Crime
Workplace is not safe from numerous types of crimes. These crimes can range anywhere from burglary to homicides and from discrimination on the basis of sex to even rape for that matter. But these crimes are physical crimes and it is easy to avoid them or keep them at bay by making use of physical barriers, security cameras and a few sensible risk/security management tactics. For instance, if only 3 or 4 people work at night-time, it is easy to target anyone of them but if a considerable amount of people work together and have no hostility towards each other, these types of situations can be avoided. Use of security systems is a pre-requisite for the protection of material wealth and belongings. These types of systems can help avoid theft and burglary but if somehow these do occur, it will inform the managers of the incident at the earliest…...

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Reference List

McCollonel '(2000). Cybercrime And Punishment. Page 8-9. www.mcconnellinternational.com.

Balkin J. M (2007)Cybercrime: digital cops in a networked environment. NYU PRESS. New York. USA.

Perline I.H. & Goldschmidt J. (2004). The psychology and law of workplace violence:a handbook for mental health professionals and employers. Charles C. Thomas Publisher. USA

Keats J. (2010) Virtual Words: Language on the Edge of Science and Technology. Oxford University Press. USA.

The fact that industrial control systems may be vulnerable to infiltration by other citizens, or international parties puts laws pertaining to intersection of systems transmission at the forefront of priorities for us all.
At present, telecommunications interference of private citizens holds an up to a five-year prison sentence by U.S. federal law. How cyberterrorism is addressed, when the stakes are heightened, leaves a whole host of opportunities for citizens, and legislators to voice their opinion as new technologies for privacy invasion come on the market.

Every ISP access point imaginable is cited within the literature on cyberterrorism, including direct access networks, maintenance of dial-up modems, and of course the internet, remote systems architectures. Exponential information like SCADA systems create an incredibly vulnerable area for hackers interested in "knowledge sharing" network data toward sabotage of industrial operations and state military interests. DHS strategic responsibilities take care of the broad brush stroke where…...

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References

Amendments to Section 225 Cyber Security Enhancement Act, 2002 (2003). Washington, D.C.: Department of Homeland Security.

Antal, J. Counter-terrorism multipliers needed (2010). Military Technology, 34(4), 4.

Ashley, Col. (S) B.K, USAF (2004). The United States Is Vulnerable to Cyberterrorism. Signal Online. Retrieved from:  http://www.afcea.org/signal/articles/templates/SIGNAL_Article_Template.asp?articleid=32&zoneid=10 

Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 409 F.2d 718, (U.S.App. LEXIS 12867 2d Cir. N.Y., 1969).

The organizations are usually run by a core group, which divides the different responsibilities of an operation (e.g. spamming, web design, data collection) among the members. The members run their own outer networks to fulfill those responsibilities -- rarely even having contact with each other online. The decentralized structure of the internet, as well as the high levels of anonymity it provides makes it difficult for law enforcement agencies to locate cybercriminal groups. A group could have networks in a myriad of different countries, whilst using servers based in numerous different countries and jurisdictions. Furthermore, many national jurisdictions lack the legislative framework required to properly prosecute online crime." (Collins, 2012)
These insights are illustrating how the lack of self-control is creating a situation where more criminals or organizations are turning to cyber crime. What makes the situation worse; is they can work anonymously and be able to conduct these activities…...

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References

Casey, E. (2011). Digital Evidence and Computer Crime. London: Academic.

Collins, a. (2012). Contemporary Security Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gregg, M. (2010). Hacker Techniques, Tools and Incident Handling. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

Gryzbowski, K. (2012). An Examination of Cyber Crime and Cyber Crime Research. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Arizona State University, Scottsdale.

Cyber Attacks on Financial Institutions
Carmalia Davis

The finance industry has continued to receive more targeted and sophisticated cyber attacks from criminals. These criminals often email phishing campaigns to customers which have remained the most successful methods of targeting financial institutions. New innovations in banking, like online and mobile banking, have continued to create new vulnerabilities for cyber thieves. To minimize the efficiency of these attacks, banks have devised improved communication and educational tools for customers, and procedures for quick interventions in the event of an actual attack. However, beyond simply creating harmful software intended to hack online bank details, criminals have found ways to subvert the software and servers owned by prestigious financial institutions to make their phishing campaigns more effective; this technique is known as infrastructure hijacking (Pettersson, 2012).

