Disaster Management
This study provides a comprehensive explanation if the aspects affecting disaster management. Through an analysis of practice and theories in disaster management, the interactions between the difference elements of disaster management are elaborated. Some of these elements include but not limited to human beings, nature, and society. The impact of recent natural disasters results demands that a new perspective regarding the subject matter is critically reviewed.
Fundamentals of disaster management
An effective disaster management can only be achieved through efficient disaster and risk management techniques. This involves a combination of conventional techniques and scientific techniques in the process of decision-making. The key issues are the development of effective solutions for defined problems.
The aspect of uncertainty in nature demands a risk management plan at every level of humanity. The risk management plan should clearly document the risk management process after a comprehensive assessment has been carried out. The documentation is continuous as…...
mlaReferences
DRM Library. (n.d.). World Institute for Disaster Risk Management. Retrieved September 12,
2012, from http://www.drmonline.net/drmlibrary/systems.htm
Woods, M. (2011). Risk management in organizations: an integrated case study approach. New York: Routledge
Disaster Management; Tornado
Tornado
After a powerful tornado, 60% of businesses and a residential area have been destroyed. This has led to a series of negative events that need to be dealt with. These events include the town having no working lights, reports of residents' children and spouses missing, and even reports of gunfire. At this point, the state is aware of the disaster that has hit this town and the Governor is activating the National Guard. Beyond these initial steps, no further action has been taken, and I must respond immediately to deal with the crisis at hand.
Incident Command
Establishing the incident command system is first and foremost. The system establishes a common organizational structure that is conducive for different types of agencies as well as multiple jurisdictions to be able to effectively work together in response to the situation. The components of this system include the Incident Commander, who oversees all…...
mlaReferences
Briggs, S. & Twomey, J. (2003) Basic Disaster Awareness for Healthcare Providers. Boston,
MA: DelValle Institute for Emergency Preparedness.
NRF Research Center. (2011). Emergency Support Function Annexes. Retrieved May 2, 2012, from www.fema.gov/emergency/nrg/
Yei, W. & Ozdamar, L. (2007) A dynamic logistics coordination model for evacuation and support in disaster response activities. European Journal of Operational Research,
Disaster Management Lessons Learned From Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Management Lessons
The quality of public management can be tested in several situations. It is tested in situations when the financial resources are limited and cannot be used in order to address all the needs of the community in case, it is tested by its effects on the community in comparison with what it is expected from these authorities, but it can also be tested during natural disasters.
These natural disasters do not occur frequently, but their impact is tremendous. Such natural disasters refer to periods with very high temperature in areas where this is unusual, periods with very low temperature, drought, increased levels of all forms of precipitations, hurricanes, and others. Some of these natural disasters cannot be anticipated in time in order to counteract their effects. However, there are strategies that can be developed by the government and other authorities in order to…...
mlaAnother important lesson that authorities had to learn was that of vulnerability assessment. In other words, it is important that authorities are able to properly assess the damage that hurricanes are likely to produce (Risk Management Solutions, 2005). The authorities' reaction to the damage produced by Katrina has revealed the fact that there were important differences between the modeled and the incurred damages. These differences are determined by several factors. Some of the most important factors that determine such differences in assessments are represented by footprint aspects, data quality, vulnerability, demand surge, damages that are not included in the assessment, replacement cost value, and others.
There are several improvements that have been made regarding authorities' response to natural disasters. Standby recycling contracts represent such an improvement. These contracts mostly refer to recycling activities like market identification and facilitation, but they can be expanded to other activities that are required by disaster management. Such activities include law enforcement, evacuation activities, and others.
