Down Autism
Down Syndrome and autism are two conditions that can affect the lives of people, including their ability to learn and to participate in society. Moreover, Down Syndrome and autism affect how a person is perceived by others. Down Syndrome is the most common genetic condition in the United States, affecting one in every 691 births (National Down Syndrome Society, 2013). It is also the most common cause of learning disabilities in children (Mayo Clinic Staff, n.d.). Therefore, it is important to understand what Down Syndrome is in order to reduce discrimination against persons with Down Syndrome.

Autism is completely different from Down Syndrome, although both the conditions can result in learning disabilities in children. Autism and autism spectrum disorders are related to abnormal brain development (Autism Speaks, 2013). The rates of autism have increased ten times in the past forty years, partly due to improved diagnostic procedures, but also due…...

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References

Autism Speaks (2013). What is autism? Retrieved online:  http://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism 

Mayo Clinic Staff (n.d.). Down Syndrome: Definition. Retrieved online:  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/down-syndrome/DS00182 

National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS, 2013). What is Down syndrome? Retrieved online:  

Chicoine also cautions that whenever a patient declines in function, a thorough evaluation is necessary "to look for reversible causes, or, if no reversible cause is found, to confirm that the decline is consistent with Alzheimer's disease" (Chicoine pp). In other words, just as in the general population, Alzheimer's disease is a diagnosis of exclusion in persons with Down's (Chicoine pp). Because traditional neuropshychological testing, such as used for persons in the general population, is not particularly helpful for assessing individuals with an intellectual disability, thus careful clinical evaluation is important to avoid missing potentially reversible causes of decline (Chicoine pp).
Chicoine cautions that mental health disorders often present differently in persons with Down syndrome due to cognitive and expressive language limitations, which means that mental health disorders may be difficult to distinguish from Alzheimer's dementia (Chicoine pp). For example, loss of adaptive skills, disruption of sleep cycle, appetite changes,…...

So, they are saying that the initial screening followed with a second round of screening have proved to have a detection rate as high as 84%, the article continues.
Also, integrated screening (combining the results of tests in the first and second-trimesters) has also proved to be valuable in terms of detection of DS during pregnancy. The problem with integrated screening, the article points out, is that there is quite a period of time from the initiation of the testing until completion. But the larger question is, what is a woman to do if indeed her baby has a mis-matched chromosome count? If it is caught early enough, would she consider an abortion? That is a moral and personal privacy issue, of course, but it is worth consideration given the issues that arise for a family with a DS child.

If a pregnant woman is screened properly during her first-trimester, and…...

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Works Cited

Clinician Reviews. (2007). Down syndrome screening expanded (Literature Monitor). 17(2),

Devenny, Darlynne a. (1993). Stress and Parenting. Down Syndrome Today, 2(4), 22-23,

And 3(1).

Fey, Marc E.; Warren, Steven F.; Brady, Nancy; Finestack, Lizbeth H.; Bredin-Oja, Shelly L.;

Hearing loss
7. Heart problems (American Accreditation HealthCare Commission, 2009)

The Cleveland Clinic reports that individuals with Down syndrome have different experiences in terms of the problems with health than those experienced by the normal population and these problems include a weakened immune system and premature aging. Alzheimer's disease is stated to be "far more common in people with Down syndrome..." (2009)

Those who are 35 to 40 years old and who have Down syndrome are often noted as having Alzheimer's disease. This is stated in current research to have been shown that the 'extra gene dosage caused by the abnormal third chromosome of Down syndrome might be a factor in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Interest also is being focused on the early onset of Alzheimer's disease in individuals with Down syndrome, which might be related to the early aging of the Down syndrome brain." (Cleveland Clinic, 2009)

Summary and Conclusion

This review…...

