Divorce and Children
In the 21st century the society has undergone a change, for better or worse we cannot really say. Before the mid-60's divorce was rare. Family was integral to the life of individuals and above that children were the main force of society. Miserable couples remained together for the sake of children and held their marriage vows as sacred. For them liberation and freedom came second to the happiness and stability of their children. Then came the new era where, divorce was seen as liberation. As time passed divorce laws became easier and so divorce became common. Individuality became the focus in the marriage and the children were considered a secondary issue in the marriage. It became a common belief that if the parents are forever warring, the children would be adversely affected so it is better to be separated. Yet, this belief is erroneous. The fact is if…...

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References:

1. Wallerstein, JS. [1989] Children After Divorce: Wounds That Don't Heal. The Psychiatric Times: Medicine and Behavior. 8: 8-11..

2. Wallerstein, JS. Corbin SB. [2000] The Child and the Vicissitudes of Divorce.

3. Fagan, Pat & Rector, Robert [2005] The Effects of Divorce on America Culture of Life Foundation & Institute accessed [ http://www.christianity.com/partner/Article_Display_Page/0,,PTID4211%7CCHID129421%7CCIID261607,00.html ]

4. Stanley, S.M., & Markman, H.J. (1997, June). Acting on what we know: The hope of prevention. Paper presented at the Family Impact Seminar, Washington D.C.

The child usually finds it difficult to unite with his or her friends and research shows that kids who have come from divorced families have a hard time trusting in relationships. (Chandler L., the Social and Educational Effects of Divorce on Children).
The Function of Parents Concerning Child Alteration during Divorce.

The way in which the parents handle the separation usually makes a difference in how the child adjusts from everything from the first report of divorce to the daily lifestyle changes that divorce does to a family. The way a parent adjusts to divorce also makes a difference on the relationship of the children. (L'Heureux-Dube, C. 1998). A parent who is having troubles dealing with the sensitive consequences of a division typically develops in more issued for the children. After the divorce is the time when the child will look for stability. When that safety is not there then the…...

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References:

Andersson, G. (1997). The impact of children on divorce risks of Swedish women. European Journal of Population, 13(2), 109-109-145. doi:10.1023/A:1005803001129

Duncan, S.W. (1994). Economic impact of divorce on children's development: Current findings and policy implications. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 23(4), 444-444.

L'Heureux-Dube, C. (1998). A response to remarks by Dr. Judith Wallenstein on the long-term impact of divorce on children. Family Court Review, 36(3), 384-384-391.

Sirvanli-Ozen, D. (2005). Impacts of divorce on the behavior and adjustment problems, parenting styles and attachment styles of children: Literature review including Turkish studies. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 42(3), 127-127-151.

Amato, P., Bruce, K. (1991). Parental divorce and the well-Being of children: A meta-
Psychological Bulletin, 110(1): 2-46.

The study shows how children of divorced parents demonstrate lower well-being when measured across various factors. The study is helpful because it provides more support for the thesis and gives an alternative explanation for why children fare poorly under divorced parents, including a discussion of other external variables, such as socio-economic, etc.

Farrell, A., Mays, ., Henry, D., choeny, M. (2011). Parents as moderators of the impact of school norms and peer influences on aggression in middle school students. Child Development, 82(1): 146-161.

This study shows that parents can have a positive impact on children when they make an effort to be part of their lives. It is helpful for this project because it gives an example of how parents can do something positive for children to overcome stress.

New Testament. BibleHub. Retrieved from http://biblehub.com/

The Bible is…...

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Study shows that the effects of divorce on child can actually be seen "in advance of the actual event" -- which indicates that the stress that leads to divorce is already acting as a factor in the child's life. The study also shows, however, that uncertainty still exists about how a child's mental health is actually impacted by this stress. The study is helpful to this project because it gives evidence of how a child's mental health is much more negatively impacted by stressed parents who ultimately divorce than by parents who do not divorce.

Wallerstein, J. (1991). The long-term effects of divorce on children: A review. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(3): 349-360.

