Distributive Justice and Accounting Practice:
Every society has an economic framework governed by laws, policies, and institutions that contribute to distinctive distributions of economic incentives and burdens among the members of the society. The economic frameworks are usually brought by human political processes and they usually change across societies and within societies over time. Economic frameworks play an important role in the society because their structures significantly influence the economic distributions, which in turn affect people's lives. One of the most significant aspects of economic frameworks is accounting principles and practices that play a significant role in the effectiveness of these systems. From a wider political/economic view, understanding the function of accounting is crucial for understanding how a society's economic framework operates. Generally, accounting is entrenched in a capitalist, free-market, and economic system through promoting the values upon which the system is based.

Distributive Justice:

The topic of distributive justice originates from arguments…...

mla

References:

"Federal Income Tax Brackets 2013." (n.d.). The 2013 Federal Tax Rates and Brackets.

Retrieved March 31, 2013, from  http://www.taxbrackets2013.com/ 

Garrison, R.W. (1996, October 1). The Flat Tax: Simplicity Desimplified. Retrieved March 31,

2013, from  http://www.fee.org/the_freeman/detail/the-flat-tax-simplicity-desimplified#axzz2P932Q1P5

While no one ought to begrudge Mickey Mantle (or anyone) a much-needed liver transplant, it remains hard to believe, given the speed at which Mickey Mantle received a liver and an operation that he was indeed placed on a list and then waited his turn like everyone else.
Further, according to Koch (March 1996)Normative and prescriptive criteria: The efficacy of organ transplantation allocation protocols (March 1996):

well publicized cases have raised questions in North America about the efficacy of [donated organ] allocation procedures. An analysis of those cases, and the relevant technical literature, suggest consistent structural deficits exist in the organ allocation process as it is applied by many individual transplantation centres. These irregularities are based upon both the failure of rank waiting as a method to guarantee just treatment and a general failure to recognize the extent to which prescriptive criteria -- social values -- are commonly used to screen…...

mla

References

Koch, T. (March 1996). Normative and prescriptive criteria: The efficacy of organ transplantation allocation protocols. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics

Historical Archive),17(1). SpringerLink. 75-93. Retrieved July 31, 2005, at aa86c4a37b56a37e250fa9bdf&referrer=parent&backto=issue,7,8;journal,4,55;linkingpublicationresults,1:403004,1.html.http://www.springerlink.com/app/home/contribution.asp?wasp=d059577

Man gets liver after using billboards, Net. (August 13, 2004). MSNBC.com.

Retrieved July 31, 2005, at  http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5685485/html .

Political action in representative republics has been defined over the course of the last several hundred years by the interpretation of classical and enlightenment principles. Among them are liberty, equality, and justice. These principles, deemed "humanistic" in that they recognize inalienable human rights, are deistic in origin, although their implementation has also relied on contractarian and consequentialist rhetoric. Distributive Justice is the belief that it is within the government's purvue to manage the wealth of society, and redistribute it when moral and necessary so that everyone in the society may enjoy the benefit of equal opportunity. This system has been widely implemented, and one is lead to ask if it is effective. This philosophy is the brainchild of Harvard Professor John Rawls and has received praise and criticism for its treatment of government, civil society, and human rights.
Rawls' ideas are predicated on two normative standards, which he refers to as…...

mla

Bibliography

Frederic Bastiat, The Law (Institute of Economic Affairs, 2001)

John Rawls, Political Liberalism (Columbia University Press, 1996)

John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Harvard University Press, 1971)

Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (Basic Books, 1977)

Debt DischargeAccording to Zywicki (2000) rampant personal bankruptcy frays the social moral order and undermines reciprocity. Throughout history a debtor who failed to repay a debt was generally regarded as a fraud or a thief; debtors prisons existed for that reason; it was unthinkable that a loan should not be repaid. However, today, personal bankruptcy laws like the federal Bankruptcy Act protect borrowers by providing immunity from creditors. The borrower who defaults will see his credit rating decline to the point where it is nearly impossible for him to get another loan, but he is not held responsible for paying back his creditors. There is a social cost to this, as Zywicki (2000) points out: bankruptcy laws that provide defaulters with immunity undermine the market economy, democracy, and healthy institutions that rely on reciprocity. In short, personal bankruptcy and immunity from prosecution erodes social trust. The ability of a person…...

mla

ReferencesMiles, V. V. (1995). Assessing Modern Bankruptcy Law: an example of justice. Santa Clara L. Rev., 36, 1025.Zywicki, T. J. (2000). Bankruptcy law as social legislation. Tex. Rev. L. & Pol., 5, 393.