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Bibliography

Down Syndrome (2009) American Accreditation HealthCare Commission, 2009. Online available at:  https://health.google.com/health/ref/Down+syndrome 

Down Syndrome (2009) Mayo Clinic -- Mayo Clinic Staff. Online available at:  

(Pulsifer, 2005)
ACADEMIC STRENGTHS and WEAKNESSES

Meier (2008) states that there is a tendency to over generalize those with Down syndrome but states that there are however "significant trends that teachers can use to help their students learn and become part of the classroom." Meier states the following strengths and weaknesses of students with Down syndrome related to academics:

Learning Strengths

Strong, short-term visual memory

High social/interpersonal intelligence (Meier, 2008)

Learning Weaknesses

Poor short-term auditory memory

Difficulty with basic math skills

Mild to moderate hearing loss (Meier, 2008)

The work of Fox, Farell and Davis (2004) entitled: "Factors Associated with the Effective Inclusion of Primary-Aged Pupils with Down's Syndrome" reports a study that states findings that effective academic support for children with Down syndrome includes:

1) Schools in which knowledge of the needs of the student with Down syndrome was shared among all staff members;

2) Schools in which teachers and teaching assistants worked in unison to provide appropriate support for…...

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Bibliography

Bird, Elizabeth Kay-Raining, et al. (2008) Written and Oral Narratives of Children and Adolescents with Down syndrome. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research. Vol. 51. April 2008.

Fox, Sam; Farell, Meter and Davis, Pauline (2004) Factors Associated with the Effective Inclusion of Primary-Aged Pupils with Down's syndrome. British Journal of Special Education 31(4), 2004.

Leshin, Len (2003) Trisomy 21: The Story of Down syndrome. Online DS-Health. Available at  http://www.ds-health.com/trisomy.htm 

Meier, Kristin (2008) Down Syndrome 101: What Teachers Need to Known. The Complete Education Resources Center.

EE values were 10% lower in Down syndrome patients compared with normal babies. Neonatal heartbeats were also found to be lower in Down syndrome babies (6 beats less per min on an average). The researchers found that REE was 14% lesser than healthy infants of comparable age. [Jacqueline et.al, 2003] more recent study aimed at understanding the differences in weight among normal people and the intellectually disabled population was conducted by the Leicestershire NHS Partnership Trust and the Department of health. This was an extensive study which included 1119 ID subjects registered in the Leicestershire database and comapred their MI data with non-intellectualy disabled subjects in the region. The data obtained indicated that among those aged 20 and above, the prevelance rates for obesity, overweight, normal weight, and underweight were 20.7%, 28%, 32.7% and 18. 6% respectively. From the data that was gathered it was clear that obesity was…...

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Bibliography

1) Melville C., 2005. 'Obesity in adults with Down syndrome: a case control study'. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49(2), 125-133.

2) Fernhall B. et al., 2005. 'Resting metabolic Rate is Not Reduced in Obese

Adults With Down syndrome'. Mental Retardation, 43 (6), 391-400.

3) Sheela N. Magge, Kristen L. O'Neill, Justine Shults, Virginia a. Stallings, Nicolas Stettler, 2007, 'Leptin Levels among Prepubertal Children with Down Syndrome Compared with Their Siblings', the Journal of Pediatrics

If Jane had exhibited a family history of genetic abnormalities then the clinic could easily be held at fault in a court of law.
The doctors might have considered John's cousin but could have just as easily believed that a healthy young couple would not have opted for a voluntary amniocentesis that might place them at risk for miscarriage. fter all, the couple had great trouble conceiving and if they miscarried might never conceive again. The risk for miscarriage as the result of the amniocentesis is, however, relatively low. For this reason, doctors should make a point to suggest the test as an option without mandating the test as a routine course of action.

Doctors should always suggest that a mother's embryo be tested. Yet unless the doctors ignored the standard clinic procedures or their legal obligations then the clinic cannot be held liable. The clinic would have done better to…...

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Although it should have offered the test as an elective option, the clinic is not automatically liable for not testing Jane for two reasons. First, her risk factors were relatively low; and second, the test for the disorder can put the baby at risk. Moreover, Jane's risk factors were low considering her family had no history of Down Syndrome. If Jane had exhibited a family history of genetic abnormalities then the clinic could easily be held at fault in a court of law.

The doctors might have considered John's cousin but could have just as easily believed that a healthy young couple would not have opted for a voluntary amniocentesis that might place them at risk for miscarriage. After all, the couple had great trouble conceiving and if they miscarried might never conceive again. The risk for miscarriage as the result of the amniocentesis is, however, relatively low. For this reason, doctors should make a point to suggest the test as an option without mandating the test as a routine course of action.

