In an age where technological advancements have revolutionized how we communicate, transact, and store information, cybersecurity has emerged as a paramount concern for individuals, businesses, and governments alike. With the increasing dependency on digital systems and the internet, the vulnerabilities and threats associated have grown in magnitude, making the need for robust cybersecurity measures more crucial than ever. This essay delves into the importance of cybersecurity, its challenges, and strategies to address these threats, drawing from three primary sources. The Digital Revolution and Associated Risks
As Schneier (2015) aptly points out in his book "Data and Goliath," the digital revolution has not only reshaped our daily lives but also introduced a slew of security risks. With every piece of information we share, whether it's an innocent photograph, financial details, or business secrets, we become more susceptible to cyber threats. Cybercriminals are not just isolated individuals but, in many cases, organized syndicates or…...

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Works Cited

•    Schneier, B. (2015). Data and Goliath: The hidden battles to collect your data and control your world. W.W. Norton & Company.

•    Stoll, C. (1989). The Cuckoo's Egg: Tracking a spy through the maze of computer espionage. Doubleday.

•    Symantec. (2019). Internet Security Threat Report. Symantec Corporation.

Cyber Security
Conceptual or Substantive Assumptions

Cybersecurity is fast approaching a place where it is becoming a form of currency with consumers and clients. It is only in the past decade that digital environments became a normal and typical way to transact business. Consumers and clients quite rapidly adapted to the convenience of conducting business and managing their finances in online environments. Certainly, there were -- and are -- people who did not fully trust digital commerce, but consumers choices narrowed to a point where non-digital transactions were constrained. For instance, customers of banks were funneled into online transactions as some banks gave up a bricks-and-mortar presence. Consumers who wanted more choices when making everyday purchases found meager goods on the shelves but an abundance of inventory online. Patients learned to access their medical records and test results online, and many medical practitioners now keep online office hours for emergency communications and…...

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References

Internet Security Alliance (ISA). (2014). Social Contract 2.0: A 21st Century Program for Effective Cyber Security. Retrieved from  http://www.isalliance.org/social-contract/ 

Daniel, M. (2013, August 6). Incentives to support adoption of the cybersecurity framework. Retreived from  http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/08/06/incentives-support-adoption-cybersecurity-framework

Mobile Devices on Cyber security:
The modern society including corporate environments has been characterized by the proliferation of mobile devices. The increased use of these devices is attributed to the significant opportunities they bring and their contribution towards enhanced communication. However, the increased use of mobile devices has been accompanied by considerable concerns regarding the privacy of personal information and sensitive corporate data that are stored on them. In essence, mobile devices have significant impacts on cyber-security because the type of data stored and accessed on the devices contributes to heightened security risks. Despite the significant benefits associated with the increased use of mobile devices, they generate new cyber security issues including heightened financial risks, loss of company data, and non-compliance issues.

Increased Use of Mobile Devices:

Mobile devices have become attractive platforms for communication in today's society to an extent that they are increasingly used for storing and accessing personal information…...

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Reference:

Ayrapetov, D. (2013, February 8). Cybersecurity Challenges in 2013. Retrieved February 8,

2014, from  http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/it-security/cybersecurity-challenges-in-2013/# .

Smith, T.D. (2012, January). Cyber Security Emerging Trends and Threats for 2012. Retrieved

from New York State Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Services website:  http://www.dhses.ny.gov/ocs/awareness-training-events/news/2012-01.cfm

Mobile Devices on Cybersecurity
One of the most important aspects of our current age and the rapid pace by which technology has developed has a direct connection to the development and use of smartphones. The first smartphones were just capable of allowing one to check one's email on one's phone: nowadays smartphones appear to be bounded by nothing. They are razor-sharp and razor fast tools for offering up efficient and convenient means of accessing information. However, given these abilities and trends of these phones, they are still vulnerable to cyber attacks. "Currently, cyber threats range from Trojans and viruses to botnets and toolkits. Presently, 96% of smartphones do not have pre-installed security software. This lack in security is an opportunity for malicious cyber attackers to hack into the various devices that are popular (i.e. Android, iPhone and Blackberry). Traditional security software found in personal computers (PCs), such as firewalls, antivirus,…...

