Dreams -- Are They Psychologically ignificant
psychologically insignificant, or something in between?

The phenomenon of dreaming during sleep has long been a topic of interest to those interested in understanding the human mind. On one hand, there may be reason to believe that dream content and visual imagery in dreams provide clues to the unconscious mind as famously postulated by the psychological theorist who introduced the psychodynamic approach to understanding human psychology. On the other hand, there may be equally good anecdotal evidence that dreaming in humans is not particularly significant, particularly since non-human animals also apparently dream. It may be that human dreams are psychologically significant, but any such conclusion would have to be established by further research distinguishing dream sleep from non-dream sleep in the same manner as previous studies distinguishing REM sleep from non-REM sleep.

Introduction

leep is a phenomenon that appears to be universal among all known higher organisms and…...

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Sources Consulted

Brody, J. "At Every Age, Feeling the Effects of Too Little Sleep" The New York Times.

(October 23, 2007). Accessed 22 June 2012 from:

  ewanted=printhttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/23/health/23brod.html?_r=1&oref=slogin&pag 

Gerrig, R, and Zimbardo, P. (2008). Psychology and Life. Upper Saddle River, NJ:

Dreams and Delusions: The Drama of German History
Fritz Stern's 1988 book Dreams and Delusions: The Drama of German History (republished with a new forward in 1999), relies on a series of loosely-related essays in order to deal with Germany's ongoing legacy of orld ar II and the Holocaust. The book was chosen because of its particular subject matter and methodological approach, because its series of essays makes for a more varied and interesting read than would be possible with a more straightforward approach. Stern divides his book into four sections, with each section discussing a different feature of German history surrounding orld ar II and its aftermath; Stern includes sections for "The Dream of Peace," "The Lure of Power," "Peace and the Release from Greatness," and "Historians and the German Past" (Stern vii-viii). Stern's position seems to be that the rise of National Socialism in Germany was the product of…...

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Works Cited

Birmele, Jutta. "Dreams and Delusions: The Drama of German History by Fritz Stern." Die

Unterrichtspraxis / Teaching German, 21. 2 (1988): 256-257. Print.

Calleo, David. "Dreams and Delusions: The Drama of German History by Fritz Stern." Foreign

Affairs, 66. 2 (1987): 443. Print.

Dreams
Mental illness impacts all areas of a person's life, from social interactions to self-perception, from cognitive functioning to spiritual belief systems. Dreams are no exception. Every person spends a good deal of time in the dreaming state, whether or not dreams are recalled or valued upon awakening. A person's sleep state is impacted by a number of factors ranging from the biological to the emotional. hen mental illness affects a person's life, it includes the large portion of life that takes place in the sleep state. Neurochemical processes, linked to emotionality, cognition, and behavior, may also have an effect on the content -- both manifest and latent -- of dreams. Similarly, the content of dreams could change a person's emotional state and subsequent neurochemistry. Generally, if mental illness affects waking life, then it must also impact dreams. The nature of the impact will be qualitatively different depending on the type…...

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Works Cited

Auhmann, Carolin; Lahl, Olaf; Pietrowsky, Reinhard. "Relationship between dream structure, boundary structure and the Big Five personality dimensions." Dreaming. Vol. 22, No. 2, p. 124-135.

Barrett, Deirdre. "The "Royal Road" Becomes a Shrewd Shortcut: The Use of Dreams in Focused Treatment." The Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 16(1): 55-63.

Cartwright, Rosalind, Baehr, Erin, Kirkby, Jennifer, Pandi-Perumal, S.R. And Kabat, Julie. "REM sleep reduction, mood regulation and remission in untreated depression." Psychiatry Research. Vol. 121, Issue 2, p. 159-167.

Cukrowicz, Kelly C. et al. "The impact of insomnia and sleep disturbances on depression and suicidality." Dreaming. Vol. 16, No. 1, p. 1-10.

She states,
"when people think about analyzing their dreams, they usually think of psychics with crystal balls, dream dictionaries, or lying on a couch while a Freud-like psychologist tells them precisely what their dreams connote…"

Indeed, many people claim to know that dreams are important, and some may even try and understand dreams, but they are all too soon forgotten in favor of the worries of the day. However, dreams analysis, as emphasized by Tartakovsky, is not only beneficial, but also useful in dealing with daily problems. As seen from the studies above, dreams are a gateway to understanding oneself, and there is only benefit to be gained from performing a dreams analysis of one's dreams.

In psychological terms, "dreaming is non-essential when it comes to survival as a body but is essential with regard to our development and evolution as metaphysical beings," states Dr. Sumber, who has studied global dream mythology…...

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Lehrer, 2010.

Tartakovsky, Margarita. "How to Analyze Your Dreams (and Why it's Important)." Psych Central. 25 Jan. 2011. Web. 16 Apr. 2012. .

