Analytic Epidemiology Designs:
In 2011, the United States Food and Drug Administration reported a shortage of vital chemotherapy drugs, which in turn interfered with clinical trials and contributed to probable challenges in evaluating data from those studies. According to the National Institutes of Health, considerable research trials were hindered by shortages of drugs for treatment of infectious diseases and cancer (Allen, 2011). One of the most important aspects of the advancement of disease prevention and treatment is experimental research that incorporates clinical trials. After the establishment of a risk factor, an intervention is usually tested through experimental research methods and designs. In this case, the most important thing is to examine whether the drug essentially prevents or ameliorates symptoms. Experimental research plays a crucial role in analytic epidemiology to an extent it's considered as the "gold standard" of the process.

Epidemiological Context of HIV / AIDS:

Epidemiological study for HIV / AIDS has…...

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References:

Allen, J. (2011, September 23). U.S. Drug Shortage Could Threaten U.S. Health System. ABC

News. Retrieved September 23, 2013, from  http://abcnews.go.com/Health/CancerPreventionAndTreatment/drug-shortages/story?id=14593880 

Campbell, D.T. & Krauss, B.J. (2012). Speculations on Quasi-Experimental Design in HIV / AIDS Prevention Research. Journal of Methods and Measurement in the Social Sciences, 3(1), 52-85. Retrieved from  https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/jmmss/article/viewFile/16113/16038 

Grassly et. al. (2001). The Effectiveness of HIV Prevention and the Epidemiological Context.

Validity in Quantitative esearch Designs
Validity Quantitative esearch Designs Validity research refers extent researchers confident effect identify research fact causal relationships. If low validity a study, means research design flawed results .

Threats to internal validity in quasi-experimental designs

Quasi-experimental studies have several issues that lead to lack of internal validity of the study. These occur as a result of the experimental conditions not being highly controlled or randomized. This leads to intervention and control groups being nonequivalent leading to issues with study design. This is what is evidenced in the study conducted by Yuan et al. (2009)

where five units assigned a number of 8 to 10 voluntary participants to either the experimental or control groups. There is thought to be a risk of bias in assigning participants to the two groups as a result of this. This comes from the random error that occurs on measurements across the two different groups. This…...

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References

Embretson, S.E. (2007). Construct Validity: A Universal Validity System or Just Another Test Evaluation Procedure? Educational Researcher, 36(8), 449-455. doi: 10.2307/4621099

Mislevy, R.J. (2007). Validity by Design. Educational Researcher, 36(8), 463-469. doi: 10.2307/4621101

Moss, P.A. (2007). Reconstructing Validity. Educational Researcher, 36(8), 470-476. doi: 10.2307/4621102

Sireci, S.G. (2007). On Validity Theory and Test Validation. Educational Researcher, 36(8), 477-481. doi: 10.2307/4621103

Sampling Designs and Evaluability Assessments
Identify and discuss 2 types sampling designs, their benefits and limitations

In essence, non-probability sampling and probability sampling are the only two types of sampling designs.

Non-probability sampling:

A researcher selects a small proportion of the units to represent the whole. The selection is deliberate without any defined procedure. For example, if the objective of the researcher is to study the economic conditions of a particular population residing in a defined area. The researcher deliberately chooses a few towns or cities to represent the entire area under study (Levy & Lemeshow, 2008). Based on the objectives and specificity of the study, the following are some of the sampling techniques under the non-probability sampling.

Purposive or Judgmental Sample

In purposive or judgmental sampling, the researcher selects the sample based on the familiarity of the population and the objectives of the study. The researcher prefers using a purposive sample because the sample under…...

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References

Levy, P.S., & Lemeshow, S. (2008). Sampling of populations: Methods and applications. New York: Wiley & Sons.

Ridgeway, G. (2006), "Assessing the Effect of Race Bias in Post -- Traffic Stop Outcomes Using

Propensity Scores," Journal of Quantitative Criminology, to appear.

Schaeffer, R.L., Mendenhall, W., & Ott, L. (2006). Elementary survey sampling. Belmont, CA:

categories of research designs: true experiment, factorial, quasi-experiment, and ex post facto. Under each broad category, there are a number of more specific research designs. For instance, a co-relational design in which the researcher aims to determine the relationship between two or more variables falls under the category of ex post facto designs. Your research design represents the structure of your study. In other words, it reflects the number and type of variables you are studying and the number and type of groups you are using. esearch methods are used to carry out research designs. esearch methods fall under two broad categories: quantitative (e.g., survey, experiment) and qualitative (e.g., case study, grounded theory, ethnography, etc.).
Your problem statement and research questions will help determine your research design, and your research design will help determine your research method.

