Disease and Poverty
Poverty and diseases

The third world countries are much known for the negative aspects and the perpetuating of the same. One of the negative news that is heard of from the third world all the time is the problem of diseases that plague the country. It is a problem that has been observed to affect a vast population within the poor countries and especially among the poor sector of the population. There has therefore bee the debate whether these people are plagued by diseases because they are poor, or is it that they remain poor because they are plagued by diseases.

The paper seeks to divulge the information on the third world countries, Kenya as the study sample. The research seeks to indicate the economy of the country and the rate of diseases that are found within therein, and the demography of the diseases, hence trying to find out if…...

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References

Australia Bureau of Statistics, (2011). Life Expectancy Trends -- Australia. Retrieved April 28, 2012 from  http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features10Mar+2011 

Fountain of Hope, (2008). Easing The Pain of Poverty & HIV / AIDS' in Kenya. Retrieved April 28, 2012 from  http://fountainofhopekenya.wordpress.com/2008/01/20/about-kibera-slums/ 

Index Mundi (2012a). Kenya Major infectious diseases. Retrieved April 28, 2012 from  http://www.indexmundi.com/kenya/major_infectious_diseases.html 

Indexmundi, (2012b). Kenya GDP- real growth Rate. Retrieved April 28, 2012 from  http://www.indexmundi.com/kenya/gdp_real_growth_rate.html

Diseases and Pathogens
Pathogens

Pathogens are disease-causing or infectious microorganisms (EPA 2011, Kennedy 2012). Some of them are often found in water from sewage discharges, leaking septic tanks, or runoff from feedlots. They enter the body and cause disease every day through the air we breathe, food, water or direct personal contact. The body's immune system is able to destroy many pathogens. When it cannot, infection occurs and the person gets sick. There are different types of pathogens, but the most common are the virus, bacteria, the fungus and protozoa (EPA, Kennedy).

Most Common Types and Their Differences

acteria are single-celled microorganisms, which have no nucleus (DHSS 2012, Kennedy 2012). They cause many diseases, many of which can be prevented by vaccination. acteria do not usually kill the infected person and only weaken him a lot. These non-fatal bacteria do not spread easily. Examples of bacteria are anthrax, Escherichia coli, salmonella, the streptococcus group,…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

DHSS, 2012. 'Chain of infection,' Principles of Infectious Disease Epidemiology,

Department of Health & Senior Services, [Online] Available at http://health.ml.gov/training/epi/DiseaseProcess.html

Earthtym, 2012. 'Ringwor fungal infections, 'Earthtym, [Online] Available at http://www.earthtym.net/ref-ringworm.htm

EPA, 2011. 'Pathogen Information,' Information Collection Rule: U.S. Enviromental

Most people suffering from Schizophrenia are depressed and lose interest in mostly anything which they previously enjoyed. Some people suffering from Paranoid Schizophrenia may also become more active and develop an obsession for a certain activity.
One of the greatest people diagnosed with Paranoid Schizophrenia had been Nobel Prize winner John Forbes Nash Jr. His biography had been adapted to the plot of the movie "A Beautiful Mind." The movie presents the life of a person suffering from Paranoid Schizophrenia as he struggles to fight the disease.

orks cited:

1. Kenyon, C.A.P."Evidence for Biological Basis of Schizophrenia." Retrieved April 8, 2009, from flyfishingdevon eb site: http://www.flyfishingdevon.co.uk/salmon/year3/PSY337atypical_classic_antipsychotic_drugs/PSY335SchizophreniaDrugTreatments.htm

2. einer, Irving B. "Psychodiagnosis in schizophrenia." Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997.

3. (2007), "How Schizophrenia Affects the Life of the Patient," Retrieved April 8, 2009, 2009, from Articles base eb site: http://www.articlesbase.com/health-articles/how-schizophrenia-affects-the-life-of-the-patient-136075.html

4. (2008), "How to Overcome Paranoid Schizophrenia," Retrieved April 8, 2009, from Articles base eb site: http://www.articlesbase.com/health-articles/how-to-overcome-paranoid-schizophrenia-370524.html

5.…...

