DNA Finger Printing
Techniques to retrieve DNA and the development of DNA probes have come up and made it possible the matching of DNA molecules to other DNA molecules to serve purposes like identification. This process has been incorporated into what is known as DNA fingerprinting.DNA fingerprinting is therefore a test for identification and evaluation of genetic information i.e. ones DNA. This technique is referred to as a fingerprint because two people cannot have exactly the same DNA information as it applies to fingerprints. The DNA structure of everyone's DNA is same the only difference is on the base pairs and hence the development of the different DNA sequences. The same DNA fingerprint exists on every cell, tissue and organ of an individual. No alterations can be made on a DNA fingerprint by any treatment that is known. For this reason DNA fingerprinting is rapidly becoming a commonly used method for…...
mlaReferences
Lieberman, K. & Brinton, k. (2004). Basics of DNA Fingerprinting. Retrieved November 29, 2012 from http://protist.biology.washington.edu/fingerprint/dnaintro.html
Web MD. (2012). DNA Fingerprinting. Retrieved November 29, 2012 from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/dna-fingerprinting
Betsch, F.D (2000).DNA fingerprinting in Human Health and Society .Retrieved November 29, 2012 from http://www.biotech.iastate.edu/biotech_info_series/bio6.html
CliffsNotes.com.(2012).DNA fingerprinting. Retrieved November 28, 2012 from http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/study_guide/DNA-Fingerprinting.topicArticleId-8741,articleId-8628.html?citation=true
DNA in Criminal Justice System
DNA in the Criminal Justice System -- DNA as Evidence
Justice and Science
Sources of DNA at Crime Scene
Evidence Collection
DNA Evidence on Trial
DNA Matching
This paper addresses the use of DNA in criminal justice system. The research paper will cover the usage of DNA as evidence. The importance of DNA in any criminal case as forensic evidence will be discussed through case studies. The role of DNA in court rooms will also be discussed and it will also cover the role of DNA in making a case stronger for the victim. Advantages and disadvantages of DNA as evidence and DNA testing are also discussed in the paper.
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is considered as one of the building blocks of the human body because it is present in the nuclei of the cell. Genes are the hereditary material of human beings present in their DNA. Estimated amount of…...
mlaBibliography
Briody, M. (2004, Aug). The Effects of DNA Evidence on Homicide Cases in Court. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 37(2), 231.
Clarke, G. ." (2007). Justice and Science: Trials and Triumphs of DNA Evidence. New Brunswick: Rutgers Univerrsity Press.
Cohen, H. (2003). DNA Evidence on Trial. The Scientist, 17(16), 62.
Cole, B. (1997, December 22). Issue of DNA Evidence Comes Up in Martinez Case. Daily Herald, p. 11.
DNA
The Structure and Nature of DNA
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the basic system upon which life on Earth is constructed. In a very real sense, DNA is a kind of program for life that cells use to replicate themselves and transmit information from generation to generation. Over eons, as life changes and adapts to new environmental conditions, that information is stored in the genetic code of all life on the planet as DNA molecules evolve and are altered to meet those changing conditions. The result is the myriad of different kinds of life that is now present on the planet, a variety that is all the more remarkable because it is based on the same fundamental piece of biological software: DNA. Incredibly DNA is a relatively simple chemical compound, so simple in fact that early researchers were dubious that it could be considered the molecule of life ("The Discovery of…...
mlaWorks Cited
"The Discovery of the Molecular Structure of DNA - The Double Helix." The Official Web Site of the Nobel Foundation. 2009. 5 Dec. 2009 .
Farabee, M.J. "Protein Synthesis." Estrella Mountain Community College. 6 June 2007. 5 Dec. 2009 .
"Replication/Transcription/Translation." Radboud University Nijmegen. 12 Feb. 2008. 5 Dec. 2009 .
