Cybecime
Moden Scam:

A Summay of the Seven Most Theatening Scams of ou Geneation

Intended Audience

Cybecime:

Cybecime is a seious theat to continued use and eliance on the intenet. Fom bank accounts, to e-mail addesses and a myiad of passwod, if one is not caeful, identity theft, account beak-in, and othe such cybecimes can happen vey quickly, and with incedibly negative epecussions. This pape will aim to summaize the study "The Seven Scam Types: Mapping the Teain of Cybecime" by Ambe Stabek, Paul Wattes and Robet Layton at the Intenet Commece Secuity Laboatoy, and will also descibe the pupose of the study, its intended audience, and the vaious details given fo the eade, as well as tems and efeences.

Pupose of the Study

The pape's abstact stats by stating that the theat of cybecime is a gowing dange in today's economy. This is a stong statement, and claifies the pupose of the pape which the eade…...

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references, ranging from 1998 and 2010, so most of them are relatively recent. They are, furthermore, all topical, and among them there are some efforts to other studies, and the entities mentioned in the introductions above, i.e. The Australian Bureau of Statistic and the Australian Centre for Policing Research. However, authors also reference themselves, in A., Stabek, S., Brown, and P., Watters, "The case for a consistent cyberscam classification Framework," in First Cybercrime and Trustworthy Computing Workshop, 2009, further cements the authors' authority.

Conclusions

Cybercrime is certainly one of the most serious modern threats in today's world and the paper referenced throughout the paragraphs above only proves this, and does so in a very organized, well-documented way. Thus, by offering a clear strategy and organizational structure, "The Seven Scam Types: Mapping the Terrain of Cybercrime" by Amber Stabek, Paul Watters and Robert Layton at the Internet Commerce Security Laboratory successfully achieves its purpose of introducing a strategy in order to standardize scam incidents.

Cyber Crime
Malicious activities like identity theft, harassment and phishing activities are conducted by the cyber criminals by making use of the anonymous context of the cyber world to their advantage. Phishing scams are conducted in such a manner by the scammers that websites are created by them and emails are sent out in order to trick the account holders into revealing sensitive information like passwords and account numbers. These crimes are usually solved by the investigators in such a manner that they back trap the IP addresses on the basis of the data which is present in the header of these anonymous emails. Although, at times the information which is gathered from the IP address isn't enough to identify the culprit in case that the information is sent from a proxy server or if the computer used to send the email has more than one user (Fouss et al., 2010).

The…...

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References

Abbasi, A. And Chen, H. (2009). A comparison of tools for detecting fake websites, IEEE Computer, 42 (10), pp. 78 -- 86

Abbasi, A., Zhang, Z., Zimbra, D., Chen, H. And Nunamaker, J.F. Jr. (2010). Detecting fake websites: the contribution of statistical learning theory, MIS Quarterly, 34 (3), pp. 435 -- 461.

Fouss, F. Achbany, Y. And Saerens, M. (2010). A probabilistic reputation model based on transaction ratings. Information Sciences, 180 (11), pp. 2095 -- 2123.

Hu, Q., An, S. And Yu, D. (2010). Soft fuzzy rough sets for robust feature evaluation and selection. Information Sciences, 180 (22), pp. 4384 -- 4400

Most of these systems should be programmed to prompt for username and password in order grant access.
This is therefore a way of providing verification to the user. The passwords should be changed regularly in order to make the system more secure. The password should comprise of very hard-

to- guess alpha numeric characters

Organizational techniques of prevention

In order to combat cyber crime, various governments and organizations should come up with special departments and units that target cybercrime. An example would be the setting up of Cybercrime Prevention and Fighting Center by the Taiwanese government so as to tackle cyber crime (Chung et al., 2004). Special cyber crime prevention units should be set up by various governments in order to deal with the menace. Organizations must take various necessary to protect their interests. The initial step is to understand the seriousness of the threats caused by cyber crimes to the organizational data,…...

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References

Chung, W., Chen, H., Chang, W., & Chou, S. (2006). Fighting cybercrime: A

review and the Taiwan experience, Decision Support Systems, 41 (3),

669-682.

