer rights with regards to drug testing. The textbook mainly addresses drug testing as a facet of contingency selection for new…...

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Reference

"Judge says Florida governor's order to drug test state workers unconstitutional." Fox News. April 26, 2012. Retrieved online:  http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/04/26/judge-says-florida-governor-order-to-drug-test-state-workers-unconstitutional/

drug and alcohol testing for commercial truck drivers. Specifically, it will discuss the merits of testing, and why it is a necessity for public safety. Drug testing of all employees has come under fire in recent years for a wide variety of reasons - however, drug testing for those employees who carry a Commercial Driver's License (CDL), is mandated by the Federal Government, and this is imperative for public safety on America's roads and highways.
Drug and Alcohol Testing for Commercial Truck Drivers

Drug and alcohol testing has come under fire from many groups, from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), who feel it violates any employee's rights, to groups who advocate testing should be increased, rather than decreased. One area of drug and alcohol testing that has stood up to opposition is the testing of commercial truck drivers. The Federal Government began requiring mandatory drug testing of drivers beginning in…...

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Works Cited

Ammerman, R.T. (1999). Prevention and societal impact of drug and alcohol abuse. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Angarola, R.T. (1991). Substance-Abuse Testing in the Workplace: Legal Issues and Corporate Responses. In Drug Testing: Issues and Options, Coombs, R.H., & West, L.J. (Eds.) (pp. 155-182). New York: Oxford University Press.

Editors. (July 1994). Alcohol and Drug Testing - Part 382. Retrieved from the Underride Network Truck Safety Web Site:   Nov. 2003.http://www.underridenetwork.org/pihs382.pdf21 

Gant, R.E. (1991, Spring). The impact of the trucking industry in Tennessee. Business Perspectives, 4, 1+.

Thus, the hospital went against its own purpose of successfully treating all patients. By ignoring alcoholic addiction, they showed their main concern was illicit drugs, rather than treating all patients with addiction problems effectively.
In conclusion, drug testing pregnant women is not the problem in itself. What happens to those drug tests is the real problem. When women's tests are handed over to other authorities without their knowledge, it violates the Fourth Amendment. eason and ethics play a part in our daily lives. However, law and the Constitution must reign over simple reason. While most Americans are reasonable and ethical, there are some who are not, and who must be governed by stricter laws. Drug testing pregnant women should continue. However, the results of their tests should remain confidential. If they do not, the implications for many other government interventions into Americans private lives are completely clear.

eferences

Bloom, obert M. Searches,…...

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References

Bloom, Robert M. Searches, Seizures, and Warrants: A Reference Guide to the United States Constitution. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003.

Colb, Sherry F. "What Is a Search? Two Conceptual Flaws in Fourth Amendment Doctrine and Some Hints of a Remedy." Stanford Law Review 55.1 (2002): 119+.

Roubister, Vida. "Drug Tests of Non-consenting Pregnant Women Quashed." American Medical News; Chicago; 9 April 2001

These new testing procedures have come about as more and more people take a stand on animal testing. Drugs do not need to be tested on animals when there are other ways of accomplishing the same goals. There are even books published with medical alternative for animal testing, which indicates how many scientists hope to accomplish their work without using animals, which indicates they do not believe in it.
Some companies are relying far less on animal testing and turning to genetic testing for finer tuned results in special cases. For example, genetic testing has been used to develop several specialized cancer drugs for very specific diseases, such as leukemia and lung cancer. Genetic testing is much more accurate than animal testing, and can be used in very specific cases. Many believe genetic testing is the wave of the future, and could someday permanently and effectively replace animal testing.

In conclusion,…...

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References

Daston, George P., and Pauline Mcnamee. "Alternatives to Toxicity Testing in Animals: Challenges and Opportunities." Environmental Health Perspectives 113, no. 8-1 (2005): 6+.

Freeman, Kris. "Toxicogenomics Data: The Road to Acceptance." Environmental Health Perspectives 112, no. 12 (2004): 678+. Database online. Available from Questia,   Accessed 27 January 2007.http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5011358425.Internet .

Guither, Harold D. Animal Rights History and Scope of a Radical Social Movement. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998.

Microbial Substitute for Animal Testing." USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education), June 1994, 9+.

