Debris recovery occurs throughout the disaster relief process, but may be especially critical during the early phases, as clearing out debris rapidly aids in the recovery process, facilitates new construction, and prevents health hazards. As Singh (2015) points out, when debris is permitted to accumulate unfettered, poisonous substances like asbestos may seep into the environment leading to long-term health issues among the population. Similarly, debris provides a "breeding ground for rodents, insects, and microorganisms," (Singh, 2015, p. 1). However, the debris collection and processing procedure is complicated in disaster areas, especially those that are hard hit like Haiti. Between 20 and 60 million tons of debris accumulated in Haiti during the 2010 earthquake there (Karunasena, Amaratunga & Haigh, 2012). Haiti is far from being a global role model in disaster management. Poverty, poor governance, poor infrastructure, rapid urbanization, environmental degradation, and civil strife are a few of the hindrances to…...

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References

Karunasena, G., Amaratunga, D. & Haigh, R. (2012). Post-disaster construction and demolition debris management. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 18(4): 457-468.

Phillips, B.D. (n.d.). Disaster recovery.

Singh, R.K. (2015). Nepal faces monumental quake-debris problem. The Japan Times. June 5, 2015.

In terms of the implications of the NDAA, the proposition effectively removes all decision-making power from local governments in the event of domestic disaster. The President could for example seize control of the National Guard and use it in any way he seems fit without the need to justify or articulate this need to the local authorities and governors. In other words, no consultation with or need for consent from governors is necessary before seizing control of the National Guard This removes all previously-established balance between the state and federal authority, with all authority reverting to the president.

This could result not only in confusion, but in chaos should domestic disaster occur. Especially in the light of the fact that no debate or information was divulged to the authorities directly affected by the NDAA, the implementation of the new Act would mean changing a historically effective system of integration among the…...

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References

Elsea, J.K. (2005). The Use of Federal Troops for Disaster Assistance: Legal Issues. CRS Report for Congress.

Lowenberg, T. (2007). Statement Before the Senate Judiciary Committee on "The Insurrection Act Rider" and State Control of the National Guard. April 24.

Disaster Plan
In the modern era, it is important that government from the federal to the local level have risk management plans in place for natural disasters, man-made issues and of course, terrorism. Generally speaking, risk management helps identify, prioritize and put plans in place regarding areas of risk that can impact the community. The overall purpose of risk management is so that agencies can be proactive in their identification and implementing plans for disasters and risks since in the modern world these plans involve numerous agencies and complex coordination. Thankfully, standards have been developed that organize risk management by looking at six general paradigms: 1) Identifying risks in the context of the area (e.g. flood planning is less important in Arizona than in Louisiana); 2) Planning a process to mitigate the situation (who is in charge); 3) Mapping the objectives of stakeholders (who will be involved); 4) Developing a framework/map…...

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REFERENCES

Colorado Division of Emergency Management. (2013). News, Info and Preparedness.

Retrieved from:  http://www.coemergency.com/ 

Drabek, T., et.al.. (1991). Emergency Management: Principles and Practices for Local Government. International City Management Association.

Frenkel, M., Hommel, U., & Rudolf, M. (Eds.). (2005). Risk Management - Challenge and Opportunity. New York: Springer.

In the wake of a disaster, a business is likely to suffer from a reduction of revenue, until the normal business climate returns. In some cases, the normal business climate may take years to return, and the loss of business will be prolonged. The loss of business can be insured against to some degree, but there are also systemic steps that can be taken to mitigate the damage. Having a low debt level can help a business to survive a post-disaster slowdown, because the business will still be able to meet its financial obligations even with reduced revenue streams. Diversification, in particular geographic diversification, can help as well. A small restaurant operator with three restaurants in Miami is more susceptible to business failure post-hurricane than a restauranteur with three locations spread between Miami, Tampa and Orlando, since any given hurricane will only close one restaurant in the group instead of…...