Cobbs, RW (2003). Cyber Security: The Status of Information Security and the Effects of the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) at NASA

In this scenario, "if a bad guy wants to take over an account, he'll have someone else speak in a different language in a different location, and that's all they do. Their expertise is calling financial institutions for social engineering" (Piazza 2006). According to Piazza (2006), cybercrime consists of any crime a person commits by using a computer or computer technology. He classifies various types of cybercrime into four primary categories, which include:
unauthorized access to computer programs and files, unauthorized disruption, theft of identity, and carrying out of traditional offenses, such as distribution of child pornography, using a computer (Piazza 2006).

Ditzion, Geddes and Rhodes (2003) contend that due to the myriad of diverse computer related offenses, nothing less than the definition by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) would suffice. The DOJ generally defines computer crime as "any violations of criminal law that involve a knowledge of computer technology…...

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Bibliography

Bartlett, John, comp. Familiar Quotations, 10th ed, rev. And enl. By Nathan Haskell Dole. Boston: Little, Brown, 1919; Bartleby.com, 2000.

A www.bartleby.com/100/.Available from: March 2008].http://www.lib.flinders.edu.au/services/infolit/nureference.pdf[08

Brenner, Susan W. "At Light Speed" Attribution and Response to Cybercrime/terrorism/warfare." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 97.2 (2007): 379+. Questia. Available from:   March 2008].http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5021769883 [08

Computer Crime & Intellectual Property Section United States Department of Justice 2008. Available from:   March 2008].http://www.cybercrime.gov/reporting.htm [08

Part of the problem is that America's national crime reporting systems, such as the National Incident-Based Crime eporting System and the Uniform Crime eport Program managed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in cooperation with thousands of U.S. law enforcement agencies, do not specifically identify or distinguish between many forms of online crimes. Nor do they effectively distinguish between traditional in-person forms of crime that are substantially facilitated by online activities of offenders.
Victimization surveys also generally do not ask questions about specific computing and telecommunication technologies involved in crimes that have been committed, though this is beginning to change. Since 2001, the U.S. Department of Justice has conducted specific studies of cybercrime against business and identity theft. esults of this research suggest that millions of businesses and households are affected by online crimes each year. For example, of 7,818 businesses surveyed in National Computer Security Survey by the…...

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References

Amber Stabek, Paul Watters and Robert Layton, (2010). The Seven Scam Types: Mapping the Terrain of Cybercrime. Internet Commerce Security Laboratory, University of Ballarat, Mt Helen, Australia.

McQuade, S.C. (2006). Understanding and managing cybercrime. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

McQuade, S.C. (2009). The Seven Scam Types: Mapping the Terrain of Cybercrime. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

McQuade, S.C., & Sampat, N.M. (2008). RIT survey of internet and at-risk behaviors. Rochester, NY: Rochester Institute of Technology.

Cyber Crime Task Force
"Are computer vulnerabilities growing faster than measures to reduce them? Carelessness in protecting oneself, tolerance of bug-filled software, vendors selling inadequately tested products, or the unappreciated complexity of network connectivity has led to…abuse…" (Lukasik, 2011).

The evidence is overwhelming that cyber crimes are not only increasing each year, but the sophistication of the attacks is greater each year and the impacts of attacks are more severe each year as well. hile cyber criminals' activities are taking a greater toll around the world -- and in St. Louis -- there is a great need to organize a Cyber Crime Task Force that incorporates appropriate private and public agencies, including law enforcement, the FBI, the U.S. Attorney's Office in St. Louis, and other relevant organizations. Thesis: Cyber crimes are happening at a faster rate than ever before and the attacks are taking a greater impact each year. Unless strategies and…...

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Works Cited

Bhaskar, R. (2006). State and Local Law Enforcement is not Ready for a Cyber Katrina.

Communications of the ACM, 49(2), 81-83.

Buck, C. (2014). Credit Cards to get security chip upgrade. The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved

February 10, 2014, from http://www.sacbee.com.

These "stepping stone" computes can be located anywhee in the physical wold because eal-space is ielevant to activity in cybespace (Benne, 379)." The use of stepping stones can make it difficult fo law enfocement to find whee an attack actually oiginated.
As was peviously mentioned in this discussion, Hackes ae often used by companies to develop stonge secuity. Hackes often pefect thei techniques at conventions that also featue hacking competitions. The competitions ae usually sponsoed by lage oganizations and challenge the Hackes to see if they can beak the companies pogamming codes o hack into thei systems. Accoding to an aticle found in the Yale Law Jounal

The contests ae popula among hackes. One contest...logged almost 20,000 attacks. The companies caefully tailo thei competitions to the paticipants' motivations. Moe than a passing fad, competitions ae inceasingly pevalent, and some of them ae annual affais. Companies continue to put contests to new…...