DNA Technology in Law and Public Policy
The technologies of DNA science have revolutionized modern criminal law in every respect, from crime scene processing and case investigation to prosecutorial strategy and post-conviction appeals. The lightning speed of progress in the DNA sciences represents a public policy challenge to optimize its evidentiary value without violating established principles of constitutional protections, criminal procedure and statutory rules of evidence. Ultimately, projected developments in DNA science and technology will affect ordinary life far beyond the realm of the criminal justice system by eliminating genetic diseases and providing a cure (or preventative) for all forms of cancer as well.
Background and History:
Throughout the eighteenth century, medical science was still entirely ignorant of the reason that human blood transfusions succeeded sometimes, but failed other times, with deadly consequences. By the turn of the twentieth century, scientists realized that human blood could be differentiated by four types, by analyzing…...
mlaReferences (Feb. 2002) Criminal Law and DNA Science: Balancing Societal Interests and Civil Liberties. American University Law Review, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 401-430
Retrieved Feb 29, 2004:
http://homepages.law.asu.edu/~kayed/pubs/dna/02-AMULR.htm
Eisner, R. (Feb 12, 2001) Analysis of Human Genome Shows Fewer Genes than Expected. ABCNEWS.com Retrieved Mar 1, 2004:
http://abcnews.go.com/sections/scitech/DailyNews/genome010212.html
All samples must be properly collected, using gloves and other tools in order to prevent contamination, as well as properly stored until analysis can be performed. It is vitally important that this chain of evidence be maintained so that the evidence collected from using the samples can then be admissible in a court of law. This requires those collecting and storing samples not only to use gloves and tools to handle the samples, but also to avoid talking, sneezing, coughing, touching one's own body, as well as making certain samples are air dried before storing, using paper bags or envelopes instead of plastic containers, and to "tape, seal, initial, and date all paper bags or envelopes." (Catalin, p.7)
DNA is a useful tool in the identification of suspects involved in criminal cases, but there are some limitations to the use of DNA in forensics. First of all, forensic DNA use is…...
mlaReferences
Catalin, Marian, Anghel Andrei, and Oana Mitrasca. (n.d.). "Modern Methods of Collection and Preservation of Biological Evidence for Human Identification
by DNA Analysis." Abacus Diagnostic. Retrieved from http://www.abacusdiagnostics.com/Modern_Methods_of_Collection.pdf
"DNA Forensics." (n.d.). Human Genome Project Information. Retrieved from http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/forensics.shtml
"History of Forensic DNA Analysis." (n.d.). DNA Initiative. Retrieved from http://www.dna.gov/
DNA is the abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid, which is a complex giant molecule that contains, in chemically coded form, the information needed for a cell to make proteins (DNA Pp). DNA is a "ladderlike double-stranded nucleic acid that forms the basis of genetic inheritance in all organisms, except for a few viruses that have only RNA" (DNA Pp). DNA is organized into chromosomes, and, in organisms other than bacteria, is found only in the cell nucleus (DNA Pp). It is made up of two chains of nucleotide subunits, with each nucleotide containing a purine, (adenine or guanine), or pyrimidine (cytosine or thymine) base (DNA Pp). These bases link up with one another, the adenine links with thymine, and cytosine with guanine, to form base pairs that "connect the two strands of the DNA molecule like the rungs of a twisted ladder" (DNA Pp).
The base sequence is preserved from generation to…...
mlaWork Cited
"DNA." The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing Ltd. 1998; Pp.
Poinar Jr., George. "Ancient DNA." American Scientist; 9/1/1999; Pp.
Sancar, Aziz. "DNA repair in humans." Annual Review of Genetics; 1/1/1995; Pp.
Hsieh, Peggy. "DNA mismatch repair: molecular mechanisms and biological function." Annual Review of Microbiology; 1/1/2003; Pp.