This study gives an overview of the research from various fields on how divorce impacts children. The review indicates that children experience psychological as well as social problems for a long period of time following divorce. The study is helpful to my project because it gives support to the thesis, which is that divorce is negatively impactful on children.

Therefore, extra attention should be given to keeping promises and basic daily routines.
orks Cited

inslow, Emily B.; olchik, Sharlene a.; Sander, Irwin. "Preventive Interventions for Children of Divorce." Psychiatric Times; 2/1/2004; Pp.

Meckler, Laura. "U.S. Compiles Divorce Statistics." AP Online; 7/24/2002; Pp.

Sirica, Jack. "The Children of Divorce." Newsday; 5/19/1994; Pp.

Pruett, Marsha Kline. "Only God Decides: Young Children's Perceptions of Divorce and the Legal System." Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; 12/1/1999; Pp.

Conan, Neal. "Analysis: Effects of divorce on children." Talk of the Nation:

National Public Radio; 1/31/2002; Pp.

Neuman, Gary M. Helping Your Kids Cope ith Divorce the Sandcastles ay.

Random House Inc. 1999; pp.4, 6.

Lansky, Vicki. Vicki Lansky's Divorce Book for Parents: Helping Your Children

Cope ith Divorce and Its Aftermath. Book Peddlers.1996; Pp. 2.

Meckler, Laura. "U.S. Compiles Divorce Statistics." AP Online; 7/24/2002; Pp.

inslow, Emily B.; olchik, Sharlene a.; Sander, Irwin. "Preventive Interventions for Children of Divorce." Psychiatric Times; 2/1/2004;…...

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Works Cited

Winslow, Emily B.; Wolchik, Sharlene a.; Sander, Irwin. "Preventive Interventions for Children of Divorce." Psychiatric Times; 2/1/2004; Pp.

Meckler, Laura. "U.S. Compiles Divorce Statistics." AP Online; 7/24/2002; Pp.

Sirica, Jack. "The Children of Divorce." Newsday; 5/19/1994; Pp.

Pruett, Marsha Kline. "Only God Decides: Young Children's Perceptions of Divorce and the Legal System." Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; 12/1/1999; Pp.

In reality, such a parent would have difficulty raising a child on his or her own and the finances that he or she previously invested in providing the child with entertaining activities need to be directed at buying more important resources for the child.
A parent who is no longer in charge of his or her child's life has practically no problems buying a great deal of things for his or her child and thus influences the child in feeling that he or she is not receiving enough attention from the parent holding custody. Children can also be affected by the fact that parents often believe that there is a competition between themselves and their peers concerning who receives the most appreciation from the child.

IV. Children's development

hereas people are well-aware that divorce can be harmful for a large number of children who see their parents getting separated, the masses generally…...

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Works cited:

Amato, Paul R. "The Consequences of Divorce for Adults and Children," Journal of Marriage and the Family 62.4 (2000)

DeBord, Carmen, "The Effects of Divorce on Children," Retrieved November 11, 2011, from the North Carolina State University Website:  http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/fcs/pdfs/fcs471.pdf 

Leo, John, "The Sleeper Effect," Human Life Review Fall 2000.

Palosaari, Ulla and Aro, Hillevi, "Effect of Timing of Parental Divorce on the Vulnerability of Children to Depression in Young Adulthood,"Adolescence 29.115 (1994)

I will also solicit from individual his or her basics demographics and personal information such as rough socio-economic status ('I make approximately ($-) per month); vocational occupation; characteristics of place that respondent lives in; details of children (amount, ages, etc.) and how respondent feels program impacted his children; age children were when divorce occurred: details of support system (if any) and of extended family (if any). I will also ascertain that I am targeting individuals who have been divorced once and not remarried and that they have not introduced any other significant partner in their lives at the moment. This is so as to control for possible confounding elements. Stakeholders and participants in this sense are participants of the online / forum / chatgroup / blog environment.
Ethics

Two of the ethical precautions that I will take will include coding the respondent's genuine or pseudo online identity so that he or…...

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References

Bowler, G.M., Jr. (2010). Netnography: A method specifically designed to study cultures and communities online. The Qualitative Report, 15(5), 1270-1275.