In addition to this, the readiness of authorities' response in situations of natural disasters also depends
The disaster management plan will minimize the potentialities of the disaster in the areas as follows: (1) Minimizing potential economic loss; (2) Decreasing potential exposures; (3) Reducing the probability of occurrence; (4) Reduction of disruptions to operations; (5) providing an orderly recovery; (6) minimizing insurance premiums; (7) reduction of reliance on certain key individuals; (8) protecting organizational assets; (9) ensuring the safety of personnel and customer; (10) Reducing disruptions to operations; (11) Ensuring organizational stability; (12) Providing an orderly recovery; (13) Minimizing insurance premiums; (14) Reducing reliance on certain key individuals; (15) Protecting the assets of the organization; (16) Ensuring the safety of personnel and customers; (17) Minimizing decision-making during a disastrous event; and (18) Minimizing legal liability (Wold, 1997)
V. SIMULATION for TESTING and PRACTICE
There is no way to know when a disaster will occur and preparation will necessarily involve testing of the disaster management plan and this can…...
mlaBibliography
Garris, Leah B. (2008) Put Your Disaster Plan to the Test. March 2008. Buildings.com Online available at http://www.buildings.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentID=5738
Howard, Lisa S. (1997) Tailor Disaster Plans to Organization: RM (Risk Management) National Underwriter Property and Casualty Risk & Benefits Management May 1997.
Wold, Geoffrey H. (1997) Disaster Recovery Planning Process. Disaster Recovery World 1997. Online available at Garris, Leah B. (2008) Put Your Disaster Plan to the Test. March 2008. Buildings.com Online available at http://www.drj.com/new2dr/w2_002.htm .
Disaster Management Case Study
Hurricane Victoria that landed on January 10, 2016 in New York City caused significant damage on the area. The storm which was ultimately downgraded to a tropical storm since it lost its strength affected homeless shelters and health care facilities. Many health care facilities in the area sustained devastating damage while those that were functioning became overcrowded with special needs patients and family members. Since backup generators are increasingly running out of fuel for operations, many health care officials are looking for alternative locations for patients requiring care. Given that most health care facilities in New York State are not adequately prepared to manage this kind of disaster, it is important to develop a suitable disaster management plan to help meet the patient needs. As a newly hired administrator in a local hospital, the disaster management plan will incorporate several elements including management, organization, and coordination.
Management
As evident…...
mlaReferences
Bascetta, C. (2006, May 18). Disaster Preparedness: Preliminary Observations on the Evacuation of Vulnerable Populations due to Hurricanes and Other Disasters. Retrieved from United States Government Accountability Office website: http://www.gao.gov/assets/120/113861.pdf
Daily, E., Padjen, P. & Birnbaum, M. (2010, September 20). A Review of Competencies Developed for Disaster Healthcare Providers: Limitations of Current Processes and Applicability. Comprehensive Review 25(5), 387-395.
Eckert, S. (2006, October). Preparing for Disaster. American Nurse Today, 11(1). Retrieved from http://www.americannursetoday.com/preparing-for-disaster/
Safety
Those concerned with disaster and development represent diverse interests like; they represent political, practitioner- oriented, academic-theoretical, and policy related issues. This leads to a range of different interests, thus conflicting expectations and hostility in those dealing with development and disaster.
Development, economic and societal factors influence a country's vulnerability to disasters. Development is a forward-focused, positive term, while disaster has negative connotations. Development studies and practice, share with disaster management and studies in varied histories and diversity of identities. Melding of disaster and development is a matter of common sense, but this simplicity is deceptive as it masks the practical and conceptual complexities. Many researchers are calling for the bringing together of development and disaster. Many Third World examples of disasters have been linked to long-term unsolved development problems and they can be seen schematically. This shows that disaster and poverty are closely linked. Disasters do not suddenly occur but take…...
mlaReferences
Bankoff, G.F. (2012). Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters Development and People. New York: Routledge.
Eleana, A.B. (2010). Advanced Icts for Disaster Management and Threat Detections. London: Idea Group Inc.
Rodriuez, H. (2007). Handbook of Disaster Research. Atlanta: Springer.
Disaster and Technology
Technology In Disaster Management
Information technology is the basis of effective decision making. Access to reliable and accurate information is important after a disaster since it opens, share and coordinate system.
Access to reliable, accurate and timely information at all levels of society is crucial immediately before, during, and after a disaster. In preparedness for disaster communication needs to anticipate a situation which involves ICT element including; broadcasting radio, television, mobile telephony, electric power, database management and internet communication are used. By use of remote sensing it has enabled analysist's to quickly determine the areas affected by a disaster it also provides high-resolution information on the impact on physical infrastructure and environmental assets. Technology and communication tools include satellites, radio, and cellular.