"
The true significance of a strand of DNA is that it is sure to house all of the necessary information that is the blueprint or code for various aspect of the body that it represents. Consider that in the majority of organisms, genetics is established by the breeding of pairs of parents which results in an off-spring that has a combination of each of the parents' genetic codes. "Despite the power of molecular biology to examine the information coded for by DNA, we have to know where in the DNA to look to find information of relevance to particular phenomena." (Cantor & Smith, 1999)
Advantages and Developments
There are many advantages to utilizing DNA fingerprinting. "The need to identify an individual arises in criminal and non-criminal situations, including identification of the perpetrator or victim of a violent crime, the victim of a natural disaster or the biological father in a case of…...
mlaWorks Cited
Cantor, Charles R., & Smith, Cassandra L. Genomics: The Science and Technology Behind the Human Genome Project. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1999.
Caro, Tim. Behavioral Ecology and Conservation Biology. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1998.
Peterson, Rebecca Sasser. "DNA Databases: When Fear Goes Too Far." American Criminal Law Review Vol. 37 (2000).
Schacter, Bernice. Issues and Dilemmas of Biotechnology: A Reference Guide. Westwood: Greenwood P, 1999.
The blueprint for what every one of us will be like appears at the instant in which the gametes of our father and mother merge to form a single whole, called the zygote or the fertilized egg. The entire message is encapsulated in the nucleus of this single cell -- more precisely, in its DNA molecule. This molecule carries information about the color of our eyes and hair, about our stature, the form of our nose, whether or not we will be a virtuoso musician, and many other things. Of course, our future depends not only on DNA but also on the unpredictable vicissitudes of life. However, many, many thing in our individual destiny will be determined by the qualities built into us at birth by our genes -- that is, by the sequence of nucleotides in our DNA molecules. (Frank-Kamenetskii, 1997, p. 27)
This pairing, will determine the nature of…...
mlaReferences
Frank-Kamenetskii, M.D. (1997). Unraveling DNA: The Most Important Molecule of Life (Liapin, L., Trans.) (Revised ed.). Reading, MA: Perseus Publishing.
Carter, J.S. (2004) "DNA Structure and Function http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/dna.htm
Holt, Reinhardt & Winston, (ND) "Mendel's Conclusions" http://www.boiseschools.org/schools/north/hunicke/Bio/Review/Mendels_conclusions.htm
Petty, Y. (2005) "DNA Chromosomes and Genes. http://www.dnatutorial.com/DNAChromosomes.shtml
By purifying nucleotide DNA from donor bacteria, exposing recipient bacteria to that DNA, and allowing the recipient to divide, Avery showed that the daughter cells carried traits from the donors, thus the supposedly too simple substance DNA was the carrier of traits, not proteins. It was Avery who made the connection between DNA and heritable traits.
Like the DNA structure itself, Avery's experiment was one of elegant simplicity. By boiling down the nucleotide to its most basic element, Avery eliminated all other variables that could affect heredity living organism like proteins, and convinced his colleagues and the world that DNA is the carrier of a living being's genetic code. Avery's discovery and method should convince anyone that DNA carries traits. His work (and the work that his research spawned) may one day enable science to eliminate, or at least curtail the spread of genetically transmitted disorders. Even today we reap…...
mlaWorks Cited
The Biggest Blunder." (2003). Nobel Prizefight. Retrieved 8 Jun 2007 at http://whyfiles.org/188nobel_mri/3.html
The privacy concerns form the bulk of the negative impact of DNA fingerprinting on United Kingdom society, and they are not at all unfounded. Several schools have implemented locks and record keeping mechanisms that depend upon a child's fingerprints (traditional, not DNA) (Edinformatics). These fingerprint mechanisms are used to track money for school meals, to replace library cards, and to alow access to school buildings and rooms in an attempt to cut down on the rate of skipping school -- and the British government is allowed to collect and maintain fingerprint records without parental consent (Edinformatics). There are serious concerns that the relatively new technology of DNA fingerprinting might also be implemented along the same lines, without the right of citizens to deny consent, leading to a DNA database that includes every child who attends school in the United Kingdom.