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Works Cited:

Accenture. (2010). Business continuity and disaster recovery planning. Accenture. Retrieved November 27, 2010 from  http://www.accenture.com/Global/Technology/Technology_Consulting/Security-Solutions/Services/ContinuityDisasterRecover.htm 

Momani, N. (2010). Business continuity planning: Are we prepared for future disasters. American Journal of Economics and Business Administration. Vol. 2 (3) 272-279.

The Public Manager. 31.
In "World Trade Center Recovery: A Challenge't Traditional Disaster Management" (2002), Melissa M. oward and Richard a. Buck describe how the bombing of the World Trade Center in New York was such an unexpected catastrophe, that normal forms of recovery plans are not equip to fully dealing with the situation. Because of the massive monetary cost of the horrible event was much more than the federal Disaster Fund through FEMA could imagine. Also, the president decided that the federal government would recovery 100% of the damage, rather than the standard 75%. The authors want to show how inefficient even this nation's best laid plans are, and show how the federal government needs to be more flexible and creative with their solutions for disaster management. They are writing to the educated and active portion of the public, who would then try to take action…...

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Howard, Melissa M., Buck, Richard a.

2002 World Trade Center Recovery: A Challenge to Traditional Disaster Management. The Public Manager. 31.

In "World Trade Center Recovery: A Challenge't Traditional Disaster Management" (2002), Melissa M. Howard and Richard a. Buck describe how the bombing of the World Trade Center in New York was such an unexpected catastrophe, that normal forms of recovery plans are not equip to fully dealing with the situation. Because of the massive monetary cost of the horrible event was much more than the federal Disaster Fund through FEMA could imagine. Also, the president decided that the federal government would recovery 100% of the damage, rather than the standard 75%. The authors want to show how inefficient even this nation's best laid plans are, and show how the federal government needs to be more flexible and creative with their solutions for disaster management. They are writing to the educated and active portion of the public, who would then try to take action to change disaster relief policies within the U.S. government.

(NCDEM, 2000)
Due to the Act North Carolina implemented a program known, as Advance Infrastructure Mitigation (AIM).It is a program designed to assist North Carolina's counties develop an infrastructure mitigation plan. This plan is now a requirement for counties following adoption of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 by Congress and Senate Bill 300 an Act to Amend the Laws egarding Emergency Management, by the North Carolina General Assembly. (NCDEM, 2000)

This act helped insure that everyone is making viable efforts towards having emergency plans in place, by implement consequences for failure to comply with these regulations gives further support, and stresses the importance of having a current plan in place.

eference

North Carolina Division of Emergency Management (2000). Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000. etrieved June 16, 2007, at…...

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Reference

North Carolina Division of Emergency Management (2000). Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000. Retrieved June 16, 2007, at http://www.dem.dcc.state.nc.us/PA/dma_2000_detail.htm

Toms iver Township is a hub of the Jersey Shore. On October 29, 2012, "superstorm" Sandy hit the area, leaving widespread damage to property and infrastructure. A month after the storm hit, most of Toms iver homes are uninhabitable and businesses are far from returning to their "usual" operations. The mayor has been working closely with the state of New Jersey and federal agencies like FEMA, but requires the assistance of an experienced NGO like Acme Disaster Support Services (ADSS).
Goals of recovery include debris removal, restoration of infrastructure, essential services, and core structures, and returning the community to a livable state as soon as possible so that residents and business owners may return. ADSS serves in a support and organizational role, focusing primarily on facilitating communication and coordinating recovery efforts and activities. While ADSS does not supply actual funding or resources, we will help the township understand how to maximize…...

