Digestive System Diseases and Disorders
The digestive system is made up of the "digestive tract" -- which is, according to the National Institutes of Health, a "series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus" -- and additional organs that are part of the system that helps humans "break down and absorb food" (National Institutes of Health -- NIH, 2009). If something goes wrong in the digestive system it can have serious consequences for the individual. This paper identifies some of the disorders that are associated with the digestive system. The organs that are part of the digestive system include the mouth, the esophagus, the stomach, the small and large intestines (the large intestine is also called the "colon"), the rectum and the anus (NIH, p. 1).

The digestive system is one of the most important parts of the human body because food intake is…...

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Works Cited

Medline Plus. (2010). Digestive System. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved May 7, 2011,

from http://www.nim.nih.gov/medlineplus/digestivesystem.html.

Medline Plus. (2010). Foodborne Illnesses. National Library of Medicine / National Institutes of Health. Retrieved May 7, 2011, from  http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodborneillness.html .

National Digestive Disease Information Clearinghouse. (2010). Your Digestive System and How

Digestive System
The gastrointestinal system extends from the mouth to the anus. It includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small and large intestine, rectum and the anus. The digestive system also includes other organs responsible for digestion, namely the liver, gall bladder and the pancreas. By way of the peristaltic movements of the tract and enzymes secreted from these organs, food is digested and absorbed; to be either stored in the body, or used as energy. Nerves and blood vessels also play a major role in the digestive system. (Kumar, 2007)

Diseases of the digestive system are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Approximately ten percent of all general practitioner consultations in the United Kingdom are due to digestive problems, with a majority resulting from diarrhea. In the United States, approximately $85.5 billion are spent on GI and liver diseases. (Boon, 2006) The highest cost per year is 9.3…...

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REFERENCES:

Nicholas A. Boon, Nicki R. Colledge, Brian R. Walker, John A.A. Hunter. Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine (2006). India, Elsevier.

Kumar Abbas, Fausto Mitchel. Robbins Basic Pathology (2007).India: Elsevier.

RS, Sandler, JE, everhart, & M, Donowitz. (2002). The burden of selected digestive diseases in the United States. National Institutes of Health, 122(5), Retrieved from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11984534 

Press Releases. (2011, March 2). Dent introduces bill to support colorectal cancer. Retrieved from http://dent.house.gov/index.cfm?p=PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=ee8261a6-50d9-407d-bc0c-e06dc6e0e0ab&ContentType_id=c6ec3657-dc1e-476f-8d55-369892a8b74d&Group_id=7a83093f-b0df-4c08-affb-9f5cf4ef7c2a

It is also at this point that other organs begin to play a major role in the digestive process. The pancreas, located adjacent to the small intestine, secretes several enzymes that variously break down carbohydrates much further than they were broken down in the mouth or the proteins that began to met their demise in the stomach (NDDIC 2008). The liver produces a bile that breaks down fats and makes the constituent parts into small enough droplets that they can be suspended in water and utilized in chemical processes in the body (NGS 2010). All of this digestion takes place in the duodenum.
The small intestine continues, however, and throughout the entire small intestine are countless villi, or little finger-like hills that greatly increase the inner surface area of the smooth-muscled tube that is the small intestine (Discovery 2000). It is through the cells of these villi that the nutrients,…...

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References

Discovery. (2000). "Your digestive system." Accessed 30 September 2010.  http://yucky.discovery.com/flash/body/pg000126.html 

Enchanted Learning. (2010). "Human digestive system." Accessed 30 September 2010.  http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/digestive/ 

NDDIC. (2008). "Your digestive system and how it works." Accessed 30 September 2010.  http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/yrdd/ 

NGS. (2010). "digestive system." Accessed 30 September 2010.  http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-body/digestive-system-article.html

The blood and lymph systems are also vital to digestion's efficacy, transporting nutrients to the cells of the body where they are needed (Smith & Morton 2001). Again, most of the "action" of the accessory organs and their products takes place in the small intestine where the major work of both breaking down and absorbing nutrients takes place (SUNY 2010). It is here that the enzymes secreted by the pancreas and liver arrive to do their work, and it is through the small intestine -- and primarily through the duodenum -- that carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (fats) as well as other vitamins and mineral nutrients reach the lymph and circulatory systems that carry them throughout the body where they are useful (MNSU 2010).
Pancreatic amylase, one of the enzymes secreted by the pancreas, continues the breakdown of starches that begins in the mouth, converting these carbohydrates into maltose (SUNY 2010).…...