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References

Mello, J. (2013, April 2). Army knocked over mobile device cybersecurity. Retrieved from CSOonline.com:  http://www.csoonline.com/article/731079/army-knocked-over-mobile-device-cybersecurity 

RBC.com. (n.d.). Cyber Security Awareness month: Security and. Retrieved from rbc.com:  http://www.rbc.com/privacysecurity/ca/alert-security-and-privacy-in-a-mobile-device-world.html 

Wright, J., Dawson, M., & Omar, M. (2012). Cyber Security and Mobile Threats. Retrieved from academia.edu:  http://www.academia.edu/2431028/Cyber_Security_and_Mobile_Threats_The_Need_for_Antivirus_Applications_for_Smart_Phones

technology a field study choice. a. The impact mobile devices cybersecurity Courses fulfill General Education equirements (GEs) UMUC a common theme -- technological transformations.
The preferred device for browsing the web, making purchases, using social media, and emailing is the smartphone. Many people find it is easier to carry a smartphone due to its size. A breeding ground for cyber attacks has resulted from the popularity of mobile devices. Mobile devices like smartphones and tablets have no security software that protects the data held within the device. Mobile devices do not contain the traditional security software like antivirus, encryption, and firewalls found in personal computers. According to Wright, Dawson Jr., and Omar (2003)

the operating system used in mobile phones is not frequently updated, which makes it easy for cyber attackers to use this for their advantage. In the corporate environment, almost all employees use mobile devices. These devices provide the…...

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References

Barrera, D., & Van Oorschot, P. (2011). Secure software installation on smartphones. IEEE Security & Privacy, 9(3), 42-48.

Goyal, S., & Carter, J. (2004). A lightweight secure cyber foraging infrastructure for resource-constrained devices. Paper presented at the Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, 2004. WMCSA 2004. Sixth IEEE Workshop on.

Leavitt, N. (2011). Mobile security: finally a serious problem? Computer, 44(6), 11-14.

Ruggiero, P., & Foote, J. (2011). Cyber threats to mobile phones. United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team.

Future of Cyber Security
eport on the Legal and Technical Future of Cyber Security

The future of Cyber security relies on the quality of decisions that the government seconded by the private sector process as for now. Attacks on networks and databases have become a complex and lucrative activity that attracts a financial gain for people involved in that business. For this reason, there is a need to determine whether the existing pieces of legislation are responsive enough to mitigate cyber attacks. This study proves that the existing legislation in relation to ethical security requires an upgrade. It will also establish one existing law courtesy of Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) of 1986 and one proposal law courtesy of Ethical Cyber Situation and Perimeter Building Act ECSPBA (2014).

Future of cyber-security

Cyber security is proving a disturbing concern to both the public and private sectors. The government, in particular, is establishing multilayered network…...

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References

Broucek, V., & Turner, P. (2013). Technical, legal, and ethical dilemmas: distinguishing risks arising from malware and cyber-attack tools in the 'cloud' -- a forensic computing perspective. Journal of Computer Virology and Hacking Techniques, 9(1), 27-33.

Farsole, A.A., Kashikar, A.G., & Zunzunwala, A. (2010). Ethical Hacking. International Journal of Computer Applications, 1(10), 14-20.

Goldman, L. (2012). Interpreting the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Pittsburgh Journal of Technology Law and Policy, 13(0), 32-49.

Lehto, M. (2013). The Cyberspace Threats and Cyber Security Objectives in the Cyber Security Strategies. International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism, 3(3), 1-18

President Obama's Cybersecurity and Internet Policy
In the recent past, cyber attacks have become commonplace in the U.S. And also in other parts of the world. The said attacks are also increasingly becoming sophisticated. In that regard, there exists an urgent need to rein in this problem before it gets out of hand. In this text, I discuss the benefits of President Obama's Cybersecurity and Internet Policy.

President Obama's Cybersecurity and Internet Policy: Key Benefits

As reported on the White House website, "Americans deserve an internet that is safe and secure, so that they can shop, bank, communicate, and learn online without fear that their accounts will be hacked or their identity stolen" (White House, 2013). With this in mind, the President has been very supportive of initiatives and measures that support a free and secure internet. Indeed, President Obama has in the past identified cyber threat as being amongst the most…...

