Cyber Terrorism Incidence: The Estonian Denial of Service Attacks of 2007
There are different forms of cybercrimes including data theft, system compromises and DoS (denial of service) attacks. The motivations behind such internet attacks are varied. Some of the motivations include: economic sabotage, extortion and harmless fun particularly against pornography and gambling websites. Frustrations and retaliation are seemingly the main drive behind attacks on gaming networks, where player against player cyber-attacks happen relatively frequently. Contrary to popular opinion, politically motivated attacks appear to happen far more rarely than to attacks on gaming networks. The magnitude and type of internet attacks launched against a system or a network depends on the skills, motivations and capabilities of the attackers (Nazario, 2009). In April 2007, the Eastern European state of Estonia experienced what was to be the first wave of denial of service attacks. The attacks were accompanied by physical protests on the streets…...

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References

Anderson, N. (2007, May 14). Massive DDoS attacks target Estonia; Russia accused. Retrieved from Ars Technica: http://arstechnica.com/security/2007/05/massive-ddos-attacks-target-estonia-russia-accused/

Blomfield, A. (2007, May 17). Russia accused over Estonian 'cyber-terrorism'. Retrieved from The Telegraph:  http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1551850/Russia-accused-over-Estonian-cyber-terrorism.html 

Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs. (2009, June 9). U.S. Relations With Estonia. Retrieved from The U.S. State Department:  http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5377.htm 

Deceth. (2012, October 5). The Cyber-Attacks in Estonia, August 2007. Retrieved from Software Engineer Training:  http://software-engineer-training.com/the-cyber-attacks-in-estonia-august-2007/

The majority of communities in Alaska are separated by vast distances and the distance from many communities to the nearest medical facility is equivalent to the distance from New York to Chicago (Indian Health Service Alaska Area Services, 2011).
A study funded by AOA examined issues affecting access to home- and community-based long-term-care services among AI/ANS. Study results indicated that home healthcare was one of the most frequently needed services among AI/ANS. Further, 88% of the services sometimes, rarely, or never met the need, and 36% of services were rarely to never available (Jervis, Jackson & Manson, 2002). Only twelve tribally operated nursing homes exist in the U.S., and these rely predominantly on funding from Medicaid and tribal subsidies. Many tribes would like to have nursing homes but are blocked by state certificate-of-need requirements, Medicaid licensing requirements, and lack of commercial financing. The lack of alternate medical resources, whether private…...

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References

Alaska Area Indian Health Service. (2011). Indian Health Service. Retrieved from http://www.

ihs.gov/FacilitiesServices/areaOffices/alaska/.

Goins, R.T. & Spencer, S.M. (2005). Public health issues among older American Indians and Alaska natives. Generations, 29(2), 30-33.

Indian Health Service Alaska area services. (2011). Indian Health Service. Retrieved from  http://www.ihs.gov/FacilitiesServices/areaOffices/alaska/dpehs/documents/area.pdf .

Eric Jones and declare under the penalty of perjury that the following is true and correct to the best of my knowledge.
Honorable field office director of The United States Citizenship and mmigration Services; my name is Eric Jones am a very close friend of Mr. Sam -, despite his busy schedule Sam and speak or see each other at least three times a week. was born in Tucson Arizona and am currently employed as a project engineer with Raytheon Missile Systems, have been employed with this company for eleven years. am writing this letter in support of Mr. Sam's appeal regarding the denial of his efforts to become a United States Citizen. am compelled to write this letter not only because Sam is a true and great friend but also to help alleviate the sense of devastation that he felt upon…...

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I first met Sam in 1992 at Pueblo High School which is located in Tucson Arizona. Even as a young teenager Sam exhibited all the exceptional qualities that are the essential components of having a good moral character. Even as a sophomore in high school Sam was very mature, honest and kind. He treated everyone with respect and compassion regardless of their race, social class or physical traits. He was always there to help out anyone who needed it without expecting compensation or rewards. He truly was back then, and still is now a selfless man, always looking out for the welfare of others instead of thinking of himself. All the positives in his character that attracted me towards his friendship in those days still remain in Sam's person. A have never known Sam to lie or be dishonest about anything, not even the smallest detail.