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References

Advameg. (2010). "Digestion and absorption." Accessed 30 September 2010. http://www.faqs.org/nutrition/Diab-Em/Digestion-and-Absorption.html

Gillson, S. (2005). "Absorption and transportation of nutrients." Accessed 30 September 2010.  http://heartburn.about.com/od/understandingheartburn/a/digestivesystem_2.htm 

MNSU. (2010). "Digestive system." Minnesota state university. Accessed 30 September 2010. http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/digestive/index.shtml

Smith, M. & Morton, D. (2001). The digestive system. Philadelphia: Elseiver.

nervous and digestive systems at reptiles, emphasizing their main characteristics and briefly compare them to the nervous and digestive systems at other vertebrates.
In this sense, referring to the reptilian nervous systems, many authors have found common basis and similarities between the nervous systems of reptiles and other higher vertebrates, including mammals

These similarities manifest themselves both in the form of anatomical and physiological resemblances. The main difference between the reptilian brain and that of higher vertebrates such as mammals relates to "the size of the cerebral hemispheres"

As such, the reptilian nervous system is formed of two different components: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The central nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system is composed of all nervous tissues and structures that do not actually belong to the CNS.

As at other vertebrates, the brain, constituent part…...

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Bibliography

1. Adaptive Anatomy and Physiology of Digestive System of the Lizard. On the Internet at http://137.222.110.150/calnet/irish_cal/exotics/reptiles/lizards/digestive%20system.html

2. Digestive System of Snakes Class Reptilia Order Squamata. On the Internet at  http://campus.murraystate.edu/academic/faculty/terry.derting/cva_atlases/Stephsnake/snakepage3.htm 

3. Wyneken, Jeanette and Mader, Douglas R. Reptilian Neurology: Anatomy, Function and Clinical Applications.

4. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2005. Encyclopaedia Britannica Premium Service. On the Internet at   query=brain& ct=ebhttp://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=38471& ;

Human digestive system is composed of multiple parts, including the mouth (pharynx, throat, palate, tongue, teeth), stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, salivary glands, bowels, and many more. The sole purpose of the digestive system is to break down foods that are eaten, so that the food might be absorbed into the bloodstream. The existence of a digestive system sets animals apart from plants. Digestion consists of a physical and chemical breakdown of food. Because of the complexity and large size of the digestive system, diseases that can interfere this body system are numerous and varied in their modes of transmission, their symptoms, their treatments, and their possible short-term and long-term effects. This paper will focus on three such diseases: Cirrhosis of the liver (caused by viral Hepatitis), hookworm disease (caused by hookworms), and cholera (caused by Vibrio cholerae).
The large size of the digestive system, along with the diverse…...

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Works Cited

Carson-Dewitt, Rosalyn S. "Hookworm Disease." Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. 1999 [Online edition] Accessed July 1, 2002  http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/g2601/0006/2601000682/p1/article.jhtml 

Center for Disease Control (CDC). "Hookworm Infection Fact Sheet." Updated 08/15/99 [Online edition] Accessed July 3, 2002  http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/hookworm/factsht_hookworm.htm 

McNeill, William H. Plagues and Peoples. New York: Anchor Press. 1976. 369 pages

Palmer, Melissa. Hepatitis and Liver Disease: What you need to know.New York: Penguin Putnam, Inc. 2000. 457 pages

Digestive Disorders: Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome It is important to note that in some instances, the symptoms patient present could be tied to a myriad of disorders. This has in some quarters led to misdiagnoses. Both inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) present a number of similar symptoms. IBD includes a number of inflammatory conditions whereby sections of a person’s digestive system are attacked by his or her immune system. The said conditions are inclusive of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. IBS, on the other hand, “is a problem that affects the large intestine” (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2018). In essence, the movement of food in the intestines is enhanced by the relaxation and contraction of the intestines. When the said contraction as well as relaxation does not follow the normal pattern, symptoms of IBS are likely to present.
In basic terms, the pathophysiology of…...