Doctors should always suggest that a mother's embryo be tested. Yet unless the doctors ignored the standard clinic procedures or their legal obligations then the clinic cannot be held liable. The clinic would have done better to warn the parents of the possibility of Down syndrome, including what the condition entailed in terms of parenting. Experts agree on this issue: "In 2007, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommended that every pregnant woman, regardless of age, be offered a choice of tests for this common birth defect," (slide 43). The clinic should be advised to offer an amniocentesis test, but must also warn the mother that the test itself can be dangerous. In this case, the clinic should only be held liable if it was not following the proper procedural code.

Pathophysiology—Down Syndrome Introduction
Down Syndrome is a chromosomal disorder that can produce a range of intellectual and physical defects in the individual. Depending on the phenotypic variation, these defects can be more or less severe for some than they are for others (Karmiloff-Smith et al., 2016). It is the most common genetic disorder in the U.S. and the most common cause of learning in young children. It can also lead to other health-related issues and complications such as heart as well as gastrointestinal disorders (Mayo Clinic, 2018). This paper will discuss the pathophysiology of Down Syndrome; the signs, symptoms and complications of the disorder; what current research and evidence-based practices focus on; and the most common treatment and management practices for Down Syndrome.

Pathophysiology
In all but 5% of cases, Down Syndrome is caused by trisomy 21—i.e., the individual has three chromosome 21 copies (Antonarakis, Lyle, Dermitzakis, Reymond & Deutsch, 2004). As human cells…...

disorder Down's syndrome and the certain ways these individuals are treated in the society. Certain characteristics like their learning ability and their ability to live in the society is emphasized in the paper. Laws and regulations for children with these disorders are also hinted upon. Lastly, the inclusion of these children in the integrated teaching program is discussed.
Down syndrome is a disorder that has been named after John Langdon Down, who was a British physician and he explained this syndrome in the year 1886. Earlier in the 19th century, this condition was clinically described by Jean Etienne Dominique Esquirol in the year 1838 and then by Edouard Seguin in 1844. Dr., Jerome Lejeune identified this syndrome as a chromosome 21 trisomy. This disorder can be diagnosed after as well as before birth through prenatal screening procedures. If such pregnancies are identified, they are often terminated.

According to the CDC estimates,…...

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References

Buckley, S. (1995). Teaching children with Down syndrome to read and write. Down syndrome: Living and learning in the community (pp. 158-169). New York: Wiley-Liss.

Cheung, Y.B., Law, C.K., Chan, B., Liu, K.Y., YIP, P.S. (2006): Suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts in a population-based study of Chinese people: risk attributable to hopelessness, depression, and social factors. J. Affect. Disord.

Cicchetti, D., & Beeghly, M. (Eds.). (1990). Children with Down syndrome: A developmental perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Crawford, P.A. (1995). Early literacy: Emerging perspectives. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 10(1), 71-86.

onnie Steinbock Down's Syndrome
ETHICALLY DEFENSILE OR NOT

onnie Steinbock and Down's Syndrome

Prenatal genetic testing is a medical procedure, which detects genetic abnormalities early, to enable the mother or parents to make appropriate decisions about the condition (Khasin, 2013). Unlike prenatal genetic screening, which requires only a blood test, prenatal genetic testing obtains a direct sample of the amniotic fluid through a needle. The result is, therefore, more reliable. Prenatal genetic testing has been commonly used in detecting genetic abnormalities, such as Down Syndrome, Trisomy 18 and Trisomy 13. Trisomies are extra chromosomes, which are not compatible with life. This means that children with these chromosomes die shortly after birth (Zieve et al., 2013). The main ethical issue against the procedure is that a finding of Down's Syndrome or another genetic abnormality leads women to seek abortion. Since there is no cure for these diseases, the discovery can only depress mothers and/or…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arras, J.D. et al. (2007). Ethical issues in modern medicine: contemporary readings in bioethics. 7th edition. McGraw-Hill Education -- Europe.

Asch, A. (1999). Prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion: a challenge to practice and policy. Vol 89 # 1 American Journal of Public Health: Pubmed. Retrieved on February 22, 2013 from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1508970/pdf 

Khasin, M. (2013). Prenatal genetic testing ethics. eHow: Demand Media, Inc.