In 1998, one of the foremost examples of infrastructure hijacking ever discovered is known as The Morris worm. This worm spread…...

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References

Cordle, I. P. (2014, August 7). TotalBank responds to computer security breach, Miami Herald. Retrieved from Comment by dkamari: are all of these cited in your paper? If not, do not list them.http://www.miamiherald.com/news/business/article1978822.html

Mossburg, E. (2015). A Deeper Look at the Financial Impact of Cyber Attacks. Financial Executive, 31(3), 77-80. Retrieved from  http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/ 

Crossman, P. (2015, March 5). Is Apple Pay a Fraud Magnet? Only If Banks Drop the Ball. Retrieved from American Banker:  http://www.americanbanker.com/news/bank-technology/is-apple-pay-a-fraud-magnet-only-if-banks-drop-the-ball-107312 

Dean, B. (2015, March 4). Why companies have little incentive to invest in cybersecurity. Retrieved February 18, 2016, from  http://theconversation.com/why-companies-have-little-incentive-to-invest-in-cybersecurity-37570

Human Aspects in IT and Cybersecurity Outline
Government Justification of Informing Private industry to improve or Set up Cyber-security

Methods of the Government Interventions

Impacts of Government egulation on National Security

Failure to comply to related cyber regulations

Meeting the minimum requirements.

Exceeding the Minimum equirements

The economic and national security of the United States rely on the effective functioning of the country critical infrastructures. ecently, the U.S. government has issued an executive order to manage the cybersecurity and protect the country critical infrastructure since a destruction of the critical infrastructures whether virtual or physical can have a negative impact on the national economic security, safety or national public health. The computer and information systems are part of the country critical infrastructures that facilitate effective data communication between organizations. Presently, the U.S. information systems have enhanced interconnectivity that enhances business advantages, which has never happened before. Despite the benefits of interconnectivity among businesses and public organizations, the…...

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Reference

Coyne, C.J. (2012). Who's to Protect Cyberspace? Department of Economics Hampden-Sydney College

Liu, E.C. Stevens, G. Ruane, K. A. et al. (2013). Cybersecurity: Selected Legal Issues. Congress Research Service

Rosenzweig, P. (2012). An emerging threats: Cybersecurity and Public Goods. The Public/Private "Partnership." Hoover Institution, Stanford University

Stalling, W. (2011). Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practice. (Fifth Edition). Pearson Education, Inc. Prentice Hall

Essay Topic Examples
1. The Evolution and Impact of Computer Viruses on Cybersecurity:
This essay explores the history of computer viruses, detailing their progression from simple self-replicating programs to complex malware that can cause significant damage to digital infrastructure, steal sensitive data, and compromise personal information. It discusses the impacts on individuals, businesses, and governments, and the growing importance of robust cybersecurity measures.

2. Cyber Fraud and Its Effect on the Global Economy:
The focus of this essay is the prevalence and variety of cyber fraud, including phishing, identity theft, and financial scams, analyzing how these crimes undermine trust in digital transactions. It examines the economic ramifications for both consumers and organizations, highlighting the need for greater awareness and prevention strategies.

3. The Ethical Implications of Computer Hacking:
This topic invites discussion around the moral considerations of hacking, distinguishing between different motivations such as 'black hat', 'white hat', and 'grey hat' hackers. The essay would delve…...

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Primary Sources

United States. National Institute of Justice. \"Cybercrime: Public and Private Entities Face Challenges in Addressing Cyber Threats.\" Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, 2007. Print.

United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation. \"Internet Crime Report.\" IC3 Annual Report. Washington, D.C., 2021. Web.

European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol). \"Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment (IOCTA).\" The Hague, Netherlands: Europol, 2020. Web.

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. \"Law Enforcement Tools and Technologies for Investigating Cyber Attacks: A Report to Congress from the Attorney General.\" Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003. Print.

United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. \"Hearing on Cyber Crimes and the Law: Updating the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.\" 113th Cong., 1st sess. H. Hrg. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2013. Web.