The earthquake that happened in Haiti in 2010 showed how technology worked, for instance virtual reality helped scientists to analyze the revealing key details about the roots of the…...
mlaReferences
Campbell (2011) Introduction to remote sensing 2nd Edition, New York: the Guilford press.
Wright J.,(2010)Prime time: make the most of media's golden hour. Journal of emergency
Disaster Management: Emergency esponse Plans
Emergencies and disasters normally occur without warning and if not well prepared for, the effects can be devastating. The state of Wisconsin, for example, deals with damages caused by various natural disasters every year. According to The Wisconsin Department of Military Affairs (2015), it has incurred losses amounting to $3 billion from disasters in the last 30 years. More specifically, in Milwaukee, damages caused by tornadoes are higher than both the state and national averages. Emergency response plans are important because they provide efficient guidance and coordination procedures in the event of a disaster. These plans outline measures that can be applied to mitigate the losses incurred, responses to the disaster, preparedness for future disasters and activities that may be needed to help in the recovery process. This text presents the emergency response plan for the city of Milwaukee that will aid in response to the…...
mlaReferences
Haque, C. E & Etkin, D. (Eds.) (2012) Disaster Risk and Vulnerability: Mitigation through Mobilizing communities and partnerships. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press
The Wisconsin Department of Military Affairs (2015). Hazard Mitigation. Wisconsin Emergency Management. Retrieved 22 January, 2015 from http://emergencymanagement.wi.gov/mitigation/default.asp
Disaster Management: Emergency Planning
Emergency Planning
An emergency plan serves primarily to provide guidance to on-site personnel on how to act during an emergency so as to prevent injuries or fatalities, mitigate damage, and speed up the return to normalcy. It specifies, among other things, who the lead personnel will be, how decisions will be made, and what the chain of command is.
For ease of decision-making, it is important to have an emergency coordinator who takes up the lead role, and has the power to make independent on-site decisions in case crucial decisions have to be made at short notice. It is also reasonable to have a back-up coordinator on-site to take up the lead role in case the lead coordinator is in no position to conduct his duties. The lead and back-up coordinators ought to be selected based on the nature of the emergency. In the case of floods or tornadoes,…...
mlaReferences
Demiroz, F. & Kapucu, N. (2012). The Role of Leadership in Emergencies and Disasters. European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, 5(1), 91-101
HHS. (2014). Ethical Consideration in Community Disaster Planning. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Retrieved 19 February 2015 from http://archive.ahrq.gov/research/mce/mce2.htm
Network-Centric Approach to Disaster Management
Agencies involved in the preparation for, management of, and response to disasters require an enormous considerable amount of information in risk and emergency management, this kind of information is geographical and more often it does not reach the right people at the right time thus raising a concern on how such information can be organized in a way that it supports risk and emergency management more effectively and efficiently.
To address this concern organizations have to conceptualized the risk and emergency management practices which result in the concept of network-centric approach which means that all stakeholders in disaster management are connected and they have the capability to share and access relevant information. This concept can be made operational through the development of an information system and the exchange of geographical information within the system facilitated by the use of peer-to-peer networking joined with a client network server.
The…...
mlaReferences
Jeroen M.M. Neuvel & Henk J. Scholten & Adri van den Brink, (2010). From Spatial Data to Synchronized Actions: The Network-centric Organization of Spatial Decision Support for Risk and Emergency Management. Retrieved July 31, 2012 from http://www.feweb.vu.nl/gis/research/LUCAS/publications/docs/Neuvel_etal_From_spatial_data_to_synchronised_actions.pdf
von Lubitz, Beakley, Patircelli:( 2006). All hazards approach to network-centric disaster management: the role of information and knowledge management, and boyd's ooda loop in disaster leadership. Retrieved July 31, 2012 from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.135.404&rep=rep1&type=pdf
This is an important element, in reducing the overall amounts of collateral damage and casualties from these events.