Retrieved on February 22, 2013 from http://www.ehow.com/about_6597554_prenatal-genetic-testing-ethics.html

Edwards Syndrome, Trisomy 18 8 sources ( 4-5 Print Sources 3-4 online Sources) All questions answered essay ( mandatory): -What ? (Discription genetic disorder) -What genes chromosomes linked disorder? -Describe populations affected Edwards Syndrome (Include gender, age & number affected USA wordwide.
Edwards syndrome which is also known as Trisomy 18 is a genetic disorder that is caused by the presence of a third copy of chromosome 18 instead of the normal two copies. The extra 18th chromosome comes as a result of nondisjunction of the chromosomal material during meiosis. As a result of failure in the segregation of a chromosome to the daughter cells, there can be errors in the meiotic division leading to an extra chromosome. This extra chromosome usually occurs before conception and it is the second most common autosomal trisomy that carries to term after Down syndrome though it is more common in females than males…...

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References

Buyse, M.L. (Ed.). (1990). Birth Defect Encyclopedia Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

Canfield, M.A., Honein, M.A., Yuskiv, N., Xing, J., Mai, C.T., Collins, J.S., . . . Kirby, R.S. (2006). National estimates and race/ethnic-specific variation of selected birth defects in the United States, 1999-2001. . 2006 Nov;76(11):747-56. Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology, 76(11), 747-756.

HealthStar PR. (2012). First Peer-Reviewed Data For New Noninvasive Prenatal Test Published By Aria Diagnostics. Medical News Today. Retrieved from  http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/240123.php 

Merritt, T.A., Catlin, A., Wool, C., Peverini, R., Goldstein, M., & Oshiro, B. (2012). Trisomy 18 and Trisomy 13: Treatment and Management Decisions. NeoReviews, 13(1), e40-e48. doi: 10.1542/neo.13-1-e40

Fragile X syndrome (also called Martin -- Bell syndrome, or Escalante's syndrome) is the most common single cause of mental retardation and the second most common inherited form of mental retardation, affecting approximately 1 in 1000 males and 1 in 2000 females (Sadock & Sadock, 2007). Fragile X syndrome is the result of a single gene mutation, a mutation of the FM1 gene, located on the X chromosome. Every person has 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 individual chromosomes). Twenty two pairs of chromosomes are autosomes and one pair is an allosome, also known as sex the chromosomes. The allosomes determine the person's gender. Female infants receive two X chromosomes (one each from mother and father), whereas males receive one X chromosome (from the mother) and one Y chromosome (from the father). The site of the Fragile X mutation is on one of these X chromosomes (Sadock & Sadock, 2007).
The FM1…...

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References

American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders, IV- Test Revision. Washington, DC: Author.

Atkinson, R.C. & Shiffrin, R.M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In Spence, K.W & Spence, J.T. (Eds.) pp. 89 -- 195. The psychology of learning and motivation (Volume 2). New York: Academic Press.

Baddeley, A. (2003). Working memory: looking back and looking forward. Nature Reviews

(Northern & Downs, 1974)
In China, otoacoustic emissions studies on patients with Alport Syndrome have determined, specifically by way of distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) tests, that the location of pathological changes due to Alport Syndrome are located in the basilar membrane (Zhang & McPherson, 2005). Other studies have found "no statistically significant average difference between left and right ears for average values of TOAE (transitory otoacoustic emissions) response amplitude with no contralateral acoustic stimulation in patients with Alport's syndrome. (Abreu Alves & al, 2008)"

Auditory brainstem response results for Alport Syndrome patients indicate the cochlea as the site of damage, with dramatic alterations of the stria vascularis.

Hearing loss from Alport Syndrome complications is usually permanent. ecommendations for patients include: urine testing alongside SNHL testing; otologist involvement at all stages of treatment once hearing loss presents; counseling and education to enhance coping skills; instruction for lip reading and sign language; use…...

Tourette's Syndrome: How It Affects Education
Imagine living in a body, explosive in nature, uncontrolled in behavior, and unpredictable in affect.

Now place that body in setting that requires concentration, interaction, and measured response - a classroom. Use your imagination again and pretend that you are a school district administrator.

You have just learned that three students with Tourette's syndrome are moving into one of your schools this fall. You are already facing budget cuts that threaten the integrity of the educational programming. How will you afford the special training that is required to accommodate your new students?