He is the ideal candidate to receive the esteemed title of United States Citizen. Sam exemplifies all the values that this country was built upon. He is selfless, hardworking, dedicated, and patriotic. He holds freedom and liberty in the highest of regards. Sam is an exceptional member of his community and also a great father and supportive husband to his wife. His whole life is dedicated to ensuring their prosperity and well being. Sam loves his kids and is intent on providing the best life possible for them, which is one of the main reasons he wants to become a naturalized United States citizen. Sam did one of the most thoughtful and kind acts a man can make, he adopted a young feeble and desperate child. He did this for no other purposes than to help a child in need, and to enrich the life of his family. In the state of Arizona in order to adopt a child a candidate must pass a thorough and extensive process that validates the good character and proper legal standing of the candidate. The state of Arizona and the authoritative agencies responsible for adoptions procedures have deemed Sam to be of good moral character. I ask you to please reconsider his case and approve his petition to become a citizen of this great nation. He is a man that strictly follows all rules, regulations and laws as a lawful permanent resident, and I am sure that his efforts to be an outstanding member of his community will double if he is bestowed the honor of citizenship. He understands the honor and privileges that come with being a U.S. citizen and would never do anything to jeopardize them. Please carefully reconsider your decision and allow Sam who is a worthy citizenship candidate to become a full fledge member of this beautiful and great nation. Thank you.

Sincerely,

Management
The Challenge of Improving Upon Exemplary Customer Service: Apple, Inc.

For the purposes of this task, the organisation of focus will be the international giant, Apple, Inc. Apple is an organisation and a brand with international fame conjuring instant recognition and respect from global consumers for nearly four decades. Apple has an exceptional reputation for many aspects of their business practices such as product quality, product variety, and for the paper's purposes, customer service. As the paper will demonstrate and cite, this organisation has an outstanding reputation for customer service. Apple's customer service is ranked high both nationally (domestically) and internationally. Why choose an organisation that is so far ahead of most others? It is a formidable challenge to constantly and effectively improve upon excellence; this is the task that Apple puts before itself each year, and it is the same perspective from which the paper aligns itself.

Trends in many industries…...

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References:

Ghobadian, A., Speller, S., & Jones, M. 1994. Service Quality -- Concepts and Models. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 11(9), 43 -- 66.

Hallowell, R. 1995. The relationships of customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, and profitability: an empirical study. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 7(4), 27 -- 42.

Lengnick-Hall, C.A. 1996. Customer contributions to quality: A Different View of the Customer-oriented Firm. Academy of Management: The Academy of Management Review, 2(3), 791 -- 824.

Meyer, C., & Schwager, A. 2007. Understanding Customer Experience. Harvard Business Review. Harvard Business School Publishing: Cambridge.

Human Service Programs
In the ongoing attempt to recover human service programs, policymakers, funders, and service providers are progressively acknowledging the position of difficult program evaluations. They want to distinguish what the programs achieve, what they cost, and how they should be functioned to achieve supreme cost-effectiveness. They want to identify which programs work for which areas, and they want suppositions based on proof, rather than impassioned pleas and testimonials. With that said, it is important to understand what are the strengths and weaknesses in the Human Service Programs.

What is Human Services?

Human services are provide assistance aid to citizens that need help in getting or upholding basic human essentials, such as shelter, health and food," to name a few." Social programs also delivers human services, such as psychological requirements, help in distributing with trauma from abuse or sickness as well as complications of disasters, such as climate provoked disturbances or…...

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Reference

Boessenkool, K. (1997). Back to work: Learning from the Alberta welfare experiment. Commentary - C.D.Howe Institute, (91), 1-1.

Hays, Sharon (2004). Flat broke with children. New York: Oxford University Press.

Holl, J., Kristen, S.S., & Amy, B.S. (2005). Welfare reform and health insurance: Consequences for parents. American Journal of Public Health, 95(2), 279-85.

Vozoris, N., & Tarasuk, V. (2004). The health of Canadians on welfare. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 95(2), 115-20.