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References

Katz, A. (2012). One month after Sandy: Where the storm came ashore. Time. Nov 29, 2012. Retrieved online:  http://nation.time.com/2012/11/29/one-month-after-sandy-where-the-storm-came-ashore/ 

NOAA (n.d.). Toms River, NJ: Community Profile. Retrieved online:  http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/read/socialsci/pdf/NJ/toms%20river-nj.pdf 

O'Neill, E. (2013). A year after Sandy, Toms River officials say dunes are top priority. New Jersey.com. Retrieved online:  http://www.nj.com/ocean/index.ssf/2013/10/toms_river_sandy_one_year_later.html 

Spoto, M.A. (2014). Hurricane Sandy recovery is slow but steady in Toms River, mayor says. New Jersey.com. Retrieved online:  http://www.nj.com/ocean/index.ssf/2014/10/hurricane_sandy_recovery_is_slow_but_steady_in_toms_river_mayor_says.html

. Provide an overview of the natural or human-made disaster that occurred in your geographic regionA natural human made disaster that occurred in my geographic was the BP oil spill that occurred back in 2010. At the time, this was the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry. Here, the oil spill had very dramatic impact not only the economic circumstances of the geographic region, but also the marine life with the geographic region. Here, oil and gas prices spiked creating adverse economic circumstances for those throughout the region. This ultimately contributed to income and wealth inequality as consumers were forced to pay more for petroleum-based products. The cost of marine based products such as fish, fish oil, and other forms of seafood also increased. In addition to the economic impact, food chains were heavily disrupted as the oil spill killed millions of forms of marine…...

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References 1. Foster-Fishman, P., Berkowitz, S., Lounsbury, D., Jacobson, S., & Allen, N. (2001). Building collaborative capacity in community coalitions: a review and integrative framework. American Journal of Community Psychology, 29(2), 241-261.2. Gray, B. & Wood, D. (1991). Collaborative alliances: moving from practices to theory. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 27(1), 3-22.

This would likely have resulted in a long delay in raising suitable support to those health care professionals already at the disaster site.
Duties of the DMAT

The initial duties of the DMAT were to assist the nursing team at Charlotte egional Medical Centre as most nurses there had been on duty for around 40 hours. This was due to the problems which relief staff had in getting to the facility and also the problems which had been caused at the hospital due to the power failures and the structural damage that had been inflicted on the hospital (Cohen and Mulvaney). This initial aid that the DMAT provided was invaluable, as if they had not been so well prepared and arrived so early there would have been far greater pressure on the staff at the hospital, which would have greatly reduced the quality of care which the patients received.

By 6.30am the…...

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References

Cohen, Sharon S. And Karen Mulvaney. "Field observations: Disaster Medical Assistance Team response for Hurricane Charley, Punta Gorda, Florida, August 2004." Disaster Management and Response 3.1 (2005): 22-27.

Mace, Sharon E., Jaszmine T. Jones and Andrew I. Bern. "An analysis of Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT) deployments in the United States." Prehospital Emergency Care 11 (2007): 30-35.

McEntire, David a. Disaster Response and Recovery: Strategies and Tactics for Resilience. Indianapolis: Wiley, 2007. 156-157.

South Florida Regional DMAT FL 5 / IMSuRT South. 2007. South Florida Regional DMAT FL5. 31 October 2007  http://www.fl5dmat.com/ .

Disaster Preparedness Research: Proposed Methodology
Exploring the issue of disaster preparedness in emergency centers and trauma clinics require not only an understanding of the challenges that have been experienced in the past (i.e., lack of supplies and/or equipment, staff shortage, poor management, among many others) and through extant literature on the topic, but also an understanding of how these emergency centers and trauma clinics operate in the event of a disaster or an emergency.

It is only through understanding the operations of emergency centers and trauma clinics that the researcher would be able to fully explore, identify, and determine weak and strong points that is the current situation in emergency and disaster preparedness management. In order to do this, a research into the operations of emergency centers and trauma clinics must be conducted. In line with this requirement, the proposed methodology for the research study on determining points of improvement of emergency…...

International Disasters and Humanitarian Law
Great infrastructure damage and social dislocation have been common consequence of natural disasters and social disasters for example wars. The aims of relief and post-disaster reconstruction comprises of:

Instant physical relief of victims

eduction of social dislocation

estoration of a function of social organization and reparation of physical infrastructure

The major disaster or wars international actors are United Nations agencies and ed Cross Movement.