Justice in Society
What does justice in society really mean?

"It's not fair." One of the first phrases every child articulates clearly relates to a kind of a rough philosophy of justice. This sentiment reflects the idea that because people are not being treated 'the same' the world is unjust. A child may regard the fact that older siblings get to go to bed later as unfair. However, as rough and crude as a child's logic of justice may seem, underlying its assumptions are some of the concepts that relate to a larger sense of justice, namely the issue of equitable treatment. For a society to be just, there must be efforts to create social and economic parity to ensure that the nation's political and judicial systems truly honor such principles of equity.

One concept of equalizing to create justice is that of "John awls' alternative distributive principle, which he calls the Difference…...

mla

References

Lamont, Julian and Favor, Christi. (2008). Distributive justice. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved:

 http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/justice-distributive/ 

Stiglitz, Jonah. (2011). Of the1%, by the 1%., for the 1%. Vanity Fair. Retrieved:

 http://www.vanityfair.com/society/features/2011/05/top-one-percent-201105

The U.S. stress on individualism is an obvious example of the latter, in particular). But much of the evidence collected in the rest of the book can be said to mainly apply to only organizations within the West, where the research was collected.
Then, the final section followed by a conclusion and summary by the editors. The Handbook of Organizational Justice is admittedly incomplete in an evolving field, and often raises more questions than it answers. Because the field is so young, the research it offers is relatively short-term in duration, and fairly small in terms of its samplings. There are certain limits to how much can be extrapolated from this research and applied to more multinational organizations. There is also the inevitable problem of business books, which they grow quickly out of date, and the most current surveys of organizational justice may be more easily found in peer-reviewed journals…...

Rawls sets out to propose a new theory, which he does by formulating two principles and "to show that the two principles of justice provide a better understanding of the claims of freedom and equality in a democratic society than the first principles associated with the traditional doctrines of utilitarianism, with perfectionism, or with institutionalism" (Rawls, Political Liberalism 292).

Nozick suggests an entitlement theory of justice that might seem to reflect the categorical imperative but which actually counters Kant's theory of property. John Rawls offered a revision of Kantian theory so it could be used as a grounding in ethical theory. Nozick also shows a strong commitment to prepolitical individual rights. He also recognizes that there are forces, including past injustices, which shape our holdings in society in various ways, raising the question of what ought to be done to rectify these injustices:

The general outlines of the theory of justice in…...

mla

Works Cited

Nozick, Robert. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York: Basic Books, 1974.

Nozick, Robert. "The Entitlement Theory." In Morality and Moral Controversies, John Arthur (ed.), 253-259. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1996.

Olen Jeffrey and Vincent Barry. Applying Ethics. Boston: Wadsworth Publishing, 1996.

Rawls, John. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.

Justice, political philosopher John Rawls looks at the idea of social justice and the individual rights of the individual by redefining the last 200+ years of the American experience. In general, he looks at the manner in which the Founding Fathers were correct by basing their views on previous social contract theorists like Locke and Rousseau. For example, there is a clear linkage between John Locke and Rawls that validates the ideas of liberalism within American society. In fact, Rawls notes that the American Experience extended the concept of justice far beyond hat any of the Enlightenment philosophers ever hoped (Rawls, 1957).
Rawls (1921-2002), an American philosopher who focused on moral and political philosophy, believed that the principles of justice are the models that rational individuals who are free would choose as basic ways to cooperate within their society. He called this position the original position, in that it was…...

mla

Works Cited

Kamm, F. (2007). Intricate Ethics: Rights, Responsibilities and Permissible Harm. New York: Oxford University Press.

Rawls, J. (1957). Justice as Fairness. Philosophical Review. 54 (22): 653-62.

Rawls, J. (1999). A Theory of Justice. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.