Urban Infrastructure and Services Changed in the Colonial Era to 1860
Urban infrastructure and connected services had a massive impact in the development of the colonies, all the way up to the end of the 19th century. In just a few decades, the quaint colonial townships which had once existed were no longer around, but had manifested into bustling metropolitan centers. This paper will demonstrate how much of that evolution was as a result of the values of Puritanism which guided and helped the colonies to evolve and develop into the modern era. The values of Puritanism spurred people to work and to thrive, causing the towns to work and to thrive into cities.

Pennsylvania is a shining example of how urban infrastructure and such related factors were able to modernize and urbanize such a colony. Philadelphia largely offers a clear example of how both privatism and a rejection of traditional values…...

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Works Cited

Anbinder, T. (2001). Five Points: The 19th-Century New York City . New York: Penguin Group.

Kang, N. (2009, December). Puritanism and Its Impact upon American Values . Retrieved from ccsenet.org: http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/res/article/viewFile/4585/3924

Warner, S. (1968). The Private City: Philadelphia in Three Periods. Phhiladelphia: University of Pennsylvania.

Clinic Analysis
Managing Complaints: Improving Service in a 15-Bed Emergency Room

As chief operating officer, you are responsible for a 15-bed Emergency Room (ER), which has received many complaints within the last year regarding inadequate patient care, poor ER management, long wait times, and patients being sent away due to lack of space, staff or physicians to provide appropriate care.

Diagnoses: Root Causes of Clinic Complaints

The complaints at hand in viewing the lack of success in the ER at hand can be largely traced back to poor internal management within the ER. Employees operating within the ER have long been confused about the standards and protocols that the hospital has implemented which poorly effects the running of the ER from the time a new patient enters the facility. Many of the complaints lodged toward the ER make mention of an incompetent and insensitive ER staff who have led patients to leave the ER…...

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Works Cited

Carrus, B., Corbett, S., and Khandelwal, D. (2010). "A hospital-wide strategy for fixing emergency department overcrowding." McKinsey Quarterly. Web. Retrieved

from:  [Accessed on 2 Decemberhttp://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/A_hospital-wide_strategy_for_fixing_ED_overcrowding_2505 

2012].

Louisiana State University. (2012). "Good Samaritan Laws." LSU. Web. Retrieved from:

arfare & Terrorism
The proliferation of cyberattacks -- aptly referred to as cyberterrorism -- carried out by criminal miscreants with grudges, shadowy techies with political motives, and other anti-social individuals, represent the new digital wars that threatened personal and state security worldwide. This is not a problem that will go away any time soon, and cyber security officials it seems will always be one or two steps behind the offenders causing the digital carnage. The cyberattacks that are reviewed in this paper include: Russia's denial-of-service attacks on Estonia in 2007 and Georgia in 2008, and the cyberattacks against U.S. State Department computers in 2006. Denial of service refers to strategies that "…block access of legitimate users" through the "…relentless transmission of irrelevant information" -- called "flood attacks" -- which restrains computer servers (Richards, 2010).

Russia's cyberterrorism against Estonia -- 2007

An article in the International Affairs Review indicates that the victim in this…...

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Works Cited

Ashmore, W.C. (2009). Impact of Alleged Russian Cyber Attacks. Baltic Security & Defense

Review, 11(1), 4-40.

Associated Press. (2006). Computer Hackers Attack State Department. The New York Times.

Retrieved January 19, 2014, from  http://www.nytimes.com .

An oveview of seveal honeypots and thei espective applications, thei level of involvement, and demonstated value to date ae povided in Table 1 below.
Table 1.

Types of honeypots by level of involvement.

Honeypot Name/Type

Desciption

BackOffice Fiendly

BOF (as it is commonly called) is a vey simple but highly useful honeypot developed by Macus Ranum et al. At NFR. It is an excellent example of a low involvement honeypot. BOF is a pogam that uns on most window-based opeating systems. All it can do is emulate some basic sevices, such as http, ftp, telnet, mail, o Back Oifice. Wheneve someone attempts to connect to one of these pots, BOF is listening and will then log the attempt. BOF also has the option of "faking eplies," which gives the attacke something to connect to.

Specte

Specte is a commecial poduct and what I would call anothe 'low involvement' poduction honeypot. It is simila to BOF in that…...

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references and deter computer crime. Yale Law Journal, 112(6), 1577-1578.