Lansford, J.E. (2009). Parental divorce and children's adjustment Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4 140-152

Teens may be especially resentful of the way this disrupts their schedules and interferes with school, friendships, work, and other usual activities (Wallerstein, 2000). And further, especially in the case of a needy, now single parent, older children and teens in particular may now face a perceived necessity of their becoming the needy parent's new and often only source of emotional support (Wallerstein). At this same time, the older child or teen's own emotional needs begin to go (and often remain) largely or entirely unmet thereafter by one or both divorced parents (Fagan).
When this occurs, the permanently life-altering; long-term damaging psychological result is often that it effectively truncates childhood or adolescence prematurely and thereby causes older children or teens to feel that they must now act like adults themselves, thus suddenly forcing them to become more independent, self-confident, selfless and self-sufficient than they genuinely feel (Wallerstein). Older children and…...

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References

Fagan, P.F. (May 14, 2004). The social scientific data on the impact of marriage and divorce on children. The Heritage Foundation.  http://www.heritage.org/ 

Research/Family/tst051304a.cfm.

Fagan, P.F., & Rector, R. (2007). The effects of divorce on America.

Backgrounder: The Heritage Foundation, No. 1378. http:www.elsevier.com / retrieve/pii/S0194659504000061.html.

Of course, the amount of transitions (the amount of divorce in the family) greatly increases the risk for children to settle in satisfying marriages and divorce themselves when young adults.
Protective factors reducing impact of divorce on children

The research question here is whether there are any factors that may be considered that are empirically proved to be able to mitigate the effect of divorce in children.

Within the last decade, researchers have identified various such factors each having a range of associated variables themselves.

1. Competent custodial parents and parenting: One of the best protective factors is the quality of parenting following divorce and the psychological adjustment of the custodial parents. Effective parental behavior such as warmth, nurturing, emotional support, authoritative discipline, and age appropriate behavior demonstrate the best means for providing emotional support for children as compared to parents who are withdrawn, inattentive and provide coercive discipline (Sandler et al., 2008).

2.…...

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References

Amato, P. (2010). Research on divorce: Continuing trends and new developments Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 650-666 .

Bausermann, R. (2002). Child adjustment in joint-custody vs. sole-custody arrangements: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Family Psychology, 16, 91 -- 102.

Kelly, J. (2007). Children's Living Arrangements Following Separation and Divorce: Insights From Empirical and Clinical Research. Fam Proc 46,35 -- 52.

Lansford, J.E. (2009). Parental divorce and children's adjustment Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4 140-152

This article is of extreme importance in this research study. It adds to the other articles mentioned by discussing the importance of protective factors in detail and urging caution when espousing a correlative relationship between cause and effect in divorce and the reaction of children.
eon, K. (2003). Risk and Protective Factors in Young Children's Adjustment to Parental

Divorce: A Review of the Research. Family Relations, 52(3), pp.258-270.

In this article, eon (2003) attempts to address a gap in the research of divorce's affects on children by examining divorce's affects on small children. Citing Amato (2001), eon points out that research has previously shown children to face hardship because of divorce, although they "adjust well" (pg. 258), however, he suggests that these results generally take into account older children. eon (2003) looks primarily at the variable of early childhood development as it is impacted by divorce. Interestingly, eon (2003) found results that…...

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Leon, K. (2003). Risk and Protective Factors in Young Children's Adjustment to Parental

Divorce: A Review of the Research. Family Relations, 52(3), pp.258-270.

In this article, Leon (2003) attempts to address a gap in the research of divorce's affects on children by examining divorce's affects on small children. Citing Amato (2001), Leon points out that research has previously shown children to face hardship because of divorce, although they "adjust well" (pg. 258), however, he suggests that these results generally take into account older children. Leon (2003) looks primarily at the variable of early childhood development as it is impacted by divorce. Interestingly, Leon (2003) found results that were remarkably similar to Amato's, noting that children with divorced parents tended to be associated with developmental problems such as being withdrawn or having behavior problems. However, it would be easy to argue that other factors were responsible for these results. In addition, interpreting the results of these tests was made difficult by various factors that might lead to their invalidation, such as the fact that the data was collected from self-report surveys (Leon, 2003). Still Leon (2003) concludes that divorce certainly impacts the lives of young children very greatly and the developmental level of young children should determine how professionals such as psychologists respond to the issue of divorce in the child's home. Further, while parenting skills were important mitigating factors for both older and younger children after divorce, Leon (2003) points out that for younger children, it is most important that parents be warm and loving.