There are also many positive impacts that the technology has had…...
mlaReferences
DirectGov. (2009). Accessed 6 August 2009. http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/index.htm
Callier, John Huss, and Eric T. Juengst make excellent points about the inherent intrusion into privacy and the lack of logical nexus between the act and its subjects, to wit, randomly screening the criminal background of every college faculty. By contrast, the Akron case should accentuate the close relationship between the objective of having convicted criminals become part of the DNA database for use when attempting solve subsequent crimes should quickly and the means by which it is carried out. After examining the Akron case, it appears that requiring a criminal to participate in a criminal database makes perfect sense and is quite logical and reasonable.
Conclusion
DNA analysis has forever transformed the nature of evidence in criminal prosecutions. It has made identifying and convicting a criminal much easier and more reliable. It does come with a cost, however, that being reduced expectation of the right to privacy. here convicted criminals…...
mlaWorks Cited
Callier, Shawneequa L., Huss, John and Juengst, Eric T. "GINA and Preemployment Criminal Background Checks." Hastings Center Report 40 (2010): 15-9
CODIS Combined DNA Index System. December 2008. Federal Bureau of Investigation.
26 June 2010. < http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/pdf/codisbrochure2.pdf >
Giannelli, P. "ABA Standards on DNA Evidence: Nontestimonial Identification
This in turn results in faster convictions and increases the probably of apprehending the culprit in a crime. It can also"... provide compelling evidence to support a conviction and, most importantly, reduce the chances of a wrongful conviction." (Can DNA Demand a Verdict?)
The above reasons are indicative of the usefulness and importance of compiling a DNA database from various profiles. Proof of the effectiveness of DNA databases can be seen in the fact that that the International Criminal Police Organization or Interpol uses DNA profiling and has established a DNA database in conjunction with other countries. The creation of the Interpol DNA Unit is intended to provide "...strategic and technical support to enhance member states' DNA profiling capacity and promote widespread use in the international law enforcement environment." (DNA Profiling) This database provides a model for other DNA Databases. The central advantage of databases like these is the storing…...
mlaReferences
Baden M. DNA Profiling. Retrieved December 31, 2006, at http://www.kathyreichs.com/dnaprofiling.htm
Can DNA Demand a Verdict? Retrieved December 31, 2006, at http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/features/forensics/
DNA Profiling. Retrieved December 31, 2006, at http://www.interpol.int/Public/Forensic/dna/default.asp
DNA Profiling (2). Retrieved December 31, 2006, at http://www.chemsoc.org/ExemplarChem/entries/2003/hull_barry/AG%20DNA%20Profiling.htm
CODIS links together local, State, and Federal DNA databases to one another, allowing law enforcement to compare crime scene and perpetrator information not only on a local level, but on a national level (FBI, 2000). Since many criminal activities are done by repeat offenders, this can assist law enforcement in determining possible suspects, even if those suspects live in States other than their own (NIJ, 2002).
While useful tools, these databases can also lead to a number of disadvantages. Primarily, as various States attempt to comply with mandatory DNA database management, a backlog of forensic evidence has developed. In some cases, as these pieces of crime scene evidence await processing, the integrity of such delicate information can be compromised (NIJ, 2002). Furthermore, the cost of DNA analysis can be high, and some smaller local governments cannot afford to process the crime scene information (NIJ, 2002).
In addition, even though DNA evidence may…...
mlaReferences
Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI). (2000). The FBI's Combined DNA Index System Program. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
National Institute of Justice (NIJ). (2002). Using DNA to solve cold cases. Washington, D.C.: Office of Justice.
A common prescription given to children to quell symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) can have an impact on the height of growing children. Most cases of ADHD are treated with stimulants, such as the commonly prescribed italin. These stimulants are thought by researchers to have an impact increasing height in small variations (Goldman 2010). Thus, other factors help continue influence on height.