Lipids and Proteins
Lipids

Lipids are fats and they are important to our health. When chemically digesting these lipids or fats, these molecules are broken down into smaller ones that can be more readily passed through the digestive system and into the bloodstream. This fat is transformed into triglycerides and can be used by the body for energy at a later time.

Lipids like almost all food is first mechanically digested by the mouth. During this process the first chemical reaction begins when the saliva begins to break down the fat. As the fat is digested, enzymes called lipases within the mouth and stomach break the bonds of the lipid molecules an prepare them for absorption. The gall bladder and pancreas becomes involved in this process as bile salts are released from these organs and secreted in the small intestine. These chemicals signal to further digest the food by breaking down the molecules…...

Digestive Disorder: Diverticulitis
Patient history

The patient is a 37-year-old female with a family history of colorectal cancer mandating regular colonoscopies before the age of 40. The patient's diverticulosis was discovered during a routine colonoscopy at age 35. She was asymptomatic for 2 years, but developed diverticulitis at age 37. When she began experiencing significant pain her lower left abdominal area, she suspected diverticulitis, called her gastroenterologist who referred her to the emergency room for a cat scan, which confirmed the diagnosis, and then given a course of antibiotics, which resolved the issue.

Diverticulitis

"Diverticulitis develops when feces become trapped in pouches (diverticula) that have formed along the wall of the large intestine. This allows bacteria to grow and cause an infection or inflammation and pressure that may lead to a small perforation or tear in the wall of the intestine. Peritonitis, an infection of the lining of the abdominal wall, may develop if…...

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References

Davis B.R. & Matthews, J.B. (2006). Diverticular disease of the colon. In M. Wolfe et al., eds., Therapy of Digestive Disorders, 2nd ed., pp. 855-859. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.

Maconi, G., Barbara, G., Bosetti, C., Cuomo, R., & Annibale, B. (2011). Treatment of diverticular disease of the colon and prevention of acute diverticulitis: A systematic review. Dis. Colon Rectum, 54(10), 1326-38.

Martin, S.T., & Stocchi, L. (2011). New and emerging treatments for the prevention of recurrent diverticulitis. Clin. Exp. Gastroenterol., 4, 203-212.

Unlu, C., Daniels, L., Vrouenraets, B.C., & Boermeester, M.A. (2011). A systematic review of high-fibre dietary therapy in diverticular disease. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. doi: 10.1007/s00384-011-1308-3. Retrieved from:  http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00384-011-1308-3

e. hypertrophy). In the elderly, this process is reverse. Hence, the functional reserve capacities of the skeletal muscles decline with age, largely due to diminished levels of physical activity. As a result daily tasks once taken for granted become progressively more difficult, and eventually impossible, to perform. In illustration, a great deal of muscle force is required to simply stand up or to climb stairs. Therefore, skeletal system is relying upon the reserve capacity of the heart to provide the endurance needed to perform such activities. If an elderly person does not engage in some sort of endurance-based activities, he or she will not have the cardiac reserve capacity needed for daily tasks. More importantly, diminished capacity may not counteract illnesses or diseases. Although strength-based activities help the cardiac reserve, it may not benefit the skeletal system. "While resistance exercise promotes fiber hypertrophy in skeletal muscles, the explosive power of…...

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References

Bailey, R. (2011). Muscle tissue. About.com Guide. Retrieved from  http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/a/aa022808a.htm 

Carpi, A. (1999). Basic anatomy - tissues & organs. Retrieved from http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/14-anatomy.htm

Lakatta, E.G. (1994). Cardiovascular reserve capacity in healthy older humans. Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, 6(4): 213-23.