OSIIT
An analysis of IT policy transformation

The aim of this project is to evaluate the effectiveness of information security policy in the context of an organization, OSI Systems, Inc. With presence in Africa, Australia, Canada, England, Malaysia and the United States, OSI Systems, Inc. is a worldwide company based in California that develops and markets security and inspection systems such as airport security X-ray machines and metal detectors, medical monitoring anesthesia systems, and optoelectronic devices. The company is also represented by three subsidiary divisions in offices and plants dedicated to the brands, apiscan Systems, OSI Optoelectronics and SpaceLabs Healthcare.

In 2010, OSI, Inc. had sales of $595 million with net income of over $25 million. As of June 2010, the company was comprised of 2,460 personnel globally. The parent company provides oversight and fiscal control to the different divisions, and is connected through its virtual network world-wide intranet system; with external integration…...

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References

Allen, J. (2005). Governing for Security: Project Stakeholders Interests. News at SEI. Retrieved on 5SEPT10 from  http://www.sei.cmu.edu/library/abstracts/news-at-sei/securitymatters20054.cfm 

Computer Misuse Law, 2006. Parliament UK. Retrieved from:  http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmhansrd/cm090916/text/90916w0015.htm#09091614000131 

Diver, S. (2006). Information Security Policy -- A Development Guide for Large and Small Companies. SANS Institute InfoSec Reading Room. Retrieved on 30 Sept 10 from  http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/policyissues/information-security-policy-development-guide-large-small-companies_1331 

Global IT Policy (2009) OSI, Inc.

The diffused infrared configuration however, uses a transmitter that fills a given office space with signals. The signal receiver can then be located anywhere in the office area in order to successfully receive the I signal.

The Spread spectrum LANs

This form of arrangement utilizes the multiple-cell configuration. Each of the cells are appropriately assigned a unique center frequency that lies within a specific band in order to avoid signal interference. This transmission technique makes use of two methods; frequency hopping as well as direct sequence modulation

The Frequency hopping method uses signals that jumps from a given frequency to the other within a specific bandwidth. The transmission unit then "listens" to a give channel and if successfully detects any idle time (a time when no signal is transmitted),then transmits the packet via the full channel bandwidth .In case a channel is deemed "full," the transmitter then "hops" to the next channel and…...

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References

Bruce, WR (2002).Wireless LANs End to End, Ron Gilster (ed.), John Wiley & Sons.

Burell, J (2002) 'Wireless Local Area Networking: Security Assessment and Countermeasures: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks', Dec. 2002, retrieved 22 March

2011, < http://telecom.gmu.edu/sites/default/files/publications/Jim-Burrell-December-2002.pdf>

Cisco (n.d)"Cisco HWIC-AP WLAN Module for Cisco 1800 (Modular), 2800 and 3800."

Finance and Accounting Application that provides finance and accounting operations require all the possible computer security measures to be adopted. In this case, two patterns call for an incident response plan:
The company's computer networks and systems are at a higher risk to threats like intrusions, computer viruses and exposures

Computers are widespread through the company; the company depends heavily on computers and cannot afford service denial

Therefore, the following security incidents will be an essential:

A computer virus might be copied to a LAN server; within seconds, thousands of other computers will be infected. This will require the efforts of different people and several days to achieve recovery.

Back-ups can be infected with viruses resulting in re-infection of other systems; recovery will require more expenses and time

System intruders could copy passwords and distribute them across large networks

Outbreaks of system or virus penetrations will cause embarrassment and possible loss of public confidence (Taylor, 2013).

These…...

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References

Taylor, L.P. (2013). FISMA compliance handbook. Burlington: Elsevier Science.

McCarthy, N.K. (2012). The computer incident response planning handbook: Executable plans for protecting information at risk. Boston: Addison-Wesley.