Rawls, J. (2001). A Theory of Justice. New York: Oxford University Press.

justice as it applies to ethics. Justice is a social issue and a part of character, as noted in the lecture. There must be another party involved that requires justice, along with an obligation, and that is why it is a social issue. Justice is also a major portion of ethics, because of the choices made involved with justice.
In business ethics, justice is extremely important, because justice is necessary for a business and an individual to become successful. The three types of justice all pertain to business in some way, but the interpersonal type of justice is probably the most important in the business relationship. In interpersonal justice, there is a contract either real or implied, between two parties. One creates goods or services and offers them to another, who accepts them with the obligation to pay for the products. In an ethical situation, both parties will conduct their…...

U.S. Justice System vs. India's Justice System
This paper compares the system of justice in India with the system of justice in the United States. Although they are both democracies -- in fact India is the biggest democratic country in the world -- the two countries are quite different in their approach to formal justice. Moreover, the system of justice in India has been the subject of a great deal of criticism in recent years due to the corruption that has been found in the system.

Comparing the U.S. And Indian Justice Systems

The legal system in India is backed by the Indian Constitution and is a mix of "adversarial and accusatorial," according to the Loyola University in Chicago (LU). There is an attempt to respect both Hindu and Muslim jurisprudence and to "preserve the timeworn tenets of both" (LU). In rural areas of India, an informal system of justice (including distributive justice)…...

mla

Works Cited

Bhushan, Prashant. (2009). 'My Honest And Bonafide Perception.' Outlook India. Retrieved September 15, 2012, from  http://www.outlookindia.com .

Country Listing. (1995). India: The Criminal Justice System. Center for Children's Law and Policy. Retrieved September 14, 2012, from http://www.country-data.com.

Global Corruption Report 2007: Corruption in Judicial Systems. (2007). New York: Cambridge

Loyola Library. (2010). Criminal Justice System in India. Retrieved September 14, 2012,

Moreover, interactional aspects of organizational justice can (and sometimes do) differ substantially from procedural and distributive elements of organizational justice. In fact, interactional justice can even be used as a mechanism of attempting to compensate employees for unfairness and inequity in the other component elements of organizational justice.
Procedural justice is most directly determinative of employee perceptions precisely because it determines the extent to which employees have opportunities to qualify for advancement and for greater consideration in connection with resource allocation and reward distribution. The procedural justice component outlines the respective ability of employees to pursue their fair share of responsibility, receive recognition of their commitment to the organization, and the relative quality of their work. Specifically, procedural justice requires transparency and the absence of bias in job performance measurement, salary, and advancement opportunities. In principle, interactional justice is preferable to its absence, but it is comparatively meaningless without distributive…...

Criminal Justice
Gaetz, S. (July 2004). Safe streets for whom? Homeless youth, social exclusion, and criminal victimization. Canadian Journal of Criminology & Criminal Justice.

This journal article reports the researcher's survey findings regarding the prevalence of victimization among street youths compared to domiciled youths. Gaetz defines the street youth operatively as "people up to the age of 24 who are 'absolutely periodically, or temporarily without shelter, as well as those who are at substantial risk of being in the street in the immediate future" (433). Survey findings show that just as expected, victimization mostly occur among the street than domiciled youth. Moreover, street youth reporting of criminal victimization is not common among both males and females. 41.7% of the respondents who have been victimized "told a friend" about the incident of victimization, 33.1% "did not tell anyone," and a far 17.2% reported the victimization to their partner (boyfriend or girlfriend) (439).

The apparent…...

mla

Felson, R. et. al. (August 2002). Reasons for reporting and not reporting domestic violence to the police. Criminology, Vol. 40, Issue 3.

Felson et. al.'s research utilized the National Crime Victimization Survey as its primary instrument in determining, assessing, and measuring the factors that lead to reporting (or not reporting) incidences of domestic violence. Survey findings show that there are three primary factors that are significantly relevant in inhibiting victims to reporting domestic violence to the police: "the desire for privacy, the desire to protect the offender ... And fear of reprisal."

The NCVS survey findings illustrate how the prevalence and continuous occurrence of abuse and domestic violence, especially among females, is still a social problem that needs unwavering attention by the government and civil society. New findings such as hesitance of male victims to report on their victimization reflect the changing nature of domestic violence in American society. In the same way that females need protection through the dissemination of proper and useful information about domestic violence, males are also in need of protection as well. Another important implication of the study is the changing nature of the respondents' (victims) concept of domestic violence, which varies significantly across gender.