Courtesy of Musculartory System BlogSpot

"An electrical analogue of the entire human circulatory system ." Medical Biological and Engineering and Computin 2.2 (1964): 161-166. SpingerLink. eb. 15 Nov. 2010.
Inlander, Charles B.. The people's medical society health desk reference: information your doctor can't or won't tell you - everything you need to know for the best in health care. New York: Hyperion, 1995. Print.

Jodrey, Louise, and Karl ilbur. "Studies on Shell Formation. IV. The Respiratory Metabolism of the Oyster Mantle." Biological Bulletin 108.3 (1955): 346-358. JSTOR. eb. 15 Nov. 2010.

Ruppert, E.E., and Karen Carle. "Morphology of metazoan circulatory systems." Zoomorphology 103.3 (1983): 193-208. SpringerLink. eb. 15 Nov. 2010.

Southgate, Paul C., and John S. Lucas. The pearl oyster . Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2008. Print.

"The onders of the Seas: Mollusks." Oceanic Research Group. N.p., n.d. eb. 15 Nov. 2010. .

eight, Ryan, John Viator, Charles Caldwell, and Allison Lisle. "Photoacoustic detection of metastatic melanoma cells in the human…...

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Works Cited

Arnaudin, Mary, and Joel Mintzes. "Students' alternative conceptions of the human circulatory system: A cross-age study." Science Education 69.5 (2006): 721-733. Wiley Online Library. Web. 15 Nov. 2010.

De Pater, L, and JW Van Den Burg. "An electrical analogue of the entire human circulatory system ." Medical Biological and Engineering and Computin 2.2 (1964): 161-166. SpingerLink. Web. 15 Nov. 2010.

Inlander, Charles B.. The people's medical society health desk reference: information your doctor can't or won't tell you - everything you need to know for the best in health care. New York: Hyperion, 1995. Print.

Jodrey, Louise, and Karl Wilbur. "Studies on Shell Formation. IV. The Respiratory Metabolism of the Oyster Mantle." Biological Bulletin 108.3 (1955): 346-358. JSTOR. Web. 15 Nov. 2010.

"
More unfavorable publicity came in June when Jintao had to undergo medical checkups to ensure he was SARS-free when meeting President Bush and other G-8 leaders in France. There is little doubt that China's international standing was clearly badly damaged by its government's mishandling of the SARS epidemic.

On July 21, 2004, Dr. Bates Gill, Freeman Chair in China Studies Committee on House International Relations Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific, stated official Chinese estimates show China now has roughly 840,000 persons living with the HIV virus and as of the end of 2003, only 62,159 persons had been tested and officially confirmed to be HIV-positive. "The remaining HIV-positive individuals in China, estimated at 780,000 persons or more, are not known to public health authorities, and the individuals themselves probably do not know their status, posing significant risks for the further spread of HIV." Yet, outside observers believe that the number…...

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Works Cited

China. World Health Organization.   Accessed 16 November 2004 review of evidence: China's path to better health and development. World Healthhttp://www.wpro.who.int/chips/chip01/chn.htm .

Organization. Accessed 16 November 2004http://www.google.com/u/who?q=cache:dMwKxNx4q4YJ:www.who.int/entity/macrohealth/action/en/ShanghaiPaperRevJuly2004.pdf+china's+health+care+system&hl=en&ie=UTF-8.

The Specter of SARS: China's failure to contain severe acute respiratory syndrome has economic causes and consequences. World and I. 01 July 2003; Pp.

Rask, Kolleen J. Healthcare Reform in Transitional China: Its Impact on Accounting and Financial Management. Research in Healthcare Financial Management. 01 January 2001; Pp.

Performance/Reward System:
An organization can achieve a competitive edge only and only with the help of its employees. Therefore, it is necessary that right employees are selected then trained and developed and a performance-based reward system. The question then comes to the performance measurement system. In a furniture retail store where I work they stick to the old practice of a meeting of top managers and supervisor who sit down annually and critically review the performance of all customer service personnel. They carry out a thorough examination of employee performance with respect to the goal set for them by the management. In this setting where only goals are there to guide employees and performance appraisal system is vague and subjective, most employees are just interested in meeting their targets and they do not strive to exceed their employers expectations. Performance evaluation should be an evaluation and development tool with the help…...