Vacca, J.R., & Rudolph, K. (2010). System forensics, investigation, and response. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Communications-Team

This occurs when a server happens to receive more connection requests that are incomplete and that it cannot possibly handle. This kind of attack's source code were released in 2006 by 2600 and Phracks two well-known underground hacker magazines. The second threat is IP Spoofing which is an attack which involves the impersonation of a legitimate host user at the IP layer. The third one is sequence number attack. The third one is TCP session hijacking. The third threat is denial of service attacks Security strategies to address various threats that are addressed by IPSec that users who use unsecured TCP/IP face
In order to ensure that users of unsecured TCP/IP don't fall victims to the threats outlined above, the following strategies must be employed;

Countering SYN Flooding:

The ISPs that are responsible for the IP packets must block the non-internal addresses that are responsible for the flooding. The attacker would then…...

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References

CEEnet (2000)Applications of IPSec

http://www.ceenet.org/workshops/lectures2000/Richard_Perlman/ipsec/tsld002.htm

Ferguson, B Poulton, D and Barrett, D (2004). MCSA/MCSE 70-299 Exam Cram 2:

Implementing and Administering Security in a Windows 2003 Network

Metrics, Implementation, and Enforcement (Security Governance)
How can you determine whether there has been a malware outbreak?

The threat situation today has become more dangerous than in the past. Security and safety threats have been increasing in an alarming rate; there are more than 70,000 brand new bits of malware recognized daily. Well-funded cybercriminals have been currently making advanced malware that has been made to bypass present security options by launching prior to the operating-system and then evading antivirus defence (Mitre, 2012). Consequently, danger vulnerability has hit unprecedented degrees that need a brand new method of security and safety. With built-in security and safety options from McAfee as well as Intel, one might gain an additional layer of safety that is effective aside from the operating-system to avoid attacks instantly whilst successfully managing security over to a system of endpoints. These revolutionary options gather world-class processor chip technologies from Intel and major…...

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References

McAfee Labs (Q1 2012).

Intel IT Centre. (2012). Planning Guide: Preventing Stealthy Threats with Next-Generation Endpoint Security -- A Proactive Approach from Intel and McAfee. Intel IT and McAfee.

Mitre. (2012). Standardizing Cyber Threat Intelligence Information with the Structured Threat Information eXpression (STIX). Mitre Corporation.

Jones, D.R. (2011). Managing Cyber Threats Risk Management & Insurance Solutions. Roach Smith and Howard Burton.

Accounting and Intrusion Detection
In a report issued by Paladin Technologies, Inc., entitled: "Security Metrics: Providing Cost Justification for Security Projects," 273 organizations were surveyed on the topic of security. The report illustrates in quantifiable terms the depth and reach of intrusion detection on the financial viability of the organization. The combined reported losses from the firms surveyed totaled $265.6 million in 1999. The highest loss categories were reported as follows:

Type of Loss

Estimated Dollar Value

Number of espondents

Theft of intellectual capital

m

Financial Fraud

m

Sabotage

m

The average annual financial loss of firms surveyed was estimated at $40 million. Forty three percent of respondents were able to quantify financial losses, and seventy four percent were able to acknowledge financial loss. Ninety percent detected cyber attacks within the most recent twelve-month period and seventy percent reported serious breaches other than viruses, laptop theft, and employee abuse of net privileges. As for these categories, six hundred and forty three…...

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Resources

Risk Assessment risk assessment involves estimating the likelihood and severity of an occurrence, the relative impact of risk on the facility, information handler, processing, support, and the mission of the organization. Assessing the likelihood means determining the probability that existing controls will be skirted. Pfleeger has identified a series of steps for examining the likelihood of adverse occurrences:

Calculate the probability that the risk may happen, found in the observed data for the specific system.

Estimate the likely number occurrences in a given time period. The analyst gives a rating based on several different risk analysis methodologies, and then creates a table to hold and compare the ratings.

The Delphi approach: several raters individually estimate the probable likelihood of an event, combine their estimates, and choose the best one.

Introduction

Cloud computing has revolutionized the way businesses and individuals store, access, and process data. With its vast range of capabilities and benefits, cloud computing has become an integral part of modern technology. This essay topic generator provides a comprehensive list of thought-provoking topics related to cloud computing, covering its technical foundation, applications, security implications, and future prospects.

Technical Foundation of Cloud Computing

The Evolution of Cloud Computing: Trace the historical development of cloud computing from its inception to present-day advancements.
Cloud Computing Architecture: Explain the layered architecture of cloud computing, including infrastructure, platform, and software as a service (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS).
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