Insider Threats#NITAM: Preventing the Recruitment of Insider Threat Actorshttps://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news-features/preventing-recruitment-insider/Since the COVID crisis of 2020, malicious cyber actors functioning as insider threats have posed a risk for companies according to the US National Counterintelligence and Security Center (NCSC) and National Insider Threat Task Force (NITTF). Disgruntled insiders can use ransomware, phishing and malware to cause harm anywhere employees use the Internet and computers in order to gain access to data, control of networks, or to steal money. This is important because sensitive information and funds could be stolen by malicious actors from within a company. One possible solution is for companies to monitor forums, social media, disgruntled employees, and people under financial stress who work for them more closely to be aware of potential bad actors.Legend: Who, What, When, Where, Why, How, So What?!, possible SolutionWho: malicious cyber actors as insider threatsWhat: phishing, ransomware or cryptocurrency scams identified by US National…...

The Italian mafia as it still works in Italy is extremely powerful (Summerfield,2005). As late as in the 1990's they were very active in the killing of law enforcement officers with terroristic bombing techniques. The Italian mafia is noted to have found its way into the United States in the early 1900's when the banned IOC figures came to the country illegally (Porter & Lyman, 2006). Most of these were members of the Sicilian Mafiosi. It is most of these who in the 1920s aided in the establishment of the La Cosa Nostra (American Mafia). The other organized crime groups that are recognized by the FBI thereafter came into being.
The traditional organized criminal groups in the U.S. preyed on the ignorance as well as vulnerability of the people in the U.S. The immigrants are noted to have been the common victims of these organized criminal organizations. Their vulnerability was…...

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References

Bjelopera, J and Finklea, KM (2012).Organized Crime: An Evolving Challenge for U.S. Law Enforcement . Congressional research Service.

 http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41547.pdf 

Finklea, KM (2010).Organized Crime in the United States: Trends and Issues for Congress.Congressional research Service

 http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40525.pdf

Dark figure of crime is a term employed by criminologists and sociologists to describe the amount of unreported or undiscovered crime (Maguire & Reiner, 2007, p. 129). The notion of a dark figure undetected by standard crime reporting system casts doubt on the reliability of these systems. It also raises questions about the true magnitude of criminal activity in the United States.
The main source of crime data in the U.S. is the Uniform Crime Database, which is operated by the Federal ureau of Investigation. The UCR records crimes which are identified through the observation of a law-enforcement officer or reported by a victim or witness to law enforcement authorities. The UCR is not an exhaustive source of crime data because many crimes are neither observed by law enforcement officials nor reported by victims or witnesses.

There are two sources of crime data in the U.S. that try to ascertain the dark…...

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Bibliography

Lynch, J.P. & Addington, L.A. (2007). Understanding crime statistics: revisiting the divergence of the NCVS and UCR

Maguire, M., Morgan, R., & Reiner, R. (2007). The Oxford handbook of criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lewis, D.A., & Salem, G. (1986). Fear of crime: Incivility and the production of a social problem. New Brunswick, U.S.A: Transaction Books.

Lilly, R.J., Cullen, F.T., & Ball, R.A. (2007). Criminological theory: context and consequences

The second is the methods of work that must follow a quality certified system.
Overall System Design

Since the work relates to scientific study, a scientific temperament and better equipped laboratory is a must. For each section of the system dealing with major and minor investigations, appropriate equipments, modern electronic gadgets and data processing systems must be provided and they must also be upgraded frequently. The personnel must be trained in the use and proper management of digital forensic laboratories and high technology crime detection and investigation. These must be installed and maintained on turnkey approach. One suggestion is to contract a company which has experience in setting up the lab and turn over the installation to them. For example, the Pyramid Company provides turnkey contracts for setting up such Laboratories and Centres. (Pyramic Cyber, 2012) Such service providers would provide for the commissioning of equipments and tools as specified by…...

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References

ASCLD/LAB-International (2010) "Program Overview" Retrieved 14 November, 2012 from  http://www.ascld-lab.org/documents/AL-PD-3041.pdf 

CSTL. (2000) "Quality assurance standards for Forensicnda DNA Testing Laboratories"

Forensic Science Communications, vol. 2, no. 3, Retrieved 14 November, 2012 from  http://www.cstl.nist.gov/strbase/QAS/Final-FBI-Director-Forensic-Standards.pdf .