Impacts of Divorce on Children I. Introduction
a. While divorce can be the lesser of two evils, divorce nonetheless can affect any involved children in many ways.
II. Positive Effects
a. Children feel a sense of relief
b. They are happier if the parents thrive after splitting up
c. Happier but split parents mean happier kids
d. Shared custody can be much better than a volatile household
e. Modeling that leaving a dysfunctional relationship is a good thing
III. Negative Effects
a. Children might act out at school
b. Single parent families can be cash-strapped
c. The effects of the divorce can extend into the child’s adult life
d. The take offense to one parent verbally assaulting the other
e. Stress of some sort is normal and expected
IV. Conclusion
a. Parents should work things out if possible, but some marriages should end if certain lines are cross or attempts to fix the issues are unsuccessful
Works Cited
Bennett, Shoshana. "5 Reasons Divorce Is Good For Kids." HuffPost.…...

Among the factors which this article elucidates are necessary to be considered, Hetherington et al. indicate that "the long-term effects are related more to the child's developmental status, sex, and temperament; the qualities of the home and parenting environments; and to the resources and support systems available to the parents and child than they are to divorce or remarriage per se." (Hetherington et al., 303)
From a clinical treatment perspective, the article by Konstam (2009) is particularly useful. This presents the view that for those verging on adulthood who experience the divorce of parents, there is a more sophisticated and thus more complex sense of loss which is difficult to interpret. This is experienced differently than the dissolution of a marriage for young children who may lack the wherewithal to have observed clear warning signs. Here, Konstam suggests that clinical assistance can be a valuable resource for contending with issues…...

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Works Cited:

Amato, P. (2000). The Consequences of Divorce for Adults and Children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 11-26.

Amato, P. & Cheadle, J.(2008). Parental divorce, marital conflict and children's behavior problems: A comparison of adopted and biological children. Social Forces, 83

(3), 1139-1161.

Baker, a. (2005). The Long-term effects of parental alienation on adult children:

Few people would say that divorce helps children except in cases of abuse. Divorce can create tremendous confusion in children of any age. One of the keys to preventing psychological, behavioral, or social problems is honesty. A non-profit group called Health Guide offers advice for parents going through a divorce. The organization recommends honesty and communication as keys to helping children cope and preventing mental or behavioral health problems. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry also recommends age-appropriate honesty and openness. The Health Guide also points out that many children "go through their parents' divorce with relatively few problems or permanent negative effects." Those children who experience acute stress require special care and attention.
Depression, anxiety, social withdrawal, and a lack of interest in those things that used to give the child pleasure are some of the psychological symptoms of childhood stress. A divorce could add to existing…...

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References

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. "Children and Divorce." May 2008. Retrieved Oct 14, 2008 at  http://www.aacap.org/cs/root/facts_for_families/children_and_divorce 

Cherlin, Andrew J. "Generation Ex." The Nation. Nov 27, 2000. Retrieved Oct 14, 2008 at  http://www.thenation.com/doc/20001211/cherlin 

Gallagher, Maggie. "The Divorce Thing." National Review Online. Aug 13, 2003. Retrieved Oct 14, 2008 at  http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-gallagher081303.asp 

Help Guide.org. "Coping with Divorce." Retrieved Oct 14, 2008 at  http://www.helpguide.org/mental/children_divorce.htm

Anti-Social Behavior

A good number of studies over the years have linked deviant behaviors such as juvenile delinquency and anti-social behavior to children living in broken homes (Bandura & Walters in Demo & Acock, 1988, p.636). Dornbusch et al.'s (in ibid.) nationwide study among 12-17 male and female children of divorced families found that adolescents living in household with only their mothers performing the sole parent role are more likely to engage in deviant acts while the presence of an additional adult lessens the likelihood of committing deviant acts.