Drug Test
The idea of drug testing healthcare professionals is a topic worth examination for many reasons. The large numbers of people in society rely on healthcare workers to perform at high levels of competency due to the risk of life involved in this field of work. In today's workplace, some companies use random drug testing as a means of eliminating potential workplace threats caused by the effects of employees using drugs. The medical world is no different, medical professionals practicing while under the influence could cause potential workplace threats.

The purpose of this essay is to explore the idea that medical professionals should be drug tested randomly to minimize potential workplace threats caused by the effects of employees using drugs. I will present my argument and discuss literature related to this topic in order to gain a full understanding of this complicated and important discussion.

Thomas & Siela (2011) argued for the…...

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Works Cited

Parks, J. (2010). Should physicians undergo random drug testing? Med Page Today, 30 Aug, 2010. Retrieved from   random-drug-testing.htmlhttp://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2010/08/physicians-undergo -

Thomas, M. & Silea, D. (2011). The impaired nurse: Would you know what to do if you suspected substance abuse? American Nurse Today, August 2011, v 6. Retrieved from  http://www.americannursetoday.com/article.aspx?id=8114&fid=8078 

Cox, L. (2008). Urine Drug Test for Doctors? ABC News, 12 Nov 2008. Retrieved from  http://abcnews.go.com/Health/PainManagement/story?id=6232694&page=1

Drug Testing Policy at Northern Lights Nursing School
Because student nurses should be fully engaged with their academic and clinical preparations for employment the healthcare field, their sobriety should be assured and their cognitive abilities should not be impaired even to the smallest degree. The American Nurses Association estimates "…that six to eight percent of nurses use alcohol or drugs to an extent that is sufficient to impair professional performance" (NCSBN). Therefore, prior to admission to this institution, all prospective students are required to undergo a drug screening test. Moreover, students are required to pay for their drug screening and must have conducted this school-approved screening at least three weeks prior to admission to the nursing program.

The Drug Testing Policy at Northern Lights Nursing School

The personal and the psychological integrity of every student in this institution is important. Substance abuse is a known disease, and those in the healthcare field must…...

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Works Cited

National Council of State Boards of Nursing. (2011). Substance Use Disorder in Nursing: A

Resource Manual and Guidelines for Alternative and Disciplinary Monitoring Programs.

Retrieved April 17, 2014, from  http://www.ncsbn.org .

Drug Testing in the Workplace is an incredibly important component in the ongoing war against drugs. It is simply impossible to argue that employees who are high or that use drugs on a regular basis can be an effective part of a company. Indeed those who use illicit drugs are often responsible for workplace accidents, absenteeism, worker's compensation claims, and health care claims; all of which hurt a company's productivity and profit margins.
Recent polls indicate that seventy percent of drug users are employed. This means that approximately ten million people who use drugs on a regular basis are employed at any given time. Obviously the most direct method of attacking drug use is in the workplace.

Calvina L. Fay, executive director of the Drug Free America Foundation Inc. In St. Petersburg, Florida, wrote the following in a letter to the editor of the St. Petersburg Times.

When testing began to develop in…...

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Bibliography

Fay, Calvina L. (2000) Workplace Drug Testing is Beneficial.

Retrieved February 18, 2003, from St. Petersburg Times. Website: http://wwwsptimes.com/News/021300/Perspective/Workplace_drug_testin.shtml

Drug Testing in the Workplace. Retrieved February 18, 2003, from the Indiana Prevention Resource Center at Indiana University. Website: http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/publications/ncadi/primer/drugtest.htm

Nixon, Tina. (1998) Workplace Drug Testing Probable. Retrieved February 18, 2003, from The Southland Times. Website: http://ask.elibrary.com/login.asp?c=&host=ask%Eelibrary%2Ecom&script=%Fgetdoc%

checkyourassignments.org/images/spacer.gif exposure due to liability apart from increased premiums of employees compensation. Employers possess a http://www.checkyourassignments.org/images/spacer.gif self-interest while maintaining a workplace which http://www.checkyourassignments.org/images/spacer.gif free from drugs meant for the security as well as interests of staffs and bosses alike. But this is far from the complete picture. Debate comes to the fray when bosses either inexpertly or through force enforce drug testing in a way which infringes individual or privileges granted by the constitution like 'ight to Privacy' or the safeguard from illegal investigations as well as arrests. Although almost all states allow employee testing of drugs, nevertheless no state mandate http://www.checkyourassignments.org/images/spacer.gif
In case of particular bosses who execute testing programs of drugs, it is vital that the http://www.checkyourassignments.org/images/spacer.gif adhere to procedure stipulated under the state and federal laws so as to guarantee protection of employee rights and privileges. ("Drug Testing," n. d.)