How the Use of this Technology is Helping to Address Risk Management
The use of this technology will play an interconnected role in the larger disaster management plan that an organization will utilize. Where, it will consist of two parts to include: prevention and response. Prevention is when you are taking into account a number of different elements to limit the possible damages. This is when you are utilizing technology, as a part of the strategy to: assess the vulnerability of site and to provide back up support in the event of a disaster taking place. (Auserwald, 2005) During this phase of the disaster management plan, both GIS as well as CRG protocols can play a vital role in helping to: understand these weaknesses, address them and provide an effective solution in the…...
mlaBibliography
Auserwald, P. (2005). The Challenge of Protecting Critical Infrastructure. (Dissertation). Retrieved from University of Pennsylvania. (0511)
Eden, B. (2005). 2D and 3D Information. American Library Association 41 (1). 18 -- 54.
Jager, P. (2007). Community Response Grids. Telecommunications Policy, 31 (10). 592 -- 604.
Johnson, R. (2000). Environmental Research Systems. (Dissertation). Retrieved from University of Massachusetts. (J8474)
The lack of onsite training and motivation is not a problem anymore as terrorists get to watch videos of dangerous activities (destroying helicopters, beheading soldiers etc.) and read digitized letters of suicide bombers. Google earth is a software which uses satellite images to enhance maps to a whole new level. However its capabilities can backfire with regards to safety as terrorists might use it to plan attacks on crucial infrastructures (Wright, 2008).
Most forms of terrorism originate from jihad (religious struggle). The traditional forms of physical jihad are now being accompanied by electronic warfare. Islamic hacker organizations such as Munazamat Fursan Al-Jihad Al-Electronic and Inhiyar Al Dolar have set up websites to engage hackers in their missions. Technical experts aim at disrupting websites which are controlled by the American government, those which might be contradictory to the mujahideen belief system and Christian websites in general. They coordinate intrusions by Denial…...
mlaReferences
United Nations. (n.d.).The role of Science and Technology in Disaster Reduction. International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. Retrieved December 4, 2010 from www.unisdr.org/eng/public_aware/world_camp/2001/pdf/Kit_2_The_Role_of_Science_and_Technology_in_Disaster_Reduction.pdf
Selvavinayagam, K ( n.d.). Disaster management practices using ArcGIS, ArcIMS,
ArcSDE and Oracle. Retrieved December 5, 2010 from www.stesalit-inc.com/Disaster.pdf
GDIN (Global Disaster Information Network ) (2005) GDIN Homopage.
Emergency and Disaster Management: Hurricanes Katrina and Ike
In the recent decades, the United States of America has increasingly experienced various disasters not only from natural sources but also from industry and technology. The country has even faced deliberate disasters from terrorist sources. Unfortunately, there is no attenuation or lessening that is in sight at the moment. The predictions regarding the weather disturbances are increasing. There has been a continuation in the low-level industrial accidents with an intensification threat. The threat of cyber attacks on the country's significant infrastructure has turned out to be even more convincing. Last but not the least, no relaxation has been noticed as far as the foreign terrorists are concerned. Thus, the country and its citizens wait for another attack in an anxious manner (Perrow, 2007).
In this research, however, the main concern is to discuss the two hurricanes i.e. Hurricane Ike and Hurricane Katrina (natural source…...
