Cultural Intelligence
In today's increasingly culturally diverse world, cultural competence, or what has become known as "cultural intelligence (CQ)" has received increasing research attention. Several authors, with various purposes and audiences, have developed assessment instruments to help individuals and groups understand their level of cultural intelligence. Included among these is the instrument developed by Earley and Mosakowski (2004), under the title "Diagnosing Your Cultural Intelligence."

Earley and Mosakowski's instrument addresses three areas of CQ: The cognitive, the physical, and the emotional/motivational. The cognitive component can be regarded as the "head" of cultural competence. On a cognitive level, this areas focuses on an individual's understanding of differences between cultures. This involves asking questions and investigations to identify any differences that might exist among cultures. Being aware of these on a cognitive level can greatly enhance a person's ability to understand and interact with foreign cultures.

The physical component focuses on a person's ability to…...

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References

Earley, P.C. & Mosakowski, E. 2004. 'Cultural intelligence', Harvard Business Review, 82 (10), October, pp.139-146 [Online]

Mendenhall, Mark. 2007. Global Leadership: Research, Practice and Development. Routledge.

While it is clear that these authors were trying to present a great deal of information in a limited space, a task which necessarily calls for some oversimplification at times, acknowledging that there are far deeper issues that can arise when two or more cultures clash would go far in making this argument more powerful. The complexities and varying types of diversity do not create simple issues, and even as these issues of diversity become better understood, the actions that must be taken to foster cultural intelligence are none the less highly complex (Hays-Thomas 2004; Earley & Mosakowski 2004). This is somewhat acknowledged by the authors in a direct sense, but the scenarios as they describe them and the solutions provided in terms of better behaviors seem to belie this acknowledgement.
I fully agree with the author's conclusions that cultural intelligence, while possessed to greater levels by some than by…...

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References

Earley, P. & Mosakowski, E. (2004). "Cultural intelligence." Harvard business review (October), pp. 1-9.

Hays-Thomas, R. (2004). "Why now? The contemporary focus on managing diversity." In Stockdale, M. & Crosby, F. The psychology and management of workplace diversity. Malden, MA: Wiley.

Cultural Intelligence Culture matters not just to people but also to organizations. There is always going to be an organizational culture in which people work and operate, a culture that reinforces how they interact with others and provides them with a sense of what values are appropriate and what ethical principles they should align their actions. Yet when one talks about cultural intelligence one is talking about cultural understanding, i.e., one’s knowledge of other cultures, the values that are promoted in other cultures, the experiences, ideals, worldview, and sense of identity that can be found in other cultures. Why is this important for a person in a leadership position or in human resources? The answer is easy: connecting with others, relating with them, and interacting with them in an effective manner can best be achieved if one is open to and understanding of that person’s culture. In other words, the more…...

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References

Earley, P. C., & Mosakowski, E. (2004). Cultural intelligence. Harvard Business Review, 82(10), 139-146.

Kühne, B. (2016). Mattel’s Second Attempt to Crack the Chinese Market: Will China

Embrace the American Barbie Doll This Time?. In Market Entry in China (pp. 147-163). Springer, Cham.

Performance ManagementPerformance management is an important aspect of every organization, and when it comes to expatriates, it can be a major challenge due to the unique issues that arise when people from different cultures and backgrounds are integrated into a new workplace. As a result of these challenges, the five key variables that managers should consider in an expatriate performance management system are cultural intelligence, adjustment and adaptability, job performance, leadership and team integration, and contribution to the home office.Cultural Intelligence (CQ)The ability of an expatriate to interpret unfamiliar gestures and actions in the same way as people from the host country is part of what it means to have cultural intelligence (CQ) (DSouza, ). This requires a solid understanding of the cultural nuances, social norms, and business practices of the host country. When assessing an expatriate\\\'s performance, their CQ should be a critical factor. Companies should consider the expatriate\\\'s…...

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ReferencesAndrus, M., Spitzer, E., Brown, J., & Xiang, A. (2021, March). What we can\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'t measure, we can\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'t understand: challenges to demographic data procurement in the pursuit of fairness. In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency (pp. 249-260).D\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'Souza, J. B. (2022). Cultural Intelligence to Cultural Adaptation of Expatriates in Thailand. rEFLections, 29(3), 739-760.Nolan, E. (2023). The cultural adjustment of self-initiated expatriate doctors working and living in Ireland. Cogent Business & Management, 10(1), 2164138.

ebuttal to Group 1 PositionIntegrating cultural and human geographic concepts into military and intelligence operations is something to consider, but it is also important to be critical of the idea and understand potential risks and implications. Some of these risks include the possibility for misinterpretation and over-generalization, exploitations, historical oversights, cultural reductionism and over-emphasis on operational efficiency at the expense of long-term stability.For example, human geography is helpful in some cases but it can also be subject to misinterpretation. Over-reliance on the Human Terrain System (HTS) or any other such tool can oversimplify situations. Because cultures are complex, a rigid system is unlikely to capture the nuances of the reality. For this reason, these systems can contribute to faulty intelligence. Likewise, too much emphasis on understanding regional cultures could lead to false senses of security. Indeed, the assumption was that the U.S. military had taken steps after 9/11 to be…...