Coming to the constitutional provisions, the U.S. Constitution does…...

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References

Armentano, Paul. (n. d.) "Writing against drug testing auto service employees" Retrieved from  http://www.carwash.com/ENewsArticle.asp?ArticleID=389 

Comer, Debra R. (1994, May) "A case against workplace drug testing" Organization Science, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 259-267.

Coombs, Robert H; West, Louis Jolyon. (1991) "Drug testing: Issues and Options" Oxford

University Press: New York.

If they can figure out a way to manipulate the system, they will. Urine samples can be switched if the monitoring is not close enough, and there are also many "masking" products available that advertise their ability to mask the testing results of certain drugs, such as marijuana. If the individual is not extremely experienced in reading the results of the test and monitoring the testing samples, many discrepancies can occur. This can lead to false-positive test results, implicating innocent students, but it can also lead to false-negative results, which dispel the entire effectiveness of the testing process. If the process is open to interpretation and deviation, then the process does not work, and is useless in detecting drug use in determined and inventive students.
Finally, there is the fiscal aspect of drug testing. Not only do many experts agree that drug testing creates a negative climate of distrust in…...

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References

Editors. (2002). About drug testing. Retrieved from the Drugfreeschools.com Web site: Nov. 2005.http://www.drugfreeschools.com/drugtesting.html10

Mandatory Drug Testing Violates Rights. (1996, August). USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education), 125, 15+.

Wagner, A. (2004, August 19). Schools reject drug testing policy; most ignore recent state rulings. The Washington Times, p. B01.

Yacoubian, Jr., G.S. (2003). To pee or not to pee: School drug testing in an era of oral fluid analysis. Retrieved from the Florida State University Web site:   Nov. 2005.http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/journal/schooldrug.htm10 

1. The history and evolution of steroid laws in the United States
2. The impact of steroid laws on the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports
3. The controversy surrounding the legality and ethics of steroid use
4. The role of government regulation in preventing steroid abuse
5. The influence of media and public perception on steroid laws
6. The debate over criminalizing steroid possession and distribution
7. The effectiveness of drug testing and enforcement measures in deterring steroid use
8. The implications of international differences in steroid laws
9. The potential benefits and drawbacks of legalizing steroids for personal use
10. The intersection of gender, race, and socio-economic....

Animal Testing: Ethical Dilemma and a Call for Ban

Introduction

Animal testing has been a subject of ethical debate for decades. While it has contributed to medical advancements, its moral implications and scientific shortcomings demand a critical reevaluation. This research paper argues that animal testing should be banned due to ethical concerns, limited scientific validity, the availability of alternative methods, and the existence of viable substitutes.

Ethical Considerations

Animals, like humans, are sentient beings capable of experiencing pain, distress, and suffering. Subjecting them to experimental procedures raises serious ethical concerns about their well-being and dignity. Animals in laboratories are often confined to small cages,....

Forensic Science in the UK and USA: A Comparative Overview

Forensic science plays a crucial role in the criminal justice systems of both the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (USA). However, there are several key differences in the use and application of forensic science in these two countries.

Structure and Organization

UK: Forensic science services in the UK are primarily provided by the Forensic Science Service (FSS), a government agency responsible for conducting forensic examinations and providing expert testimony in criminal cases. The FSS has a centralized structure, with laboratories located throughout the country.

USA: Forensic science services in the....

## Enhancing Societal Support for Individuals Struggling with Addiction

Addiction, a pervasive and debilitating condition, poses a significant challenge to individuals, families, and society at large. To effectively address this issue, it is crucial to create a supportive environment that empowers individuals to overcome addiction and reclaim their lives. This can be achieved through a multifaceted approach that involves:

### 1. Reducing Stigma and Fostering Compassion:

Stigma surrounding addiction remains a formidable barrier to recovery. Society often stigmatizes individuals with addiction as weak, immoral, or lacking willpower. This stigma perpetuates shame, isolation, and prevents people from seeking help. To combat this, it is....