Tartakovsky, 2011.

e experience a world roughly parallel to our usual visual-spatial one, though as noted, with some broader or wilder elements.
Furthermore, dreaming avoids the most "tightly woven," "over learned" portions of the nets. His research further shows that we dream very little of well-learned familiar tasks such as reading, typing, writing, or calculating, even when we spend hours per day of our waking lives on these tasks. (Hartmann 6)

Dreams contextualize emotion. Dreams notice similarities and produce explanatory metaphor. However, is this simply the way things are, or does it all have one or more functions? Is making broad connections useful in some way? Is picturing or contextualizing an emotional concern in pictured metaphor of use to us in some way? Perhaps not. Murray conducted research to answer these questions, which suggested that the biological state of REM sleep has a definite biological function for the body -- namely, restoration, or…...

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Works Cited

Borbely, Alexander. Secrets of Sleep. Trans. Deborah Schneider. New York: Basic Books, 1986

Hartmann, Ernest. The New Theory on the Origin and Meaning of Dreams. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing, 2001.

Murray, John B. "Children's Dreams." Journal of Genetic Psychology 156.3 (1995): 303-312.

Dreams, though abstract in nature and, often, in content, seem to have very concrete and applicable roles for their possessors. Whether serving as a driving force behind the achievement of one's goals or simply conjuring vague and forgotten traces of the subconscious, a dream's idealized purpose is hazy at best. But it is this condition that lends dreams their tremendous versatility. Particularly, dreams may have the capacity, due to their occasionally revelatory nature, to spur active manifestation. Namely, Langston Hughes' "Deferred Dreams," Rita Dove's "Daystar" and Nikki Giovanni's "Dreams" collectively illustrate the role of dreams as vehicles through which to achieve empowerment. There is evidence in all three of the aforementioned pieces to suggest that, through modes such as self-honesty, resistance to racism and persistence in the face of external negativity, dreams may be unparalleled in their effectiveness as tools to self-empowerment.
Such empowerment may be difficult to perceive immediately when…...

Dreams in Sigmund Freud and Franz Kafka
Dreams, the Unconscious, and the Real Self in the Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud and the Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka

In 19th -20th century societies, the prevailing philosophical discipline and way of living among people is centering one's attention to the 'Self.' The concept of the Self is influenced by the individualist society prevalent in Western societies. Indeed, individualism through introspection is evident in the main themes discussed among discourses and literary works of this period.

Among these revolutionary thinkers that have helped develop and influence the 20th century philosophy and thought are Sigmund Freud and Franz Kafka, psychologist and literary writer, respectively. oth have been influential in introducing the theme of individualism through introspection, mainly through the method of psychoanalysis and subsistence to the philosophy of existentialism.

Sigmund Freud was an Austrian physician and founder of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a branch of psychology where unlearned…...

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Bibliography

Freud, S. (1999). The Interpretation of Dreams. Translated by J. Crick. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Greenberg, M. (1965). Gregor Samsa and Modern Spirituality. In Franz Kafka: A Collection of Criticism. L. Hamalian (Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.

Kafka, F. (1972). Franz Kafka: The Complete Stories. N. Glatzer (Ed.). New York: Schocken Books.

Dreams and Daydreams in Romantic Literature
The most powerful and lasting contributions to the literature of a given era are invariably penned by bold thinkers struggling to comprehend the ever changing world in which they live. Spanning the 18th and 19th centuries, the French Romantic movement, which was propelled by the authorial brilliance of writers such as Victor Hugo and Honore de Balzac, was shaped and inspired by the momentous political and social upheaval roiling all of France after a contentious and bloody revolt. The toppling of a once infallible monarchy and the sudden distribution of democratic ideals forced the literary class to recalibrate their worldview instantly, and the result is a wealth of material, including novels, plays and critical pieces of nonfiction, all of which focuses intently on the machinations of the human mind. With the external foundations of the preexisting social order irrevocably shattered, authors like Marie-Henri Bayle, who…...

Dreams, Reality, and the Future of Environmental Psychology by Richard Sommer.
Origins of a New Field

Need to understand social and historical context of the discipline

started in U.S. And Canada and later diffused; related to Roger Barker on psychological ecology and Daniel Berlyne on environmental aesthetics ref to charisma (extraordinary power)

Intellectual climate of the 1960s

challenging traditional assumptions of allocation of power, resources, nature of society behavioral science had not yet predicted

Human Rights Movement

African-Americans and other disenfranchised groups fighting for justice affected ethics and design considerations (eg Brown v Board of Education)

Ecology Movement

Started by Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1962 -- impact on policymakers, public, science-refers to pollution-leads to greater protection of wilderness

But this time not just concerned with wilderness but also urban space, population control, energy

Leads to creation of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and 1960s -- the environmental decade.

43.2.3 The State of Architecture

Construction boom after WWII --…...

Dreams Begin Responsibility, Delmore Schwartz focuses on themes of maturity, responsibility and family. He does this through the interaction of several characters: the son, father, and the merry-go-round. Each of these characters is more than part of the story, though, each is symbolic within its interaction with one another, and the archetype it forms with society and culture.
The Son is the central character of the idea of maturation -- of aging, of maturing, and of the manner in which these events change a person's psychological understanding and reaction to the world. When one is young, nature is vast an strange, as one ages, this changes. "But I stare at the terrible sun, which breaks up sight, and the fatal merciless passionate ocean (513)." Time and emotion remain strangers, but the archetype of the Son means hat one is new to the world and must try to understand the complexity of…...