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References

Bayuk, J., Healey, J., Rohmeyer, P., Sachs, M.H., Schmidt, J. And Weiss, J. (2012). Cyber Security Policy Guidebook. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Schmidt, H.A. (2011, April 26). The National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace and Your Privacy. Retrieved February 6, 2013, from the White House website:  http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/04/26/national-strategy-trusted-identities-cyberspace-and-your-privacy 

The White House (2013). Technology. Retrieved February 6, 2013, from the White House website:  http://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/technology

Federal Plans
NICE

Plan Development and esearch

Challenge

Future Plan

This paper discusses what is referred to as the Federal Plan is for Cyber Security and Information Assurance (CSIA- &D) esearch and Development. Details of the federal government's plan will be discussed as well as what is expected and can be done about cyber security in the long-term.

In this federal plan, the terms 'information assurance' and 'cyber security' refer to measures put in place to protect computer information, systems and networks from unauthorized access or disruptions, modification, use or destruction. The purpose of information assurance and cyber security is to ensure: the protection of integrity against unauthorized destruction or modification of information, networks and systems (Community List.-Federal Plan for Cyber Security and Information Assurance esearch and Development, 2006) as also to ensure confidentiality protection against illegal access of networks and disclosure of information held therein. Information assurance is likewise concerned with guaranteeing reliable and timely…...

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References

Axelrod. (2006). Cybersecurity and the Critical Infrastructure: Looking Beyond the Perimeter. ISACA, 3. Retrieved, from  http://www.isaca.org/Journal/archives/2006/Volume-3/Pages/Cybersecurity-and-the-Critical-Infrastructure-Looking-Beyond-the-Perimeter1.aspx 

Community List (2006). Federal Plan for Cyber Security and Information Assurance Research and Development. Retrieved September 10, 2015, from http://ntis.library.gatech.edu/handle/123456789/1591

Homepage -- U.S. DOE Office of Science (SC). (2008). A Scientific Research and Development Approach to Cyber Security. Retrieved September 9, 2015, from http://science.energy.gov/~/media/ascr/pdf/program-documents/docs/Cyber_security_science_dec_2008.pdf

Nat'l Sci. and Tech. Cou (2006) NCIL. Federal Plan for Cyber Security and Information Assurance Research and Development. Retrieved from:  http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/cybersecurity/Federal_Plan_for_Cyber_Security_and_Information_Assurance_Research_and_Development

Cyber security CybersecurityAbstract 2Introduction 3What is Cybersecurity? 3The dimensions of cybersecurity 4The principles of security 4The States of data 5Cybersecurity safeguards 5Principles of cybersecurity 5Confidentiality 5Integrity 6Availability 6How the principles and dimensions of cybersecurity provide system security 7Importance of cybersecurity principles and the concept of Assured operations 7Conclusion 8References 9AbstractThe term cybercrime is associated with illegal activity involving systems and software. Cybercrime encompasses anything from digital espionage to dishonesty assaults that result in monetary losses for e-commerce businesses (Ekanayake et al., 2020). Cybersecurity is a challenge to almost all modern technology. Numerous strategies have been implemented to protect a customer organizations culture. Cybersecurity refers to a range of approaches for preventing illegal exposure to systems software and information. The paper focuses on the various definitions of cybersecurity and the dimensions and principles to protect against the data on the hardware and software from unauthorized access, harm, or misuse. The three…...

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References

Bourgeois, D. (2014). Information systems for business and beyond. The Saylor Foundation.

Ekanayake, Nimesh & Karunarathna, Hashan & Miyuranga, Ravindu. (2020). What is Cybersecurity: The Reality of Modern Threats

Golovanteko, I. (2018). The Three Dimensions of the Cybersecurity Cube - Swan Software Solutions. Retrieved 11 June 2021, from  https://swansoftwaresolutions.com/the-three-dimensions-of-the-cybersecurity-cube/ 

McCumber, J. (2004). Assessing and managing security risk in IT systems: A structured methodology. CRC Press.