Positive Effects

Long have we known about the negative effects of divorce, I believe it is high time to look at the under-acknowledged domain of the divorce literature, i.e. The positive effects of divorce. According to Hetherington & Kelly in Lyons (2002, p.1), three-fourths of the children from divorced families have actually grown to be resilient and lead lives with healthy and satisfying relationships.…...

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References

Cooney, T.M. et al. (1995). Surviving the Break-Up? Predictors of Parent-Adult Child Relations After Parental Divorce. Family Relations, 44, 153-161.

Demo, DH & Acock, a.C. (1988). The Impact of Divorce on Children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 619-648.

Henning, J.S. & Oldham, J.T. (1977). Children of Divorce: Legal and Psychological Crises. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 1, 55-58.

Lyons, L. (2002). Gallup Tuesday Briefing. Kids and Divorce 1, 1-3.

One such area is how divorce affects the children of divorce once they are married and have children of their own. Do they have difficulty committing? Are they more likely to delay marriage? Answers to these types of questions may prove beneficial to examining further the long-term effects of divorce on children.
esources

esources in Palm Spring California include family and individual counseling services throughout the city. Some of these resources include The Counseling Center located at 1111 E. Tahquitz Canyon Way in Palm Springs, CA 92262. The phone number for the counseling center is (760) [HIDDEN] In addition, there is the Smoketree Counseling Services located at 2825 E. Tahquitz Canyon Way in Palm Springs, CA 92262. The phone number for smoketree is (760) [HIDDEN] Additionally there are other counselors in the area specializing in therapy as it relates to divorce. One such therapist is Nancy Ackerman. She has more than…...

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REFERENCES

Jeynes, W.H. (2001). The Effects of Recent Parental Divorce on Their Children's Consumption of Alcohol. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30(3), 305. Retrieved February 23, 2005, from Questia database,  http://www.questia.com .

Lengua, L.J.,Wolchik S.A., Sandler I.N., West S.G.(2000) The Additive and Interactive effects of Parenting and Temperament in Predicting Adjustment Problems in Children of Divorce. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 29 (2), p.232.

Love, K.M. And Murdock T. (2004) Attachment to Parents and Psychological well being: An Examination of young Adult College Student in intact Families and Step Families Journal of Family Psychology. 18 (4)

Nielsen, L. (1999). College Aged Students with Divorced Parents: Facts and Fiction. College Student Journal, 33(4), 543.

The second includes verbal and emotional assaults including persistent patterns of belittling, denigrating, scapegoating, and other nonphysical, but clearly hostile or rejecting behaviors, such as repeated threats of beatings, sexual assault, and abandonment. The third, residual, category includes other forms of emotional abuse such as attempted sexual or physical assaults; throwing something at a child but missing; withholding shelter, sleep, or other necessities as punishment, and economic exploitation (p.11).
According to ighthand, Kerr, and Drach (2003), psychological abuse can be technically defined as:

1. Verbal or emotional assault, exemplified by persistent patterns of belittling, denigrating, scapegoating, or other nonphysical but rejecting, hostile, and degrading behaviors.

2. Terrorizing the child, exemplified by threatening to physically hurt, kill, or abandon the child, or by exposing the child to chronic or extreme partner abuse or other forms of violent behaviors.

3. Exploiting or corrupting the child, exemplified by modeling criminal or antisocial behavior; encouraging and condoning…...

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References

Barnett, D., Manly, J.T., and Cicchetti, D. (1994). Defining child maltreatment: the interface between policy and research. Child abuse, child development, and social policy: advances in applied developmental psychology, 8,7-73. New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

Calam, R. & Franchi, C. (1987). Child abuse and its consequences. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Grapes, B.J. (2001). Child abuse. California: Greenhaven Press.

Parton, N. (1979). The natural history of child abuse: a study in social problem definition. British Journal of Social Work, 9, 427-51.