Domestic Homicide in South Carolina
The law, in its majestic equality, forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges, to beg in the streets, and to steal bread," wrote French intellectual and social critic Anatole France in The Red Lily in 1894 and in doing so he summarized the often great distance that exists between laws and people's concepts of justice and truth. Justice is a slippery concept and the truth even more so - and this is perhaps nowhere more evident than in the practices of the "truth commissions" established in a number of countries newly accustoming themselves to democracy. The Orwellian sound of "truth commission" is not inappropriate, for the connection between the actions of these commissions - in places like Argentina, Chile, El Salvador, Guatemala and South Africa - and the truth of experience or any sense of absolute justice was both tenuous and…...

Obstacles to Achieving Greater Justice in Our Collective Lives
Today, major disparities continue to exist between the rich and poor in terms of money, political and health care access as well as treatment by the criminal justice system. Although these types and other fundamental inequalities have existed through history, the fact that these disparities remain firmly in place in the 21st century suggests that they are intractable to change unless aggressive steps are taken to overcome them. To this end, this paper reviews the literature to identify the greatest obstacles to achieving greater justice in our collective lives today, including class, race, gender, and ability as well as the potential for a combination of these to represent the greatest obstacle. An examination concerning how people acculturated to view these categories that interfere with meaningful change to achieve greater justice from various perspectives in the future is followed by a summary…...

mla

Works Cited

Fleming, James E. and McClain, Linda C. (1997, December). "In Search of a Substantive Republic." Texas Law Review 76(2): 509-511. Print.

Lloyd, Jason. (2003, Fall). "Let There Be Justice: A Thomistic Assessment of Utilitarianism and Libertarianism." Texas Review of Law & Politics 8(1): 229-233. Print.

Manos, Mary Ann. (2008, Summer). "The Moral Compass of Bi-Polar Ethics." Phi Kappa Phi Forum 88(2): 34-36. Print.

Russello, Gerald J. (2013, September/October). "Liberalism's Greatest Critic." The American Conservative 12(5): 49-52. Print.

If the convicted criminal feels that his sentencing was not just and fair, he can 'appeal', and his case would be tried again, if necessary. (Justice and Prisons, how justice works)
It must be remembered that in general, when a crime is committed, it can mean that there has been a violation of a local or a state or a federal law, and for which there was no real justification. However, the term 'justice' can mean different things for different people, and there is no real agreement on what exactly it means. This has what, in fact, led to the many controversies in the criminal justice system today. There are some individuals who conceptualize justice as meaning 'equality for all', that is, everyone must have the same amount, no matter what amounts they have produced. Some others define justice in terms of 'equity' wherein a person must get benefits in…...

mla

References

Baumgarth, William P; Aquinas, Thomas. On law, morality and politics.

Hackett Publishing. 2002.

Feibleman, James Kern. Justice, law and culture.

Springer. 1985.

1. Aristotle's Political Philosophy: A Comparative Analysis of Plato's Government

2. An Examination of the Key Differences Between Aristotle and Plato in the realm of Governance

3. Plato and Aristotle's Perspectives on Government: A Critical Exploration

4. A Comparative Study of the Ideal State: Plato vs Aristotle

5. Politics and Philosophy: Understanding the Diverse Approaches of Aristotle and Plato in Governance

6. The Evolution of Ancient Greek Political Thought: Contrasting Aristotle and Plato's Notions of Government

7. Plato's Ideal Republic vs Aristotle's Mixed Polity: Evaluating the Merits and Limitations

8. Comparing Plato's Philosopher-Kings and Aristotle's Rule of the Virtuous: An Analysis of Government Models

9. Plato and Aristotle....

Topic 1: The Role of Cognitive Science in Educational Theory and Practice

Philosophical Concepts: Epistemology, Philosophy of Mind, and Cognitive Ontology
Education Theory: Constructivism, Cognitive Load Theory, and Metacognition
Key Debate: The tension between traditional pedagogy and cognitive science-based approaches in education
Impact of Research and Inquiry: Examines the empirical evidence supporting cognitive science interventions and the implications for curriculum design, instructional strategies, and assessment practices.

Topic 2: Ethical Considerations in Data Analytics for Educational Research

Philosophical Concepts: Ethics, Data Privacy, and Trust
Education Theory: Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods, Data Analytics Techniques
Key Debate: The ethical implications of using student....