PDF Summary
The Economics of Cybersecurity: Principles and Policy Options

There are serious issues with cybersecurity when it comes to the principles and policy options that are available, and the economic challenges it faces. While a technical approach to cybersecurity is important, the easiest way to gain perspective on the issue is through economics. When an organization is not prepared for the full cost of a system failure, there is nothing to be done when that system does fail. The critical infrastructures that are seen in cybersecurity systems fall apart, because all of the control systems are highly integrated. That is designed to reduce the costs if a catastrophic failure is to take place, and the losses become society's losses, instead of being absorbed by the company itself. Many people feel as though cybersecurity through antivirus software is enough, but there is a serious flaw in that thinking. Namely, the virus on…...

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References

Moore, T. (2010). The economics of cybersecurity: Principles and policy options. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 3(4): 103-117.

Cyber Security Technology
Emerging Technology for Cyber Security

eal-World Examples of the use of Emerging Cyber Security Technologies

Government Efforts to enhance Cyber security Technologies

Benefits and Drawbacks of Government Efforts for new Cyber-security Technologies Conclusion

The development of internet and cyberspace represents of the most revolutionary technological advancement of humanity. Fewer countries and sectors are unaffected by the latest advancement of internet technologies. Although, recent technological phenomenon has influenced several areas, however, it represents one of the most serious security threats to modern society. As organizations and developed world are moving their critical infrastructures online, there are also ever growing cyber criminal activities attempting to steal sensitive data worth billions of dollars. Adversaries of cyber realms include spies from some countries and organized criminals attempting to steal sensitive information that include identities, and money. Complicated issues about the cyber threats consist of fundamental asymmetrical risks and ever-increasing waves of cyber attacks represent one…...

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Reference

Bilge, L. And Dumitras, T. (2012). Before we knew it. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Computer and communications security - CCS '12,-page 833, New York, New York, USA, 2012. ACM Press.

Goodyear, G. Goerdel, H.T. Portillo, S. et al. (2010). Cybersecurity Management in the States: The Emerging Role of Chief Information Security Officers. IBM Centers for the Business of Government.

Klaper, D. & Hovy, E.(2014). A taxonomy and a knowledge portal for cybersecurity. Proceedings of the 15th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research: 79-85

Kuehn, A. & Mueller, M.(2014). Shifts in the Cybersecurity Paradigm: Zero-Day Exploits, Discourse, and Emerging Institutions. ACM Proceedings of the 2014 workshop on New Security Paradigms Workshop: 63-68.

Benefits of Using Cyber-attack Simulator Systems There is evidence that demonstrates that using simulations is far much better than the education that is provided by real-world experiences. Simulations have been used in numerous industries to teach and test people, and their usage in cybersecurity could be beneficial. Simulating a cyber-attack is easier than having to test the attack in the real world. Having a simulation of the potential cyber-attacks, one can easily test the system to establish how effective the security strategies implemented are and if there are any vulnerabilities in the system. Also, attacking your own system in order to test it for vulnerabilities is foolish and might result in prison time as has been the case for some individuals. Therefore, the easiest and safe way for testing the system is by using a simulation. Simulation allows for the demonstration of what might happen if an organization does not take…...

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References

Bailey, A., Minto-Coy, I., & Thakur, D. (2017). IT Governance in E-Government Implementations in the Caribbean: Key Characteristics and Mechanisms Information Technology Governance in Public Organizations (pp. 201-227): Springer.

Carr, M. (2016). Public–private partnerships in national cyber?security strategies. International Affairs, 92(1), 43-62.

Hogan, M., & Newton, E. (2015). Report on Strategic US Government Engagement in International Standardization to Achieve US Objectives for Cybersecurity.

Kuhl, M. E., Kistner, J., Costantini, K., & Sudit, M. (2007). Cyber attack modeling and simulation for network security analysis. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 39th Conference on Winter Simulation: 40 years! The best is yet to come.

Kundur, D., Feng, X., Liu, S., Zourntos, T., & Butler-Purry, K. L. (2010). Towards a framework for cyber attack impact analysis of the electric smart grid. Paper presented at the Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm), 2010 First IEEE International Conference on.