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references and Deter Computer Crime." Yale Law Journal 112.6 (2003): 1577+.

Yang, Debra Wong, and Brian M. Hoffstadt. "Countering the Cyber-Crime Threat." American Criminal Law Review 43.2 (2006): 201+.

Since the late 1980s, the Council has addressed the growing international concern over computer-related crimes. In 1997, it established a Committee of Experts on Crime in Cyberspace (PC-CY) to begin drafting a binding Convention to facilitate international cooperation in the investigation and prosecution of computer crimes. The United States actively participated in both the drafting and plenary sessions (Chawki).
The Convention stipulates actions targeted at national and inter-governmental levels, directed to prevent unlawful infringement of computer system functions. It divides cybercrime into: hacking of computer systems, fraud, forbidden content (racist websites and child porn content) and breaking copyright laws. The Convention has been signed by 32 European and non-European States and ratified by nine. However, the Convention on Cybercrime is, so far, the only internationally binding legal basis for strengthened cooperation worldwide.

At the Eleventh United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in Bangkok on April 26, 2005, it…...

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References

Chawki, Mohamed. Critical Look at the Regulation of Cybercrime. 2005. Retrieved April 26, 2005. http://www.iehei.org/bibliotheque/CriticalLookattheRegulationofCybercrime.doc

Denning, Dorothy. Cyberterrorism. Testimony before the Special Oversight Panel on Terrorism Committee on Armed Services U.S. House of Representatives.

May 23, 2000. Retrieved April 26, 2005.  http://www.cs.georgetown.edu/~denning/infosec/cyberterror.html 

Goldstein, Emmanuel. "Hackers in Jail," 2600 Magazine, 6.1, Spring 1989, np.

Cybercrime is a term that is used to refer to criminal activities involving the use of computers or computer networks as tools, target, or places of criminal offenses. This type of crime incorporates electronic cracking, denial of service attacks, and traditional offenses where computers and computer networks are used for conducting illegal and illicit activities. Throughout the world, cybercrime has been reported as amongst the most significant and widely used revenue sectors for global organized crime. This type of criminal activity is primarily divided into two main sides i.e. The generation side and the victimization side. In the context of national security, cybercrime involves traditional espionage, hacktivism, and/or information warfare and related activities.
In the past 10 years, cybercrime has emerged as a serious security threat across the globe because of its nature and the environment in which it's conducted. The predominance of this type of crime has resulted in various…...

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References:

"Cyber Crime: A Clear and Present Danger -- Combating the Fastest Growing Cyber Security

Threat." (2010, January 25). Deloitte Development. Retrieved March 12, 2012, from http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-UnitedStates/Local%20Assets/Documents/AERS/us_aers_Deloitte%20Cyber%20Crime%20POV%20Jan252010.pdf

"Cyber Crime Strategy." (2010, March). Home Office. Retrieved from Office of Public Sector

Information -- UK Government website:  http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm78/7842/7842.pdf

Cybercrime has become a serious problem in the world we live in. The abundance of personal computers that are readily available at relatively low prices has spawned the growth in Cybercrime all over the globe. As a result, law enforcement agencies have developed cybercrime forensics which is designed to track down those that are responsible for cyber crimes. The purpose of this discussion is to analyze this subject and discuss the consequences and effects through evidence and reason. Let us begin our discussion with a description of cybercrime and cybercrime forensics.
Cybercrime and Cybercrime forensics

Cybercrime involves a plethora of crimes including everything from the creation and spreading of worms and viruses to identity theft. According to the Department of Justice cybercrime is defined as "any violations of criminal law that involve a knowledge of computer technology for their perpetration, investigation, or prosecution (Ditzion, et al.)." More specifically cybercrimes that have taken…...

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Bibliography

Crump, Catherine. "Data Retention: Privacy, Anonymity, and Accountability Online." Stanford Law Review 56.1 (2003): 191+.

Ditzion, Robert, Elizabeth Geddes, and Mary Rhodes. "Computer Crimes." American Criminal Law Review 40.2 (2003): 285+.

Jacobson, Heather, and Rebecca Green. "Computer Crimes." American Criminal Law Review 39.2 (2002): 273+. Questia.