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Works cited:

1. Kenyon, C.A.P."Evidence for Biological Basis of Schizophrenia." Retrieved April 8, 2009, from flyfishingdevon Web site:  http://www.flyfishingdevon.co.uk/salmon/year3/PSY337atypical_classic_antipsychotic_drugs/PSY335SchizophreniaDrugTreatments.htm 

2. Weiner, Irving B. "Psychodiagnosis in schizophrenia." Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997.

3. (2007), "How Schizophrenia Affects the Life of the Patient," Retrieved April 8, 2009, 2009, from Articles base Web site:  http://www.articlesbase.com/health-articles/how-schizophrenia-affects-the-life-of-the-patient-136075.html 

4. (2008), "How to Overcome Paranoid Schizophrenia," Retrieved April 8, 2009, from Articles base Web site:  http://www.articlesbase.com/health-articles/how-to-overcome-paranoid-schizophrenia-370524.html

Disease Prevention Strategies
For as long as human beings have fallen ill and succumbed to the ravages of disease, society has struggled to comprehend the invisible menace of microbial germs. The spread of infectious disease from person to person, from home to home, and within entire communities, has always wreaked havoc on humanity, and the field of medicine has struggled to counter the consequences of passable infections. From the Black Death of the 14th century in which over 25 million Europeans, or a third of the continent's total population, were felled by an outbreak of bubonic plague, to the 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic that claimed more than 50 million lives globally (Fee, Brown, Lazarus & Theerman, 2001), infectious diseases have managed to adapt to medical advances while becoming increasingly virulent. Even with the major technological advances afforded to modern medicine, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently reported that…...

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References

Associated Press. (2007, October 02). U.S. labs mishandling deadly germs. MSNBC.com. Retrieved from   infectious_diseases/t/us-labs-mishandling-deadly-germs/#.UD5hY8FlRMshttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21096974/ns/health -

Fee, E., Brown, T.M., Lazarus, J., & Theerman, P. (2001). The influenza pandemic of 1918. American Journal of Public Health, 91(12), 1953. Retrieved from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1446912/ 

Frieden, T.R., & Khabbaz, R.F.U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). A cdc framework for preventing infectious diseases: Sustaining the essentials and innovating for the future. Retrieved from CDC website:  http://www.cdc.gov/oid/docs/ID-Framework.pdf 

Shane, S. (2005, January 24). Exposure at germ lab reignites public health debate. The New York Times. Retrieved from  http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/24/national/24lab.html

Additionally, those who consume poultry that is either raw or undercooked are stated to be "at an increased risk for avian influenza." (The New York Times, 25 Feb 2009)
SUPPORTING EVIDENCE

Viruses such as the avian flu viruses which are highly infectious are shown to "survive in the environment for long period of time." (he New York Times, 25 Feb 2009) Additionally the article relates that one may become infected through "touching contaminated surfaces." (he New York Times, 25 Feb 2009) Another problem is that birds that somehow recover from the bird influenza "can continue to shed the virus in their feces and saliva for as long as 10 days." (he New York Times, 25 Feb 2009) Additionally workers in health care and the household contact "of patients with avian influenza may also be at an increased risk of the bird flu." (he New York Times, 25 Feb 2009)

Symptoms of the…...

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Bibliography

Avian Influenza (2009) The New York Times. 25 Feb. Reviewed by Vorvick, Linda, MD. Online available at  http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/avian-influenza/overview.html 

Avian Influenza

However, since the patient is a 5-week-old male, he should be kept away from anyone who is coughing since they are at higher risk of life-threatening consequences.
3. What therapy would you suggest for this patient?

Hospital admission is indicated for this patient since he is a 5-week-old infant and has not received the vaccine against pertussis. ecommended treatment by the 2005 CDC Guidelines include a 5-day course of azithromycin given at 10 mg/kg/day. Other macrolide treatment such as clarithromycin and erythromycin is not recommended for infants for development of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). It is important also to treat a patient below 12 months within 3 weeks of onset of cough to avoid complications such as pneumonia, otitis media and meningitis.

4. Clinically, the cough may persist for some time following therapy. Give possible reasons why a cough may persist in the face of therapy?

Coughing may persist for some time…...

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References

Berhman, R. et. al. (2007). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 17th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders.