 

Advancing Offensive Cybersecurity by Integrating Modern Intelligence Techniques for Proactive DefenseProposed Thesis TopicMy thesis examines the integration of modern intelligence techniques into offensive cybersecurity strategies. The main focus is on how emerging technologies and methodologies in intelligence can enhance the effectiveness of offensive cybersecurity operations. This research will look into the use of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), big data analytics, and predictive modeling in identifying, analyzing, and neutralizing cyber threats proactively.Advancement Beyond Prevailing UnderstandingCurrently, the cybersecurity domain emphasizes defensive strategies, often relegating offensive measures to a secondary role. However, as cyber threats evolve in complexity and sophistication, a purely defensive stance is increasingly insufficient. My thesis will challenge the existing status quo paradigm by demonstrating the critical role of offensive strategies in a comprehensive cybersecurity framework. The position I will hold is that integrating modern intelligence techniques into offensive cybersecurity can anticipate and counteract threats and provide valuable…...

Department of Homeland Security is clearly start-up: How quickly can DHS be up and running? The department formally began operating on January 24, 2003, and by March 1 had absorbed representatives from most of its component parts. The formal process of transferring agencies is expected to be completed by September 30, 2003, but analysts suggest full integration of agencies will take at least several years.
Notwithstanding, as a practical matter, the new department today is preoccupied with day-to-day start-up issues: finding a physical location, improving communications capabilities, and personnel management tasks. Finding a location for the agency is key. DHS headquarters is currently at a temporary location with the majority of additional personnel scattered elsewhere. Practical staff questions about, for example, new office location and supervisor, remain for the most part unanswered.

Questions abound about how the new organizational components will communicate with each other. Linking phone systems and databases (most…...

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References

Larry K. Gaines Homeland Security 12th edition 2012 Pearson Education

Michael C. Williams "No Greater Threat: After September 11th and the rise of National Security State: 2005.

Homeland Security. (2012). Retrieved from ill Atoro (2009) The Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Inititave, Retrieved by  http://www.nextgov.com/the_basics/tb_20090601_8569.php http://www.dhs.gov/index.shtm

Government Accountability Office (GAO), Department of Homeland Security's (DHS's) Role in Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) Cybersecurity (2009) Control System Control Program. Retrieved from http://www.us-cert.gov/control_systems/csthreats.html

Defining VPN in Computer NetworkingThe purpose of this paper is to provide a definition and explanation of a virtual private network (VPN) which is a key concept in information technology (security and network technologies). The explanation that follows includes selected quotes to provide some definitional clarity of the term and the key concepts that are involved as well as the different types of VPNs and how they are related to other relevant concepts. Finally, a description of an example based on this writers empirical experiences with VPNs is followed by a summary of the research and important findings concerning these issues in the conclusion.Two different definitions of VPN and commentary concerning how it is defined, highlighting the key concepts involvedAlthough there is no universally agreed upon definition, the cybersecurity experts at Kaspersky define a VPN as a protected network connection when using public networks [which] encrypt your internet traffic and…...

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References

Crawshaw, D. (2021). Everything VPN Is New Again. Communications of the ACM, 64(4), 130–134.

Paul, I. (2022). Best VPN services: Top picks for speed, price, privacy, and more. PCWorld, 40(1), 57–66.

How a VPN works. (2022). Cisco. Retrieved from   security/vpn-endpoint-security-clients/what-is-vpn.html.https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/ 

1. The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Cybersecurity Measures
2. Ethical Hacking: Balancing Privacy and Security in the Digital Age
3. The Implications of Cybersecurity Breaches on National Security
4. Cybersecurity Threats and Challenges in the Healthcare Industry
5. The Impact of Cybercrime on Small Businesses and Ways to Mitigate Risks
6. Cybersecurity and the Internet of Things: Risks and Solutions
7. The Role of Government and Law Enforcement Agencies in Preventing Cybercrimes
8. Cybersecurity in the Age of Remote Work: Challenges and Best Practices
9. Cybersecurity Awareness and Education: Filling the Gap in Digital Literacy
10. Cybersecurity Regulations and Compliance: Balancing Security and Innovation
....

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Topic 1: The Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Workplace

Key Issues:
The potential for AI to automate jobs and displace human workers, leading to unemployment and economic insecurity.
AI's impact on workplace privacy and surveillance, with AI-powered monitoring systems potentially infringing on workers' rights.
The need for ethical guidelines and regulations governing the development and use of AI in the workplace, to ensure fairness and protect workers' rights.

Topic 2: The Ethics of Genetic Engineering and Human Enhancement

Key Issues:
The potential benefits of genetic engineering, such as curing diseases, improving cognitive abilities, and extending lifespan.
The ethical....

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