Kruse W., Heiser, J. What Exactly Is Computer Forensics?. 11 September 2005  http://www.developer.com/java/other/article.php/3308361

Cyber Crime: Threats and Preventive Measures / Cyber Crime: A ising Problem
Methods Used to Commit Cyber Crime

Methods Used to prevent Cyber Crime

The area of cybercrime is growing rapidly. An increasing number of criminal-minded individuals are taking advantage of the unrecognizability, speed, and convenience offered by the Internet, for perpetrating a variety of crimes, which know no bounds, either virtual or physical, causing grave harm and posing very real risks to victims across the globe. New cybercrime trends crop up every now and again, costing the world economy several billion dollars. Earlier, cybercrime was largely perpetrated by small groups or individuals. Of late, however, the world is witnessing extremely advanced cybercriminal networks that combine real-time efforts of individuals from all over the world to perpetrate web-based offenses on an extraordinary scale (Sundaram & Umarhathab, 2011).

Methods Used to Commit Cyber Crime

Criminal groups increasingly resort to the World Wide Web for facilitating their…...

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References

Interpol. (2015). Connecting Police for a Safer World. Retrieved from   / on 8th December, 2015.http://www.interpol.int 

Norton. (2015). Online Fraud: Phishing. Retrieved from on 8th December, 2015.http://in.norton.com/cybercrime-phishingcom/cybercrime-phishing

Reyes, A., Brittson, R., Shea, K.O., & Steele, J. (2011). Cyber Crime Investigations: Bridging the Gaps between Security Professionals, Law Enforcement, and Prosecutors. USA: Syngress.

Schuette, B. (2015). Consumer Alert. Retrieved from   --, 00.html on 8th December, 2015.http://www.michigan.gov/ag/0,4534,7-164-17337-252538 

Think of a bank o motgage company who is hacked, and the amount of pesonal data that can be downloaded and used elsewhee ("Cybe Investigations"). In addition, many hackes come into govenmental o business computes and cash those seves, place viuses, bots, Tojans, email bombs, etc. -- o mine the data o manipulate the data -- whee fo competitive advantage o simply "as a pank," this is all pat of this gene of seious Cybecime (Wall, 2007).
Because of this plethoa of cybecime, Fedeal, State, and Local agencies continue to ty to cutail the effots of these ciminals. Pivate copoations continually change thei softwae and secuity potocol, but it is taking a geat deal moe complex codes to keep Cybeciminals out (Moeau, 2006). Most States, in fact, have thei own Cybecime units, most especially (at the State and Local level) to act in a moe tactical manne. Because of the…...

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references in:

 http://www.bcs.org/server.php?show=nav.8272 

Cain. M. (2003), "Managing Technology," cited in:

http://search.ebschohost.com.ezproxy.apollo.library.

Carvajal, Doreen, (4/6/08), "The Evolution of CyberCrime, Inc.," International

Cyber Crime
Cybercrime has been a hot button topic in recent years. A crime involving digital services or computers, cybercrimes typically is when someone targets a computer for a crime, uses a computer as a tool for a crime, or has computer containing evidence of a crime. Since the rise of information technology, cybercrime has become taken center stage as a shift in criminal activity means more criminals doing business online and using computers or attacking computers as a result of it. Criminal investigators and law enforcement have thus begun efforts to control prevent and investigate cyber activities to avoid major problems for the Government, agencies, organizations, and individuals. As one article put it, it is a battleground. "The digital world has become a battleground for the forces of good and evil. There is an ever increasing awareness that the digital world provides an unlimited opportunity to further one's goals" (Gregory…...

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References

Dez-elan, T. & Vobic, I. (2016). (R)evolutionizing political communications through social media. IGI Global.

Doerner, W. & Lab, S. (2014). Victimology (7th ed., p. 15). Routledge.

Dunn Cavelty, M. (2014). Breaking the Cyber-Security Dilemma: Aligning Security Needs and Removing Vulnerabilities. Sci Eng Ethics, 20(3), 701-715.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-014-9551-y 

Gedikli, M. (2014). Improvements of cyberspace and effects to the battlefield.Cyber Sensing 2014.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2053356

Contemporary Cyber-warfare Cases Studies

In 2011, the Center for Strategic and International Studies published Significant Cyber Incidents Since 2006 (Lewis, 2011) as part of its Cyber and Internet Policy, Technology and Public Policy Program. Among the incidents detailed in that report, referenced by their year of occurrence:

2007

After officials in former-Soviet Estonia removed a World War II memorial from its capital city of Tallinn in the Spring of 2007, a large-scale cyber-attack disabled the websites and computer networks of Estonia's government offices, the office of the president, the Estonian Parliament, police facilities, news organizations, two of Estonia's largest financial institutions.