Using the feedback your instructor gave you following your initial premise in Week 1…...

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References

Baxter, P. & Jack, S. (2008, December). Qualitative case study methodology: Study design and implementation for novice researchers. The Qualitative Report Volume, 13, (4), 544-559Retrieved from  http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR13-4/baxter.pdf 

Cohen, L, Manion, L., and Morrrison, K. (Eds.). (2011). Nonexperimental research designs: correlational design, ex post facto design, naturalistic observation, and qualitative research. (Chapter 15.) In Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion, and Keith Morrrison, Eds., Research Measures in Education (7th ed.). New York, NY: Rutledge Publishing.

First Response:

Research Design and Methods

88). To make the non-experimental anthropological study of freshman in a dorm room experimental, a study could be constructed of multiple variable factors (such as high school grades, number of roommates, major, gender) to determine what variables were present in students with higher grades. By submitting questionnaire to students in the dorm room and determining which variables, when present, seemed to correlate with higher grades and were potential 'causal' factors in higher grades, the researchers could then call their endeavor an experimental study. (Note that in this experiment there would be no formal control group, instead seeing what clusters of variables were present in high-achieving students would be the focus).
In general, the great advantage of experiments over other study designs is that, with an experimental design, you can more easily demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships. Doing a simple observational case study of students on a dorm hall would expose the researcher to…...

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References

Independent variables (IV) & Dependent variables (DV). (2009). UNCP.

Retrieved January 9, 2010 at  http://www.uncp.edu/home/collierw/ivdv.htm 

Non-experimental design. (2009). University of New England.

 http://www.une.edu.au/WebStat/unit_materials/c2_research_design/design_nonexperimental.htm

True" Experiments vs. Quasi-Experimental Designs
What qualities of the quasi-experimental design are evident in this study?

This study was specifically designed to test the efficacy of a new program designed to improve police responses to cases involving domestic violence. Through the Second esponders Program, trained social workers would follow police after domestic violence-related calls and provide victims with counseling and information about social support services if the victims wished to leave their abusive partners. To evaluate the program, "field researchers contacted eligible subjects and attempted to interview them within 1 week of the domestic violence incident to which police were called; the second interview took place 6 months later" (Lane et al. 2004: 4).

Because the city of ichmond implemented the Second esponders Program in only two of its four police precincts, the researchers chose to use as a control group the precincts where the program was not implemented. The experimental group…...

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References

Lane, E. (et al. 2004). The Second Responders Program: A coordinated police and social service response to domestic violence. Retrieved from:

 https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/199717.pdf 

Price & Oswald. (2008) Quasi-experiments. Research Methods by Dummies. Retrieved from:

http://psych.csufresno.edu/psy144/Content/Design/Nonexperimental/quasi.html

There is also the perpetual problem with qualitative research: namely because it is a single sample size, the study might only be representative of one particular population. However, some qualitative researchers argue that any type of research is subjective: they believe that even the approach of quantitative research disguises idiosyncratic aspects of reality and even the most rigorously empirical construct says more about a researcher's biases than an external reality. The many subjective beliefs about post-tenure review itself within a single department are manifest in the varied responses of faculty members as to the impact of such reviews in Wood & Johnson's study (2005, p. 425). Thus, it may actually be more valuable to study one department, and let readers decide for themselves if the process is appropriate for their educational environment.

Selecting several representative departments (one at a small liberal arts school, one at a large university and selecting departments…...

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References

Dick. (2006). Action research literature 2004-2006.

Donato. (2003). Action research.

Eysenck. (2004). Psychology: An international perspective

Ferrance. (2000). Action research.

It would seem like bias would be eliminated that way, but this is not the case. There can be associations found on both group and individual levels, and that can be misleading (Goodman, uehler, & Koplan, 1990). A researcher who notices this kind of association can be led to believe that it is something taking place on a group level, where it should actually be attributed to the people in the group on an individual level. It is called ecological bias when this happens, but these studies still have their place. They are less expensive than many other types of studies, and they are also quicker, as they can often be conducted with information that has already been published by other researchers or with public records information (Yehuda & McFarlane, 1995).
The cross sectional study is designed to gather information from a point in time, and from a specific population.…...