International policies and laws have played a greater impact in helping shift disaster relief and post-disaster reconstruction in that, whenever there is major disaster there is immediate establishment of a rescue and recovery command center under the body of the United Nations, ed Cross and affected governments; this aid in supervision of relief efforts participating foreign military such as U.S. forces being part of it. For example for the case where there was establishment of U.S. dominated command centre set at airbase in Utapoa, Thailand at the…...

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REFERENCES

Jonathan Winters, (2009) combating Corruption in the Multilateral Development Banks'

Paul Wodlfowitz, (2006) press conference, U.S.Pacific command, Indonesia 16 January

Presidential Disaster Declaration Process
Preparedness and Mitigation from Disasters in the Twentieth Century

Numerous disasters have always brought intensive destruction to the environment and human lives over the years. The twentieth century, however, has experienced rather greater disasters, which have called for intervention through ensuring mitigation and preparedness. The presidential disaster declaration process is aimed at fulfilling the ambitions of preparing for disasters. These disasters include both the man-made and natural ones, ranging from the outbreak of fires, contagious diseases that need extreme control, earthquakes and hurricanes, the nightmare of global warming, political instability and many others. The essay evaluates analytically, the need for preparedness through the presidential disaster declaration process, which is a strategy to getting assistance. The evolution of the process in the twentieth century to strengthen hazard management is also discussed in the content.

Outline

Introduction

I. What is the presidential disaster declaration (PDD) process?

II. Importance of the PDD process in mitigation…...

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References

Bellamy, J.S. (2009) Cleverland's Greatest Disasters!: 16 Tragic True Tales of Death and Destruction: New York: Gray and Company.

Ec-Council (2010) Disaster Recovery: New York, Cengage Learning.

Kapucu, N. & Alpaslan, Z. (2011) Managing Emergencies and Crises: MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishing.

Oliver, J. & Aldcroft, H.D. (2007) Economic Disasters of the Twentieth Century: New York: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Federal disaster recovery assistance has long been taken for granted in the United States, embedded in federal laws such as the Stafford Act and the Flood Insurance Act. Federal disaster recovery efforts have been further supported by key organizations including those directly involved in crisis scenarios, such as FEMA. Moreover, a number of ancillary national organizations directly or indirectly provide disaster relief assistance, including the United States Department of Transportation, and most notably the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, which offers Community Development Block Grants for Disaster ecovery (Schwab, 2014). If the federal government should one day determine that its role no longer supported disaster relief services, then a number of regional, state, and local organizations would step up to fill the void in resources and management. Some of those organizations would be from the private sector and others from the public sector. In fact, a situation in…...

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References

Anderson, M.B. & Woodrow, P.J. (1998). Rising from the Ashes. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner.

Partnership for Disaster Resilience (2007). Post-Disaster recovery planning forum: How-to guide. Retrieved online:  http://www.crew.org/sites/default/files/Post-Disaster-Recovery-Planning-Forum_UO-CSC.pdf 

Rodriguez, H., Quarantelli, E.L., et al. (2007). Handbook of Disaster Research. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. New York: Springer Science

Schwab, J.C. (2014). Planning for post-disaster recovery: Next generation. American Planning Association.

21). When pressed, the ed Cross said they did not know if any of their recipients had received aid from other agencies, or even actually lived in the affected areas (O'Meara, 2004, p. 21). There was a controversy after the facts became known, and after the controversy hit the news, the President of the organization, Dr. Bernadine Healy resigned in October 2001 after allegations that the organization did not use all the funds collected for victim relief. In December 2005, Marsha J. Evans also resigned her position as the President And CEO, after new allegations surfaced over the terrorist attacks and problems with the relief effort in the Gulf Coast area after the 2005 hurricane season. Today, the organization posts their tax returns and annual reports on their Web site, and has a list of commonly asked questions about where their funding comes from and where it goes.
Funding may…...