United States Secretary of Defense, Robert Gates, confirmed has his unclassified email account had been successfully hacked. Subsequent investigation identified that attack as having originated directly from the People's Liberation Army in China.

As German Chancellor, Angela Merkel visits China, German, French, and ritish government computer systems suffer a major attack on their respective…...

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Bibliography

Baker, W., Hylender, C., and Valentine, J. (2008) Verizon Business Data Breach

Investigation Report. Accessed 29 October 2011 from:

 http://www.verizonbusiness.com/resources/security/databreachreport.pdf 

Dyer, C., McCoy, R., Rodriguez, J., and Van Duyn, D. "Countering Violent Islamic

cybercrime and cyberterrorism? How should we respond to these if we detect them?
Although 'cybercrime' and 'cyberterrorism' have had flexible definitions in common legal and corporate parlance, perhaps the best way to define these 'cyber' criminal and security issues are to focus on the fact that 'cyber' refers to anything taking place in the world of cyber, or virtual rather than physical space. Cybercrime is thus using a computer and cyberspace specifically as a tool to commit a crime, a crime that could not otherwise be committed without a computer. For instance, merely stealing a computer is not a cybercrime, for the stealing of tangible goods is something that has always existed. Nor is using a computer to type up and print out false receipts with a word-processing program, as if that computer was a typewriter. However, hacking into an online system to access credit card numbers and other criminally…...

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Works Cited

Cybercrime: The Internet as Crime Scene." (2004) Retrieved on June 26, 2004 at http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/315/315lect12.htm

Newman, Robert C. (2003). Enterprise Security. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Krasavin, Serge. (2004) "What is Cyberterrorism?" Computer Crime Research Center. (CCRC). Retrieved on June 26, 2004 at  http://crime-research.org/library/Cyber-terrorism.htm

There are several steps individuals can take to protect themselves from falling victim to cyber crime:

1. Keep software and operating systems up to date: Regularly updating software and operating systems helps to patch security vulnerabilities that cyber criminals could exploit.

2. Use strong, unique passwords: Create strong passwords that are difficult to guess and use a different password for each online account. Consider using a password manager to securely store and manage passwords.

3. Enable two-factor authentication: Two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security by requiring a second form of verification, such as a one-time code sent to your phone, in....

There are several factors that may drive individuals to engage in cyber crime:

1. Financial gain: One of the most common motivations for engaging in cyber crime is financial gain. Cyber criminals may engage in activities such as stealing credit card information, hacking into bank accounts, or taking over online payment systems in order to profit from their crimes.

2. Revenge or retaliation: Some individuals may engage in cyber crime as a form of revenge or retaliation against individuals, companies, or organizations that they feel have wronged them. This can take the form of targeting specific individuals or organizations with a cyber....

1. Financial Gain

The primary motivation for cyber crime is financial gain. Cybercriminals use various methods, such as phishing, malware, ransomware, and hacking, to steal money and personal information from individuals and businesses. Financial gain can be a powerful incentive for individuals to engage in cyber crime, especially when they are facing financial difficulties or seeking quick profits.

2. Identity Theft

Cyber criminals often engage in identity theft to steal personal information, such as names, addresses, social security numbers, and credit card details. This information can be used to commit fraud, open new accounts, or access financial assets. Identity theft can have devastating....

Cybersecurity Laws: Impact on the Future of Internet Security Introduction

With the burgeoning reliance on the internet and its manifold services, cybersecurity has emerged as a paramount concern. Malicious actors are constantly devising sophisticated strategies to exploit vulnerabilities in digital systems, leading to data breaches, identity theft, financial fraud, and a myriad of other cybercrimes.

In response to these threats, governments worldwide have enacted increasingly stringent cybersecurity laws. These laws aim to enhance the security of the internet, protect user data, and hold perpetrators of cybercrimes accountable. However, the implications of such legislation on the future of internet security remain a subject of....