She is also a dreamer in that she believes that she will be able to help everyone. hen alter loses the money, her view changes somewhat in that she understands the world a little better. She knows that no doctor can cure "what ails mankind" (2254). She does come to realize that what truly ails mankind is something that cannot be cured because it is not a physical sickness in the truest sense of the words. Her idealism might be squashed but Beneatha still feels compelled to make difference in the world by doing what she can through helping others.
alter's dream is to be rich. The problem with alter's dream is that he does nothing to set it into motion. He likes to daydream about it but making his dreams come true is more difficult. He lacks vision and this causes him to miss out on coming close to…...

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Works Cited

Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Vol. II.

Lexington D.C. Heath and Company. 2202-63.

Dreams and Learning
What are dreams? Why do people dream? Do dreams serve a purpose, or are they simply a way for the brain to excise extra information; a way for the mind to process information overload? Can dreams provide insight into future endeavors, future events, or are they simply the collection of images, emotions, thoughts, and fears? These questions have been pondered, to varying degrees, for thousands of years. However, only recently have dreams been tested empirically and even more recently still have dreams been subjected to a critical scientific method.

Yet, with all of the study and interest in dreams and in the purposes of sleep in general, there seems to be little consensus among scholars and dream researchers. While Sigmund Freud studied dreams and found them to be a way for the brain to release the hidden desires we repress during waking hours, research suggest that there may be…...

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References:

Cartwright, R.D. (1977). Night Life: Explorations in Dreaming. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Cartwright, R.D. (1992). Directing Your Dreams. Psychology Today, 32-37.

Domhoff, G.W. (1996). The repetition of dreams and dream elements: A possible clue to a fnction of dreams. In Alan Moffitt, Milton Kramer & Robert Hoffmann (Eds.), The functions of dreaming. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Freud, S. (1900). The interpretation of dreams.

In this scene, she is deliberately planting an idea in Laura's head that someone will show up out of the blue and ask for her hand in marriage. Even Laura knows that the likelihood for this occurring is small. Even when Jim enters into the picture, Amanda puts all of her faith into him marrying Laura without knowing anything about him or his feelings. Tom needs to find an escape from his mother and he does so by leaving home as often as possible. His greatest escapes are going to the movies and spending time of the fire escape. The pressure of taking care of the family proves to be too much for Tom as he tells Amanda that if he were thinking of himself as much as she accused him of doing so, he would be like his father, who is "gone! As far as the system of…...

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Works Cited

Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. An Introduction to Literature. Sylvan Barnet, ed. Boston:

Little, Brown and Company. 1985. pp. 1030-1114.

Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. An Introduction to Literature. 8th ed. Barnett,

Sylvan, ed. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 1985. pp. 967-1025.

Dreams May Come, a film directed by Vincent ard, with a screenplay by Ron Bass, shows visually the mental images of characters in the film through the afterlife universes that they create for themselves. The aim of the film is signaled by its title, a quote from Hamlet's famous Act III soliloquy.
To sleep: perchance to dream: ay, there's the rub / For in that sleep of death what dreams may come / hen we have shuffled off this mortal coil" (Ham. 3.1.10-12). Thus, the film provides a vision of what the life after death may hold. hile following the struggles of Chris Nielsen to adapt to his private afterlife universe, the film heavily relies on the technique of presenting mental images visually, often in very creative and striking ways. The character Doc, who functions as Chris' guardian angel, expresses the basic philosophical stance of the film. In response to…...

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Works Cited

Brewer, Ebenezer C., "Spirit Writing," Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Philadelphia: Henry Altemus Company, 1898.

Crystal, Ellie. "Automatic Writing." 2002. Crystalinks. 26 November 2002  http://www.crystalinks.com/automatic_writing.html 

Russell, Bertram. The Problems of Philosophy. New York: H. Holt, 1912.

Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Complete Moby Shakespeare. 26 November 2002. http://the-tech.mit.edu/Shakespeare/hamlet/hamlet.3.1.html.

Not only did Obama come to recognize this basic racism in most of the others he encountered, but he even developed his own rather race-centric views that he was able to consciously exploit to his advantage. Basketball, for instance, became a way for Obama to celebrate his Africa-American heritage and solidify his identity. He recalls that "on the basketball court I could find a community of sorts...on a turf where blackness couldn't be a disadvantage" (Obama 80). At this point, Obama had accepted the reality of the divide that was thrust upon blacks and whites alike. Adolescence is a time when everyone is searching for their identity, and for Obama for a time this meant determining a specific racial identity and attempting to live up to it.

Of course, these attempts did not really a provide a long-term tenable position for Obama, and his views on the reality of racial differences…...

An escape story refers to a story where a person is getting away from some type of negative situation.  The escape story can be a literal escape from something or an imagined escape.  Kate Chopin’s Story of an Hour is a famous escape story, because the protagonist imagines all of the freedoms that she has now that her husband has been declared dead, only to discover he is not really dead.  The Secret Life of Walter Mitty is another popular escape story, even though his escapism is in his head.  However, escape stories....

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