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Bibliography

Sims, R. (2002). Organizational Success through Effective Human Resources Management. Quorum Books. Westport, CT.

Kreiner, J. (2000). Examining the human Body. The Washington Times. March 18.

Prasad, S., Tata, J., & Thorn, R. (1999). The Influence of Organizational Structure on the Effectiveness of TQM Programs. Journal of Managerial Issue. Vol. 11.

The circulatory or cardiovascular system is responsible for moving nutrients, wastes and gases between body cells, transporting blood across the whole body and battling disease (Circulatory System). Its principal elements are the heart, numerous blood vessels, and blood.
The heart forms the circulatory system's core. This 2-sided, 4-chambered pump which distributes blood to various arteries comprises of the right and left ventricles, and right and left atria. The ventricles, situated within the heart's lower half, are responsible for pumping blood to the whole body (away from our heart), whilst the atria, situated within the heart's upper half are in charge of receiving blood from different parts of the human body. The right and left ventricles pump de-oxygenated and oxygenated blood, respectively; de-oxygenated blood is pumped to lungs while oxygenated blood is pumped to the remainder of the human body (smith, 2013). These 4 chambers are connected to one another by means…...

Anatomy and Physiology of the Skeletal and Muscular SystemsIntroductionToday, human health is being threatened on multiple fronts and it is not surprising that there is growing interest in developing a better understanding about the human bodys various systems and the respective roles they play in maintaining good health. Some people may intuitively recognize the importance of the skeletal and muscular systems to human health, but far too few understand the fundamental anatomy and physiology of these systems. In response to this constraint, the purpose of this paper is to provide a discussion concerning the anatomy and physiology of the skeletal and muscular systems in the human body as well as selected associated disorders that are associated with those systems. Following this review, a summary of the findings is provided in the conclusion.The Skeletal System1. AnatomyIt is important to note that although the human skeletal system is widely regarded as a…...

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Topic Idea 1: Primate Social Structure and Hierarchies

- Discuss the diverse social structures observed in primate species, ranging from egalitarian to strictly hierarchical systems.
- Analyze the factors contributing to the formation and maintenance of social hierarchies in primates, such as dominance, kinship, and alliances.
- Explore the mechanisms used by primates to communicate social status, such as vocalizations, body language, and facial expressions.
- Investigate the implications of social hierarchies on the behavior, mating strategies, and reproductive success of individual primates.

Topic Idea 2: Primate Communication and Language

- Discuss the various modes of communication employed by primates, including vocalizations, gestures, facial expressions, and....

1. Eat a balanced diet: Include plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins in your diet to ensure your digestive system has all the nutrients it needs to function properly.

2. Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to help keep your digestive system running smoothly and prevent constipation.

3. Exercise regularly: Regular physical activity can help improve digestion and keep your bowels moving regularly.

4. Limit processed foods: Processed foods are often high in added sugars and unhealthy fats, which can negatively impact your digestive system. Try to limit your intake of processed foods and opt for whole,....

Chemical reactions influence everyday life in many ways. Here are a few examples:

1. Digestion: The process of breaking down food in our bodies is a series of chemical reactions. Enzymes in our digestive system catalyze these reactions and help us extract energy and nutrients from food.

2. Photosynthesis: Plants use a series of chemical reactions called photosynthesis to convert sunlight into energy. This process is essential for producing oxygen and providing food for organisms higher up in the food chain.

3. Medications: Many medications work by influencing chemical reactions in the body. For example, antibiotics target specific biochemical pathways in bacteria to....

1. Eat a healthy and balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and healthy fats. Avoid processed and high-fat foods.
2. Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water throughout the day.
3. Include probiotic-rich foods in your diet, such as yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, and kimchi, to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in your gut.
4. Chew your food thoroughly and eat slowly to aid in the digestion process.
5. Get regular exercise to help improve digestion and maintain a healthy weight.
6. Manage stress through relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, or yoga, as stress can negatively impact digestion.
7. Avoid....