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References

Editors. (2006). American Red Cross. Retrieved from the RedCross.org Web site:   Dec. 2006.http://www.redcross.org/index.html1 

Editors. (2006). Northern Nevada Chapter American Red Cross. Retrieved from the NevadaRedCross.org Web site:   Dec. 2006.http://www.nevada.redcross.org/1 

O'Meara, Kelly Patrick. Are They Cheating on 9/11 Payouts? (2004, March 15). Insight on the News 21.

Dombrowsky
"Disaster" as a Trigger

Joseph Scanlon, Director of the Emergency Communications esearch Unit at Carleton University, states that the term "disaster" has undergone a transformation in the wake of 9/11. Its transformation is the center of debate for researchers whose work relies on an adequate definition and understanding of "disaster" -- yet Scanlon makes clear that he has been particularly struck "by how much of the debate [is]...influenced by awareness of various events and how much of that awareness [is] media related" (Scanlon 2005:13). In the field of emergency communications, that awareness has led to a new culture of "disaster" maintenance, and it has been largely influenced by media representation. According to Wolf Dombrowsky, "the term 'disaster' has only ephemeral significance. It is a trigger, a flag to signal a meaning, a stimulus to produce a specific reaction" (Dombrowsky 1998:15). Dombrowsky's assertion has been challenged by several researches, but his premise,…...

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References

Alexander, D 2005a, 'An Interpretation of Disaster in Terms of Changes in Culture,

Society and International Relations. What is a Disaster?: New Answers to Old

Questions. [Ed. Ronald W. Perry & E.L. Quarantelli] International Research

Committee on Disasters.

Lesser-Known but Intriguing Essay Topics on Heavy-Duty Anchor Stakes

1. The Evolution of Anchor Stake Technology: From Primitive Roots to Modern Innovations

Trace the historical origins of anchor stakes, examining their use in various societies and cultures.
Analyze the evolution of materials, designs, and engineering advancements that have shaped the modern anchor stake industry.
Discuss the impact of technological breakthroughs on the performance and durability of anchor stakes.

2. Geotechnical Considerations for Anchor Stake Deployment: Soil Types, Soil Mechanics, and Load Capacity

Explore the geotechnical factors that influence the efficacy of anchor stakes, including soil type, density, and moisture content.
Analyze soil....

Military police play a crucial role in maintaining discipline and order within the armed forces during both times of conflict and peace. They enforce military regulations, investigate infractions, patrol military installations, and provide security for personnel and equipment.

During times of conflict, military police are responsible for maintaining order within military bases and ensuring the security of personnel and equipment. They also play a key role in providing law enforcement support in combat zones, including conducting patrols, establishing checkpoints, and detaining individuals who are deemed a threat to the mission.

In times of peace, military police are still essential in maintaining discipline....

Advancements in transportation technology have greatly improved our daily lives in numerous ways, including:

1. Increased accessibility: Transportation technology has made it easier for people to travel and reach their desired destinations more quickly, efficiently, and safely. This has increased accessibility to education, healthcare, employment opportunities, and leisure activities.

2. Time-saving: Faster modes of transportation, such as high-speed trains, airplanes, and cars, have significantly reduced travel times, allowing people to cover long distances in a fraction of the time it would have taken in the past.

3. Connectivity: Transportation technology has enhanced global connectivity by allowing people to travel across different cities, countries,....

Air power has evolved to become a crucial component of modern warfare, playing a significant role in shaping military strategies and tactics. Some key ways in which the importance of air power has evolved in modern warfare include:

1. Strategic bombing: Air power has revolutionized the way wars are fought by enabling strategic bombing campaigns that can target enemy infrastructure, communication lines, and supply routes. This has significantly increased the reach and effectiveness of military operations.

2. Close air support: The ability of aircraft to provide close air support to ground troops has greatly enhanced the effectiveness of ground operations, allowing for....