Brocka, J. (2008) Pediatrics, Pertussis. Retrieved on April 24, 2008 from EMedicine.  http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic394.htm 

Tewari, T., et al. (2005) Recommended Antimocrobial Agents for the Treatment and Post-exposure Prophylaxis of Pertussis 2005 CDC Guidelines. Retrieved on April 24, 2008.  http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5414.pdf

Some of these illnesses have unique features which make them particularly difficult to track as subjects of surveillance. For example, Lyme tests are often unreliable. Also, "many viruses and bacteria cause nonspecific syndromes or symptom complexes that include most diarrheal and respiratory symptoms" (itz, Tager, & Balms 2005). This is also true of tracking the efficacy of treatments: "in cases where there are long delays between the implementation of an intervention and the reduction in disease incidence or morbidity, it may be difficult to quantitate precisely (or even accurately) the extent to which the intervention altered the outcome of the disease" (itz, Tager, & Balms 2005). This is particularly manifest in treatments which are multifaceted and are taken over time (like AIDS 'drug cocktails') or require environmental controls to be effective (like preventing malaria or other mosquito-borne illnesses).
However, despite the innate challenges in tracking diseases, a number of new…...

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References

Historical perspectives notifiable disease surveillance and notifiable disease statistics -- United

States, June 1946 and June 1996. (1996). MMWR, 45(25); 530-536. Retrieved:

 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00042744.htm 

Pelat, C. (2009). More diseases tracked using Google trends. Emerging Infectious Disease

Diseases and Risk Factors
Diseases Risk Assessments

Breast cancer

Breast cancer is a type of cancer that originates from the inner tissues of the breast. There are two significant categories of breast cancer: Ductal carcinomas and Lobular carcinomas. Ductal carcinomas start from the breast tubes while the lobular carcinomas originate from the lobules, which produce milk in mothers. There are other rare types of breast cancers, which originate from other parts of the breast. Breast cancer can spread to other parts of the breast or remain only in the infected area. Breast cancer although common in women has been known to be found in men too. Women have a higher chance of contracting the disease as compared to men.

Risk factors

Cancer in general has many risk factors. These factors are highly dependent on the position, and the lifestyle of an individual as it enhances the susceptibility of the person. However, it is worth noting…...

Disease a major health issue world today. Epidemiologists "front line" advocating safe healthy living. This paper designed introduce a disease ways prevented. 1. esearch a disease (history, treatment, .
Obesity

Although it is presently a worldwide problem, obesity is not actually a new phenomenon. Experts in Europe and the Middle East found obese figures dating from 23,000 to 25,000 years ago. These figures were likely to be deities from the Paleolithic era. In Neolithic these corpulent figures invoked fertility for people and plants and they were often named Mother Goddesses. In the Modern era figures of obese women continued to appear not only as figurines, but also in paintings.

Obesity was considered to be a problem that needed to be treated before 1500 CE. In Ancient Egypt, obesity was seen as a horrible disease. The Chinese used acupuncture as treatment for obesity. "Ancient Tibetan medicine administered enemas and compresses to treat obesity. Indian…...

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References:

1. Eckel, Robert H. MD "Obesity and Heart Disease- A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee," Retrieved November 29, 2012 from the American Heart Association:  http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/96/9/3248.full 

2. Kelly, Evelyn B. Obesity, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006

3. Pearce, Jamie, and Witten, Karen Geographies of Obesity: Environmental Understandings of the Obesity Epidemic, Ashgate Publishing, Mar 16, 2010

4. Wolin, Kathleen Y. And Petrelli, Jennifer M. Obesity, ABC-CLIO, Aug 10, 2009

Disease Trends in the United States
Aging

About 4.5% of the world's population comprises of the people of United States (U.S.). The country has the world's third largest population and statistical analysis shows that approximately 155 million people have been added to the U.S. population and figures have increased by nearly 105% in the past 50 years (Kotkin, 2010). In addition, the U.S. population has also experienced a qualitative change. According to the Population Reference ureau, it has become greater, older and increasingly varied (Kotkin, 2010). Females over the age of 45 continue to outnumber the males in similar age groups; however, this ratio is decreasing day by day. ut the most significant change in U.S. population trends is the increase in the size of the bands of 70+ and 80+ in the demographic models, which shows that average life expectancy is increasing and is predicted to do so even more in…...

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Bibliography

AHRQ Task Force on Aging., Bierman, A.S., Spector, W.D., & United States. (2001). Improving the health and health care of older Americans: A report of the AHRQ Task Force on Aging. Rockville, Md: Dept. Of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

Hearthealthywomen.org. (n.d.). Aging and heart disease. Retrieved from  http://www.hearthealthywomen.org/am-i-at-risk/age-a-menopause/age-a-menopause.html 

Finkelstein, E., & Zuckerman, L. (2008). The fattening of America: How the economy makes us fat, if it matters, and what to do about it. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.