Forensic Access. (2011) "Quality management and quality standards support to the police:

Cyber Crimes
There are many different types of cybercrime committed. The general class of cybercrime reflects any crime that occurs over the Internet. These can range from hacking crimes to identity theft, and anybody or any entity that is online can be vulnerable to cybercrime. The list of ten major cybercrimes covers a wide range of crime types and victim types, highlighting the diverse range of criminal activity that falls under the category of cybercrime.

One of the cases identified in the video was that of Max Vision, a hacker who stole credit card information. Max Vision stole over two million credit card numbers, and was sentenced to a record 13-year sentence for this crime in 2010 (Poulsen, 2010). He had sold the stolen numbers to other criminals, and they racked up $86.4 million in fraudulent charges.

Vision was a cyber security consultant in the late 1990s, and was one of the leaders…...

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References

"10 Notorious cyber crimes" (2014). Alltime 10s./YouTube. Retrieved March 17, 2016 from  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0iaRn2WwPw 

Poulsen, K. (2010). Record 13-year sentence for Max Vision. Wired. Retrieved March 17, 2016 from  http://www.wired.com/2010/02/max-vision-sentencing/

M8D1: Global Crime and Regional Police
How can the police and law enforcement address transnational and globalization of crime given the current organizational mission and mandates of the police and law enforcement?

Include a discussion of the potential of "regionalizing" small police and law enforcement agencies.

It has been said that "transnational criminals have been one of the biggest beneficiaries of globalization…Globalization facilitates international trade but also increases the difficulty of regulating global trade…traffickers and smugglers have exploited this" as well as terrorists (Patrick 2012). Globalization has also facilitated the creation of terrorist networks connected by ideology rather than nationality. "Illicit networks are challenging to states because states are militarily and diplomatically organized to deal with other states. Governments around the world "have found it very hard to adapt to non-state or sovereignty-free actors" and perceive them s threats (Patrick 2012).

he problem with dealing with global, transnational threats it that traditionally law enforcement…...

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The phenomenon of 'citizen journalism' is a new one, spawned of new technology. Many people are keeping 'watch' on the police via photographs and videos that they take themselves. Others are even more radical and may try to engage in their own 'set ups,' such as proving how easy it is to breach security. "For individuals and groups who believe that mainstream news outlets do not accurately or fairly report the news, citizen journalism offers opportunities to present stories unmediated by professional journalists. However, citizen journalism presents real dangers both to individual organizations and people and perhaps to democracy itself. Among the skills that traditional journalistic practices require are unbiased news gathering, a separation of fact and opinion, and research skills" (Braunstein 2007). The proliferation of media channels in general makes it more difficult for law enforcement agencies to convey a coherent message to the public. Officers must maintain public trust through communicating directly with the public in an effective manner, given that trust is a cornerstone of policing.

Other, new methods of ensuring police accountability may be more crudely technical in nature. "In the past few years, more state legislatures and state supreme courts have created statutes and evidentiary rules that either mandate or strongly encourage audio or video recording of interrogations. More than half the states now have some rule on this topic. In 2010, that number is expected to grow" as will the use of in-car video systems "capable of recording an officer's activity for an entire ten-hour shift. Constant electronic recording of police activity may become the new core of police accountability" (Wallentine 2009). On one hand, many officers will find this frustrating; on the other hand it can be a way for officers to protect themselves against baseless charges of harassment. It may make evidence-gathering more difficult but also will reduce the chances of officers crossing the line and potentially getting evidence thrown out of court.

Technology has thus changed law enforcement and the perceptions of law enforcement. A final technology-related concern pertains not to perceptions of officers and the threats they pose but the threat of new types of crimes, specifically cyber-related crimes. Technology not only gives criminals enhanced ways to communicate: it also creates new forms of crime that solely take place online such as identity theft. Moreover, given that credit-reporting agencies require victims to issue an 'identity theft affidavit' and report the crime to the police to obtain restitution, the police are more involved than ever before in fighting 'virtual' threats to public safety (Newman 2004). Cyber harassment, using online venues to sell illegal goods,

The technology is extremely effective. In brief, crime mapping technology enables the police and other crime fighting agencies "... To analyze and correlate data sources to create a detailed snapshot of crime incidents and related factors within a community or other geographical area." (the Use of Computerized Crime Mapping by Law Enforcement)
Studies show that this technology is creating a positive response among law enforcement agencies and has many advantages over older methods of fighting crime. Among the many aspects of this method is the real-time analysis of crime data as well as the mapping of various critical crime areas using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. (Newsom G.)