Extremes, like dwarfism and gigantism, present abnormal genetic situations which result in defects in normal height creation. These abnormalities make typical strategies for scientists to estimate the height of normal individuals obsolete. In cases of such defects, scientists have to examine skeletal growth and make a prediction based on prior growth patterns (Paley et al., 2005). Predicting height in androplastic dwarves can also conducted using the multiplier method, which uses the division of height at maturity by the eight at individual ages, this would then be conducted…...
mlaReferences
Anitei, Stefan. (2007). Breakthrough: the first human gene linked to height ever discovered! Microbiology / Genetics. Softpedia. Retrieved February 21, 2010 from http://news.softpedia.com/news/Breakthrough-the-First-Human-Gene-Linked-to-Height-Ever-Discovered-64548.shtml
Connor, Steve. (2007). Newly discovered height gene has disease link. The Independent. Retrieved February 21, 2020 from http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/newly-discovered-height-gene-has-disease-link-401275.html
Goldman, Ran D. (2010). ADHD stimulants and their effect on height in children. Canadian Family Phsycian. 56(2):145-146.
Paley, Dror; Matz, Alexander L.; Kurland, David B.; & Bradley, M. (2005). Multiplier method for prediction of adult height in patients with Achondroplasia. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 25(4):539-542.
Much of the credit for these exonerations goes to teams of reporters, professors, students, and pro bono attorneys who were willing to listen to the claims of innocence from imprisoned defendants and who dedicated hundreds of hours of uncompensated time to proving these men innocent (Gould, 2008)."
In fact, in June of 2009 the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that prisoners do not have the right to DNA testing. This ruling came in the wake of a case involving an Alaskan man who was accused of rape and wanted DNA testing performed on materials that were found at the crime scene.
"Four Justices supported the man, illiam Osborne, but the court's majority said the decision whether to provide access to DNA tests is an issue for legislatures, not courts; 46 states and the Federal Government already mandate at least some access to DNA testing. "To suddenly constitutionalize this area…...
mlaWorks Cited
Gould, John B. (2008) Innocence Commission: Preventing Wrongful Convictions and Restoring the Criminal Justice System. New York, NY, USA: NYU Press,
James, Randy. A Brief History of DNA Testing Retrieved November 22 from: http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1905706,00.html#ixzz0Xi8Pny1q
Lazer, D.(ed). (2004) DNA and the Criminal Justice System: The Technology of Justice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
McCartney, Carole. (2006) Forensic Identification and Criminal Justice: Forensic Science, Justice and Risk. Uffculme, Devon, GBR: Willan Publishing.
In an essay, an attention grabber is known as the essay hook. To help you out on your world civilization essay, we have put together a few topics, essay hooks, and thesis statements you could use for a world civilization essay.
World Civilization Essay Topics
There are many different subtopics that could be addressed in an essay about genetics and heredity, from evolution to the nature versus nurture debate. Here are some catchy titles we thought of for some of those essays:
Criminal investigation is a broad field of study that covers any and all of the elements that go into solving a crime and building a legal case against the suspects. Considered one of the applied sciences, there are actually several career paths for the criminal investigator. Likewise, people from different disciplines may find themselves doing criminal investigative work. For example, as science has evolved, the role of geneticists and genetic genealogists in criminal investigation and forensic science has really explored.
When writing your paper, you have two distinct approaches you can take. You can write a....
One of the difficulties about writing a summary of any of the vaccines for the novel Coronavirus that is known as COVID-19 is that much of the information remains unknown. In addition, because the vaccines created by Pfizer and Moderna are both mRNA vaccines, which are not a familiar type of vaccine, they create some additional questions. How long will the vaccines be effective? Are they safe? Will they work to prevent infection by the newer strands of COVID-19? Do they change your DNA as some people on the internet are suggesting? ....
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