Kotkin, J. (2010, August). The changing demographics of america. Smithsonian magazine, Retrieved from  http://www.smithsonianmag.com/specialsections/40th-anniversary/The-Changing-Demographics-of-America.html

Always question and do whatever is necessary to protect yourself.
Conclusion

Life is too fragile not to consider it in every decision that one makes. Casey is living her life healthy and happy now, but not too long ago, she was in a hard position where the results could have been even more devastating and life altering then they were. This leads the interviewer to understand how delicate the conversation about sex and safe practices is, as well as how important it is to have this very sensitive talk with one's children and explain how regardless they need to take precautions. In addition, honestly in a case like this one the best safe sex in no sex at all, however once you have entered a marriage or a long-term relationship, and then what should one do? That is a question that needs more thought and understanding. Where are we as a…...

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Reference

Center for Disease Control (2006, April). Chlamydia - CDC Fact Sheet. Retrieved 12/2/07, at  http://www.cdc.gov/std/chlamydia/STDFact-chlamydia.htm#whatIs

Disease Trends
Specific population disease trend change in the past 50 years:

Smoking, lung cancer, and the aging of the population

By the time the U.S. Surgeon General released its report Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General in 1964, smoking was an ingrained part of American culture. Before the report was released, doctors endorsed certain brands of cigarettes as more healthful than others in advertisements; cigarette companies were popular sponsors of family broadcasting and smoking was glamorized on the silver screen. A mere 44% of Americans believed smoking was linked to lung cancer (The reports of the Surgeon General, 2013, NM). However, the Report "held cigarette smoking responsible for a 70% increase in the mortality rate of smokers over non-smokers" (The reports of the Surgeon General, 2013, NM). An intensive anti-smoking public health campaign resulted and reducing smoking rates became an accepted part of public health care…...

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Lung cancer is a progressive illness: its effects are visible only over time. One puff of a cigarette does not cause cancer but the effects of smoking are manifested due to habituated use. As the population as a whole ages, rates of lung cancer have actually increased, despite an extensive anti-smoking public health campaign. "Mortality attributable to malignant neoplasms of the lung and associated organs has risen sharply since 1950. Here again mortality rises with age, in this instance is significantly higher in general among males as compared to females, and has a multitude of etiologies, although the consumption of tobacco products and exposure to second-hand smoke are important risk factors in the epidemic of this form of cancer" (Williams n.d.: 24). Although smoking has gone down overall, lung cancer remains the most common deadly kind of cancer for both men and women. While the rates of mortality for men still are higher than that of women, the rates of women contracting lung cancer are increasing (Newest stats show lung cancer rates dropping for men, but still going up for women, 2007, Lung Cancer Alliance). The reasons for this are unclear: women's generally longer lifespans may mean that the cancer has longer to manifest itself. Even though quitting reduces the likelihood of contracting lung cancer, the increased risk is not eliminated.

To guard against the rise of lung cancer, graphic anti-smoking campaigns have been instituted by the federal government. 20% of the U.S. population still smokes: on one hand, this is a sharp decline relative to fifty years ago; however, given the link between smoking and preventable diseases, it is still far too high (Fox, 2013, Graphic anti-smoking). Recent media campaigns have featured persons who have lost the ability to speak due to smoking-related cancers as well as reminders of the link between smoking and mortality (Fox, 2013, Graphic anti-smoking).

Education alone cannot be attributed to the decline in smoking rates. Smoking has become increasingly less acceptable legally and socially: in some cities, smoking

This is called acute adrenal failure or an Addisonian crisis. It can be fatal if it isn't cared for. The indications may include:
Pain in the abdomen, lower back or legs

Severe vomiting and diarrhea

Dehydration

Low blood pressure

Loss of consciousness (Addison's disease, 2010).

Secondary adrenal deficiency takes place when the pituitary gland fails to manufacture adequate adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), a hormone that rouses the adrenal glands to produce cortisol. If ACTH production is too low, cortisol production decreases. Ultimately, the adrenal glands can get smaller due to lack of ACTH stimulation. Secondary adrenal deficiency is much more widespread than Addison's disease (Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's disease, 2009).

If a doctor thinks that one may have Addison's disease, they may go through some of the following tests:

Blood test - assessing ones blood levels of sodium, potassium, cortisol and ACTH. This gives the physician a preliminary indication of whether adrenal deficiency may be causing the signs and…...