One of the central advantages of this system is that it provides the ability to identify certain trends in crime and links between crimes. This is an important aspect as it provides crucial correlations between events and crimes which may occur in different…...

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Works Cited

Crime Mapping and Problem Analysis Laboratory. 16 September, 2006.  http://www.policefoundation.org/docs/crime_mapping.html 

Godwin M. Government: Cops on the I-Way. 1995. 16 September, 2006.  http://onlineethics.org/cases/lamacchia/godwin-cops-iway.html 

How can police agencies keep up with new technology? 2005. 15 September, 2006. http://www.gazette.rcmp.gc.ca/article-en.html?&article_id=91

Newsom G. Crime Mapping Technology. 16 September, 2006.  http://www.gavinnewsom.com/index.php?id=28

History Of Organized Crime
More than a century of motion pictures and more than a half-century of television productions have created a somewhat romanticized version of organized crime as typified in "The Godfather" series. Indeed, there is even a National Museum of Organized Crime and Law Enforcement, commonly known as "The Mob Museum" in Las Vegas which is a popular tourist destination (Green, 2013). The reality of organized crime, however, contrasts sharply with any romanticized depiction and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) emphasizes that organized crime is not only prevalent in the United States, it has become far more complex and broader in scope compared to the past. To determine the facts about the history of organized crime, this paper provides a background and overview followed by an analysis of some of the main sources of revenues for these criminal organizations. Finally, the paper concludes with an analysis of…...

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References

Calderon, F. (2015, Summer). Drug trafficking and organized crime: Connected but different. Harvard International Review, 36(4), 52-55.

Drug trafficking. (2016). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved from https:// www.unodc.org/unodc/en/drug-trafficking/.

Green, M. (2013, October 1). How the Mob (Museum) was won: Building a history of organized crime in the U.S. UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal, 17(2), 101-104.

Kelly, R. J. & Chin, K. L. (1999). Handbook of organized crime in the United States. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Technology, Terrorism, and Crime (APA).
Technology, Terrorism, and Crime

One of the most heinous terrorist groups currently operating in the U.S. In called the "Aryan Nations." This group openly states on their website that they have been "Fighting Jewish Takeover for over 35 years." (aryan-nation.org) This group of domestic terrorists post articles on their website with grammatically incorrect titles like "The menace of Multiculturalism," and "Jews that control Hollywood: Meet the filthy Kikes are behind that industry." (aryan-nation.org) There is no doubt that his group is one that is dedicated to ideals of Adolph Hitler and the supremacy of the Aryan race. This group has also used the latest technology to spread their message of hate.

The Aryan Nations is a far right white supremacist religious organization based on the teachings of Wesley Swift, who founded a church based on anti-Semitism in California in the 1940's. In the 1970's, ichard Girnt Butler founded…...

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References

"Aryan Nations/Church of Jesus Christ Christian." Extremism in America. Retrieved from  http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/aryan_nations.asp?xpicked=3&item=an 

Church of Jesus Christ Christian: Aryan Nations. Retrieved from  http://www.aryan-nation.org/ 

"Identity Theft." (2006, Jan. 5) Retrieved from  http://www.bloomshare.com/identity-theft/identity-theft-stories/identity-theft/ 

Squires, Jennifer, (2009, March 5). Aptos 'neighbors from hell' sentenced in massive ID theft case. Santa Cruz Sentinel. Retrieved from  http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/localnews/ci_11840106

There are several factors that may drive individuals to engage in cyber crime:

1. Financial gain: One of the most common motivations for engaging in cyber crime is financial gain. Cyber criminals may engage in activities such as stealing credit card information, hacking into bank accounts, or taking over online payment systems in order to profit from their crimes.

2. Revenge or retaliation: Some individuals may engage in cyber crime as a form of revenge or retaliation against individuals, companies, or organizations that they feel have wronged them. This can take the form of targeting specific individuals or organizations with a cyber....