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Bibliography

Goodman, R.A, Buehler, J.W. & Koplan, J.P. (1990). The epidemiological field investigation: science and judgment in public health practice. American Journal of Epidemiology 132: 9-16.

Neutra, R.R. (1990). Counterpoint from a cluster buster. American Journal of Epidemiology 132: 1-8.

Yehuda, R., & McFarlane, A.C. (1995). Conflict between current knowledge about posttraumatic stress disorder and its original conceptual basis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1705-1713.

Posters Designs
Art posters have been particularly important during wartime, as they were responsible for influencing the masses to get actively engaged in joining the war. James Montgomery Flagg's "I Want You for the U.S. Army" (1916) poster is probably one of the most recognized artworks meant to have normal citizens identify with individuals on the front. Similarly, J. Howard Miller's 1942 poster "We Can Do It!" had the purpose of persuading Americans to assist war efforts any way that they could. Whereas Flagg's poster was directly implying that it was mandatory for Americans to join the army, Miller's seems to be addressing a larger public -- one that can contribute to the war through a diverse set of activities.

"I Want You for the U.S. Army" and "We Can Do It" were practically meant to sell the war to simple Americans, considering that they were most likely impressed with the…...

Companies frequently fall in love with the data-rich results and think that the results are projectable. This supposition is wrong. Projectabilty is not possible, as the analysis is slanted and deals with a small size. Another general misapprehension is the belief that qualitative research will always give perfect deductions. Actually, the results will not give companies with perfect deductions, but only with adequate information to set up a firm basis for decision-making. Hence, if one wants strength in numbers, we can select quantitative research; when size is not the main factor, qualitative research is one's best choice. (Fitzgerald, 2000)
The choice of whether to select a quantitative or a qualitative design is a theoretical one. It must be kept in mind that these are two different viewpoints, which are not essentially polar opposites, though they seem to be opposites. Actually, basics of both methods can be used together in mixed-methods…...

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References

Fitzgerald, Albert. (May, 2000) "Quantitative vs Qualitative" San Diego Daily Transcript.

Retrieved at   Accessed on 8 June 2005http://www.answersresearch.com/article9.php .

Foley, Diana. "Quantitative Research vs Qualitative Research" Retrieved at   Accessed on 8 June 2005http://www.research-nurses.com/quant_qual.html .

Lakshman M; Sinha L; Biswas M; Charles M; Arora NK. (May, 2000) "Quantitative vs qualitative research methods" Indian Journal of Pediatrics. Vol: 67; No: 5; pp: 369-377. Retrieved at   on 8 June 2005http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10885211&dopt=AbstractAccessed 

However, Adam received many important private commissions, his designs were highly sought after and they had a more lasting influence than Chambers'.
As a youth, obert went to the oyal High School, Edinburgh and entered the University of Edinburgh in 1743. His schooling was cut short by illness and the Jacobite ising of 1745, so he and his older brother, John, assisted their father in the family business of stonemasonry and architecture. The two brothers then formed a business as partners that became known as the "Adam Brothers."

The Adam Brothers' first commission was decorating the state apartments in Edinburgh, on the first floor at Hopetoun House. They then were commissioned to do projects at Fort George, Dumfries House and Inverarary.

Adam, now becoming a leading Neoclassical designer in England, left to continue his schooling by making the "Grand Tour," traveling to France and Italy in the 1750's and acquainting himself with…...

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References

Dennis S. (1991). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Architects and Architecture. New York: Quatro Publishing.. p 11.

Harwood, B., May, B., Sherman C. (2002). Architecture and Interior Design through the 18th Century, an Integrated History. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Palladianism. (2006). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 13, 2006, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online:

 http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058116

Criminal Justice
There are a large number of study designs that can be used to better understand issues in social sciences, including criminal justice (USC, 2014). Before a study design can be applied to a particular phenomenon or problem, however, they must be understood in terms of the strengths and weaknesses. In addition, most study designs will not be appropriate for a given situation and research goal. To better understand the strengths and weaknesses of particular study designs and appropriate applications this essay will discuss five that would be useful in criminal justice research. Two of these methods will then be used to explore how they could be used to study a professional practice issue in criminal justice.