Alternatively, you are the mother of a child with TS. Your child is segregated from the other students because she spits and hums uncontrollably. Her self-esteem and frustration play out in jerks and tics. How will her future be secure without the present support of professional educators?

There are ramifications beyond the immediately obvious challenges presented by…...

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References

Bronheim, S. (1991). An Educator's Guide to Tourette Syndrome. Journal of Learning Disabilities; Jan91, vol. 24 Issue 1.

Cohen, D.J. And Jankovic, J. (Ed.). 2001. Advances in Neurology. Vol.85. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2001.

Leckman, J. Tourette Syndrome. Lancet; 11/16/2002, vol. 360 Issue 9345, p1577, 10p, 3 diagrams, 2 graphs.

Leckman, J.F. And Cohen, D.J. (Ed.). 1999. Tourette's Syndrome: Tics, Obsessions, Compulsions - Developmental Psychopathology and Clinical Care. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1999.

During stage two, if the stress continues, the body adapts to the stressors that it is exposed to. There are changes at different levels take place in order to reduce the effect of the stressor, which indicates they are starving. At this point, thee person might experienced a reduced desire for physical activity to conserve energy, and the absorption of nutrients from food might be maximized (General adaptation syndrome).

The second stage is the body's response to long-term protection. It secretes further hormones that increase blood sugar levels to sustain energy and raise blood pressure. The adrenal cortex produces hormones called corticosteroids for this resistance reaction. Overuse by the body's defense mechanism in this phase eventually leads to disease. If this adaptation phase continues for a prolonged period of time without periods of relaxation and rest to counterbalance the stress response, sufferers become prone to fatigue, concentration lapses, irritability and lethargy…...

I. Introduction
A. Brief overview of Down syndrome
B. Introduction to Down syndrome in Iceland
C. Thesis statement: The recent history of Down syndrome in Iceland has been shaped by advancements in genetic testing and a controversial screening program.

II. Genetic Testing in Iceland
A. Introduction to genetic testing
B. Advancements in genetic testing in Iceland
C. Impact on Down syndrome rates
D. Criticisms of genetic testing

III. Screening Program in Iceland
A. Introduction to screening programs
B. Overview of Iceland's controversial screening program
C. Ethical implications of the screening program
D. Public perception of the screening program

IV. Support for Individuals with....

I. Introduction

A. Background
Define Down syndrome
Provide a brief overview of the history of Down syndrome in Iceland
B. Thesis Statement
State the main argument or purpose of the essay: to outline the recent history of Down syndrome in Iceland and its implications.

II. Body Paragraph 1: Prenatal Screening and Abortion

A. Pre-2000s:
Describe the prevalence of Down syndrome in Iceland before widespread prenatal screening.
Discuss the cultural and social attitudes towards individuals with Down syndrome.
B. Post-2000s:
Explain the introduction of Down syndrome screening in Iceland.
Analyze the impact on the rate of Down syndrome births.
Explore the ethical....

Neurological and Genetic Disorders' Contribution to Criminal Behavior
Neurological and genetic disorders can significantly influence an individual's behavior, potentially contributing to criminal activity. These disorders can impair cognitive functioning, decision-making abilities, and emotional regulation, which can increase the risk of engaging in antisocial or criminal behavior.
Neurological Disorders
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): TBIs can disrupt brain function, leading to cognitive impairments, personality changes, and impulse control difficulties. These impairments can increase the likelihood of violent or impulsive behavior.
Epilepsy: Certain types of epilepsy, such as temporal lobe epilepsy, can be associated with aggression, irritability, and altered states of consciousness, which may contribute....

Music Therapy Interventions and Population-Specific Outcomes
Music therapy, the clinical use of music for therapeutic purposes, exhibits a wide range of applications and outcomes across diverse populations due to its multifaceted nature and the unique responses it elicits. The following are some notable variations in music therapy interventions and their outcomes for different populations:
Children with Developmental Disabilities
Music therapy interventions for children with developmental disabilities, such as autism spectrum disorder or Down syndrome, aim to improve communication, social skills, and cognitive functioning. Through rhythmic activities, musical improvisation, and song-writing, music therapy can facilitate expressive communication, foster emotional regulation, and enhance cognitive processing.....