mlaReferences
Groen, J.A., & Polivka, A.E. (2008). Hurricane Katrina Evacuees: Who They Are, Where They Are, and How They Are Faring. Monthly Labor Review, 131(3), 32+. Retrieved July 10, 2012, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5028218733
Growing Misuse of "Emergency" Designation Weakens Budget Discipline and Increases Deficit Spending. (2010, May 10). Retrieved July 10, 2012 from http://www.concordcoalition.org/issue-briefs/2010/0510/growing-misuse-emergency-designation-weakens-budget-discipline-and-increases -
Harbert, S. (2010, April). Agenda Setting and Framing in Hurricane Ike News. Retrieved July 10, 2012 from http://web02.gonzaga.edu/comlstudentresources/Disaster.Reporting.Content.Analysis.pdf
Hurricane Ike Residential Damage Assessment. (2008, December). Retrieved July 10, 2012 from http://www.hchatexas.org/documents/disasterrelief/Harris-County-Damage-Assessment-Report.pdf
International Culture and Disaster Management
ujarat, which is one of the India's wealthiest states, was stroked with earthquake that shook the Indian province on 26th January 2001 at around eight fifty local times. It was on Friday and a Republic day, there was a celebration to mark 50 years of India's independence. Kutch district was highly affected. Massive loss and injury was realized (Bilham, 2004). Nearly a million families were left homeless, much of the areas infrastructure which includes; school, and village health dispensaries, water supply systems and breakage of communication and power. It also damaged the states commercial capital, Ahmedabab.Quite numbers of airport staff were reported to have been killed and wounded.
Death was placed at 19,727 and those injured at 166,000.Findings showed that 600,000people were left homeless, with 348000 houses destroyed and 844000 damaged. The Indian state department roughly calculated that the earthquake affected directly or indirectly, 15.9 million people…...
mlaGujarat Emergency Earthquake Reconstruction Project- Quarterly Progress Report, July -- September 2003, Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority, Government of Gujarat
Gujarat Emergency Earthquake Reconstruction Project- After 700 Days- December 2002, Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority, Government of Gujarat
Gujarat Earthquake Recovery Program- Assessment Report, A Joint Report by the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank to the Governments of Gujarat and India, March 14, 20
Organizational Accountability Review of Taiwan's Disaster Management Activities In Response To Typhoon Morakot
Taiwanese System of Government 174
Responsibility of Emergency Management in Taiwan 175
Disasters in Taiwan 175
itizen Participation 189
Shafritz defines citizen participation as follows: 192
Public Managers, itizen Participation, and Decision Making 192
The Importance of itizen Participation 197
Models of itizen Participation 199
itizen Participation Dilemmas 205
Accountability 207
Definitions of Accountability 207
The Meaning of Accountability 208
The Functions of Accountability 213
itizen Participation and Accountability 216
Accountability Overloads and Deficits 219
Assessing Accountability from Democratic, 224
onstitutional and Learning Perspectives 224
Emergency Management 229
ollaborative Management in Emergency Management 229
Stages of Emergency Management Policy and itizen Participation Purposes 232
International ollaboration 235
Network in Emergency Management 236
Agranoff (2007) defines public networks as follows: 236
Trust in Emergency Management 237
Summary 238
THEORETIAL FRAMEWORK 239
itizen Participation and Accountability 241
itizen Participation 241
itizen Participation and Accountability 244
Accountability for Finances 245
Accountability for Fairness 247
Accountability for Performance 248
Benchmarking in the Public and Nonprofit Sectors 250
The Theory of Benchmarking 250
Benchmarking for Improving Accountability…...
mlaCooper, Bryer, and Meek reviewed the literature on citizen participation by synthesizing historical research to recent research and confirm the definition of citizen participation, defined by Macedo et al. As "any activity, individual or collective, devoted to influencing the collective life of the policy"(p. 76). Cooper et al. also affirm Cooper's (2005) argument of citizen participation:"People participating together for deliberation and collective action within an array of interests, institutions and networks, developing civic identity, and involving people in governance processes"(Cooper, 2005, as cited in Cooper et al., 2006, p. 76). Following a historical review of citizen participation in the United States, these authors offer a conceptual model of five approaches to civic engagement, with citizen-centered collaborative public management at the center. In order to accomplish a well-functioning citizen-centered collaborative public management, the authors suggest six variables need to be maximized: (a) government trust in citizens, (b) citizen efficacy, (c) citizen trust in government, (d) citizen competence, (e) government responsiveness, and (f) government legitimacy. Citizen-centered collaborative public management is enhanced through the following five approaches even though some barriers and five dimensions may influence the degree of success of each approach: the size, scope, purpose, location, and process employed to engage citizens. Cooper et al.(2006) call for "further empirical research on collaborative public management that is grounded in citizenship action"(p. 76). [35: Cooper, T., Bryer, T., & Meek, J. (2006). Citizen-centered collaborative public management. Public Administration Review, 66(s1), 76-88.] [36: Macedo, S., Alex-Assensoh, Y., Berry, J.M., Brintnall, M., Campbell, D.E., Fraga, L.R., . . . Walsh, K.C. (2005). Democracy at risk: How political choices undermine citizen participation and what we can do about it. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.]