Study Designs

Exploratory Study Design

Exploratory research is used when little is understood about a particular phenomenon and there is the possibility of future research using more quantitative methods (USC, 2014). The goals are primarily to…...

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References

Goldstein, J. (2014, March 4). Street stops still a 'basic tool,' Bratton says. New York Times, p. A25.

USC (University of Southern California). (2014). Organizing your social sciences research paper. Retrieved from  http://libguides.usc.edu/content.php?pid=83009&sid=818072 .

Causation cannot be inferred from non-experimental designs, only relationships. This type of design allows researchers to observe how certain factors co-exist in a natural environment, without any experimental intervention. This allows researchers a first step in testing hypotheses and theories as to what causes a certain phenomenon.
When a study is lacking in internal validity, it means that confounding variables within the study were not successfully eliminated. In other words, certain factors are present in the study that puts into question whether or not the outcomes being measured or observed are really due to the manipulated variable or the condition under study. When a study is lacking in external validity, the findings of the study can not be readily generalized to the population at large. This may be due to a lack of randomization in the sample used for the study. Internal and external validity are inextricably intertwined, and affect…...

DEVEEUX EALY CHILDHOOD ASSESSMENT (DECA) program
Devereux Early Childhood Assessment Tool and Qualitative esearch

The Devereux Early Childhood Assessment Program (DECA) is a set of tools for teachers to assess their students' academic performance and social behaviors in order to catch any potential issues early on in order to address them as soon as possible. The program allows teachers to use assessment strategies in order to keep track of their students' progress in the most fundamental steps of development. Due to its very unique and tailored approach, this is a program which could easily facilitate qualitative research methodologies. The DECA program provides teachers with assessment questions and survey materials in order for each teacher to make cognitive recognition of potential patterns. The research shows how the program asks teachers questions "to assess for attachment (e.g., 'During the past 4 weeks, how often did the child do things for himself?'), self-control (e.g., 'During…...

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References

Child Savers. (2014). Devereux Early Childhood Assessment (DECA) Program. Devereux Program. Web.  http://www.childsavers.org/devereuxprogram.htm 

Research Center. (2014). Grounded theory. Walden University. Web.  http://researchcenter.waldenu.edu/Documents/Grounded_Full_Captions.pdf

Demographic Questions: Age, gender, ethnicity, income, occupation type, employment status, household size

Product/Brand Usage/Purchase questions: How frequent does he/she use such products? What brands are in the home now? How old are these products / how often are kitchen appliances purchased? What attributes are preferred in kitchen appliances? Is the person satisfied with their kitchen appliances?

Lifestyle Questions: How often does the person cook at home? his/her spouse? How sophisticated is the cooking? What types of foods are cooked? Questions can also be asked that are product specific (i.e. how often do you use your blender for smoothies; hand blender for soups, etc.). Ask about styling in general -- the importance of styling in furniture and home decor. Inquire what the customer thinks about the styling on the products that they are presented with. A control group could be asked blindly, with another group informed that the styles are European, to see…...

The social sciences refer to any academic discipline that deals with human behavior.  The fields that generally fall under this rubric include economics, anthropology, psychology, sociology, political science, historiography, as well as certain types of culture-specific studies.  Mixed method research refers to a research methodology that mixes traditional quantitative and qualitative research designs and discussing both types of evidence or data while considering the takeaways or conclusions of the research. 

Some topics for mixed method research in social sciences are:

1. Does the inclusion of minority police officers in a police force reduce the incidence of police brutality....

Looking at how cars were invented and reality quickly became the go-to transportation method for much of the world is fascinating.  While the automobile was invented in Germany and France, Henry Ford, who mastered automation and the mass production of cars, probably deserves much of the credit for the automobile’s early successes.  In fact, Ford’s focuses on wages and affordability probably deserve credit for the rise of the American middle class, suggesting that the history of the automobile and the history of the middle class are inextricably intertwined.

I. Introduction

A. Precursors....

Schmidt’s study on the effect of humor on memory is well-known, not only for its results, but also for its simple study design. The study, or actually the series of studies, suggested that humor increased attention and rehearsal of material, improving overall material of humorous material versus non-humorous material.  The study designs were simple comparative studies that directly compared humorous and non-humorous materials.  However, there is a problem with those studies.  While there are well-known health benefits of humor and laughing, humor is subjective.  That subjectivity can make it difficult to design a....

## Crypto Market Dynamics and Emerging Trends

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