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References

Addison's disease. (2010). Retrieved from  http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/common/hormone/910.html 

Addison's disease. (2011). Retrieved from  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/addisons-disease/DS00361/DSECTION=tests-and-diagnosis 

Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease. (2009). Retrieved from  http://endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/addison/addison.htm 

Anatomy of the Endocrine System. (2011). Retrieved from  http://www.emedicinehealth.com/anatomy_of_the_endocrine_system/article_em.htm

However, because the source of the most useful type of stem cells is fetal tissue, political opposition, predominantly from the religious right, has successfully lobbied for restrictions on their use, culminating in the 2001 federal ban on publicly funded medical research into their use. As a result, almost a decade of valuable research has largely been lost into an effective cure for millions suffering from Alzheimer's and other debilitating human diseases (Kinsey 2007).

The federal ban on stem cell research has forced researchers to explore other avenues, such as two unrelated studies announced in late 2007 announcing methods of coaxing adult stem cells into the type of use for which only fetal stem cells had previously exhibited potential (Kinsey 2007). More recently, a study published in the March 2008 issue of Stem Cells and Development announced the results of studies evidencing the usefulness of stem cells derived from umbilical cord tissues…...

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References

Kinsley, M. Commentary: Why Science Can't Save the GOP; Time Magazine (Dec. 10/07), p. 36.

Phan, K. (2008) Umbilical Cord Stem Cells Slow Down Alzheimer's Progression in Mice. Christian Post Reporter. Retrieved July 26, 2008, at  http://www.christianpost.com/article/20080330/umbilical-cord-stem-cells-slow-down-alzheimer-s-progression-in-mice.htm 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services - Public Health Service - National Institutes of Health - National Institute on Aging (2006) Alzheimer's Disease Fact Sheet. Retrieved July 26, 2008 from the National Institute on Aging public website (last updated 2008), at  http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications/adfact.htm

It ranges from 31.9% in the mid-Atlantic to 67.2% in the south Atlantic regions. The increased occurrence also varies considerably by state ranging from 11.3% in Delaware to 101.8% for Georgia. Other studies have shown that the magnitude of the increase is greatest in 18 to 29-year-olds, those with some college education and those of Hispanic ethnicity (Lifestyle Management of Adult Obesity, 2010).
The yearly economic costs of obesity are estimated to be more than 70 billion dollars. Despite the health and economic burden of obesity, studies show that health professionals do not constantly advise overweight and obese patients that they should lose weight. There is undoubtedly a global epidemic of overweight and obesity. It can be projected that, at the present rate of increasing prevalence of obesity, by the year 2030, 90% of U.S. adults will be obese (Lifestyle Management of Adult Obesity, 2010).

The epidemic of obesity really began…...

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References

An Epidemic of Obesity. (2004). Retrieved March 20, 2010, from Web site:

 http://www.houstontx.gov/health/Epidemiology/obesity.htm 

Canoy, D. And Buchan, I. (2007). Challenges in obesity epidemiology. Obesity Reviews.

Supplement, 8, p1-11.

According to the University of Washington School of Medicine, the obligation for confidentiality is not an absolute one. There are legal regulations that limit a patient's right to privacy, as well as regulations that protect that right. The two main exceptions where you could break confidentiality are: (1) Concern for a specific, identified person other than the patient (this could be a spouse or child, or it could be a person unrelated to the patient in any way). (2) Concern for the welfare of the general public (this is usually seen if the patient is found to have a highly infectious or....

1. A diet or lifestyle related disease is one that is brought about specifically because of the type of diet the person has or the lifestyle he or she chooses to live. 2. Obesity causes many health issues. The most common are sleep apnea, type II diabetes, and heart disease. 3. Obesity is linked to both diet and lifestyle. Someone who overeats and also does not exercise can become obese over time. 4. In society, obesity causes higher health care costs, "fat shaming," and discomfort for many people because of a lack of ability to accommodate larger-sized people (think airplane and bus seats,....

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Cor Pulmonale is pulmonary heart disease, which causes failure of the right ventricle. This comes as a result of high blood pressure within the lungs. Pulmonary edema is fluid accumulation in the lungs, often as a result of congestive heart failure. Both diseases would be unfortunate and difficult to deal with, but pulmonary edema would be preferable. There are medications and treatments that can be used in order to reduce the fluid in the lungs and keep the congestive heart failure at bay. The Cor Pulmonale, though, will damage the heart\'s right ventricle, and there is nothing that can be....