Rosener simply makes the case that it is uncertain that citizen participation is "effective" because most research on the question takes the form of case studies. These case studies generally list definitions and techniques and schemes for implementing participation programs that failed to provide accurate, scientific data on how "effective" citizen participation was to the "goal"(p. 457). Rosener contends that evaluation research methodology can frame instances of citizen participation into something that will generate scientific evidence and allow researchers to understand the effects of citizen participation. [37: Rosener, J.B. (1975). A cafeteria of techniques and critiques. Public Management,57(12), 16-19.]
Rosener further explains how evaluation research can illuminate the effectiveness of citizen participation. Evaluation research is "nothing more than the application of certain kinds of research methods to the evaluation of social programs"(p. 459). It compares the effects of a program to its goals in order to assist further decision making about the program in question. Research in citizen participation requires that first who, where, what, how, and when be answered. Additionally, the cause and effect relationship between participation and the achievement of its goals must be studied. [38: Rosener, J.B. (1975). A cafeteria of techniques and critiques.
1. The Role of Public Administration in Shaping Urban Resilience
2. Leveraging Technology for Enhanced Public Service Delivery: Challenges and Opportunities
3. Redefining Accountability in Public Management: Exploring New Approaches
4. The Impact of Public Administration on Social Equity and Inclusion
5. Public Administration and the Future of Work: Navigating Automation and Labor Disruption
6. The Importance of Collaboration and Partnerships in Public Service Delivery
7. Ethics and Integrity in Public Administration: Maintaining Transparency and Accountability
8. Public Administration in a Globalized World: Opportunities and Challenges
9. The Role of Public Administration in Disaster Management: Planning, Response, and Recovery
10. Public Administration and Sustainable Development: Balancing Economic, Environmental, and....
1. Reimagining Public Administration in the Digital Age: Embracing Technology for Enhanced Service Delivery and Citizen Engagement
2. The Role of Public Administration in Promoting Sustainable Development: Balancing Economic Growth with Environmental Protection
3. Public Administration and the Future of Healthcare: Innovations in Policy and Service Delivery for Improved Health Outcomes
4. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Public Administration: Ethical and Practical Considerations for the Digital Transformation of Government
5. Public Administration in Divided Societies: Strategies for Building Trust, Inclusion, and Legitimacy
6. The Changing Landscape of Public Management: Privatization, Performance Management, and the Role of Government
7. Public Administration and the Fight Against Corruption:....
1. The Role of Public Administration in Enhancing Government Accountability and Transparency
2. Innovations in Public Administration: Technology and the Digital Transformation of Government
3. The Impact of Globalization on Public Administration: Challenges and Opportunities
4. Public Administration and Sustainable Development: Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental Protection
5. The Importance of Ethical Leadership in Public Administration
6. Public Administration and Citizen Engagement: Fostering Collaboration and Inclusivity
7. The Role of Public Administration in Disaster Management and Emergency Response
8. The Challenges and Importance of Public Administration in Developing Countries
9. The Impact of Social Media on Public Administration: Communication, Transparency, and Accountability
10. The Role of Public Administration in....
Are emergency managers necessary for disaster management in agricultural settings?
Emergency managers play a crucial role in disaster management, ensuring a coordinated response to natural or man-made disasters. In agricultural settings, the presence of emergency managers can significantly impact the outcome of disaster response and recovery efforts. Lets explore the importance of emergency managers in agricultural settings and how their expertise can make a difference in managing disasters effectively.
Emergency managers bring a unique set of skills and knowledge to disaster management in agricultural settings. Their expertise in risk assessment, emergency planning, and resource management can help farmers and agricultural communities prepare....
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now