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ReferencesWirtz, J. J. (2023). Are Intelligence Failures Still Inevitable?. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, 1-24.

Tourism Management
The impact of technology and the increase of international travel and exploration, the global environment has provided a landscape that depends on the knowledge of other culture. The differences among the human race are everywhere and the denotation of such individualities create challenges for those wishing to attain a successful career based in international exposure.

The purpose of this essay is to explore various themes and ideas that relate to cross-cultural management theory applied in a practical and pragmatic manner. This essay aims to answer the following question:

Which international skills, knowledge, behaviours and experiences will be advantageous in the development of my future career?

My future career selection is not quite clear at this time but I have narrowed it down to becoming involved in hotel management in Central America. This essay will first examine the basics of culture to help give a theoretical background to my proposed set of…...

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References

Branine, M. (2011). Managing across cultures: Concepts, policies and practices. Sage.

Crowne, K.A. (2008). What leads to cultural intelligence?. Business Horizons,51(5), 391-399.

De Bono, S., & Van Der Heijden, B. (2011). Managing cultural diversity. Meyer & Meyer Verlag.

Duncan, T. (2005). Current issues in the global hospitality industry. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 5(4), 359-366.

Essay Topic Examples
1. The Impact of Cultural Values on Consumer urchasing Decisions:
    Explore how deep-rooted cultural values shape consumer preferences and behaviors. Discuss the effect of traditions, family structures, religious beliefs, and societal expectations on the types of products consumers feel compelled to purchase, as well as the brands they remain loyal to.

2. Materialism and Cultural Shifts: A Global erspective:
    Analyze the phenomenon of increasing materialism and how it is tied to cultural shifts in various societies. Examine the role of Western culture in promoting consumerism and the ways this is adopted, adapted, or resisted by other cultures around the world.

3. Consumerism and the Role of Social Media Across Cultures:
    Investigate how social media platforms, omnipresent across numerous cultures, influence consumer habits and purchasing patterns. Consider how culture-specific expressions of consumerism are spread and sometimes altered through social media interactions.

4. The Intersection of Culture and Sustainability in Consumerism:
    Delve into the cultural dimensions of…...

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Primary Sources

Belk, Russell W. \"Possessions and the Extended Self.\" Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 15, no. 2, 1988, pp. 139-168.

Hofstede, Geert. \"Culture\'s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations.\" Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2001.

Tian, Kelly Tepper, and Russell W. Belk. \"Extended Self and Possessions in the Workplace.\" Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 25, no. 2, 1998, pp. 179-196.

Askegaard, Søren, and Eric J. Arnould. \"Cultural Production and Consumption Systems in Family Food Consumption: An Analysis of Beef in Bourdieusian Perspective.\" Advances in Consumer Research, vol. 28, no. 1, 2001, pp. 95-100.

Nakata, Cheryl, and K. Sivakumar. \"National Culture and New Product Development: An Integrative Review.\" Journal of Marketing, vol. 63, no. 1, 1999, pp. 61-72.

Essay Topic Examples
1. The Influence of Cultural Values on Consumer Spending Habits:
     This essay explores how deep-rooted cultural values shape consumer spending patterns. For instance, examining the extent to which a culture's emphasis on communal living versus individualism affects the types of products purchased, and how marketing strategies are tailored to resonate with these values.

2. Impact of Globalization on Indigenous Consumer ractices:
     This topic delves into the effects of globalization on consumerism within indigenous and traditional communities. It assesses how exposure to global markets transforms local consumer habits and the tension between maintaining cultural authenticity and adopting new consumeristic trends.

3. Cultural Constructs and Their Influence on Sustainable Consumerism:
     This essay examines how different cultural constructs either support or hinder sustainable consumerism. It investigates the role of cultural awareness in promoting environmental-friendly consumption practices and the resistance or acceptance of "green" products across various cultures.

4. Material Culture: The…...

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Primary Sources

Baudrillard, Jean. The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. Sage Publications, 1998.

Ger, Güliz, and Russell W. Belk. \"I\'d like to buy the world a Coke: Consumptionscapes of the \'less affluent world\'.\" Journal of Consumer Policy 19.3 (1996): 271-304.

Holt, Douglas B. \"How brands become icons: The principles of cultural branding.\" Journal of Advertising 34.3 (2005): 27-34.

Wilkinson, John. \"The globalization of agribusiness and developing world food systems.\" Monthly Review 50.5 (1998): 103-114.

Appadurai, Arjun. \"Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy.\" Theory, Culture & Society, vol. 7, no. 2-3, Sage Publications Ltd, 1990, pp. 295–310.

Cultural Experience
Description

The event is more a series of events. I went on vacation with some friends to Miami, and while not everything I experienced on that trip would count as a cultural experience, there is little question that there were some very different experiences. There was the visit to the Haitian restaurant, for example, but the event that stands out the most was my visit to Calle Ocho, the old Cuban neighborhood. As Korean student I find it challenging enough to deal with mainstream American culture, but Hispanic culture is completely different again, so this experience provided me with an interesting counterpoint to my usual experiences in the United States.

In this neighborhood, if people can speak English they do not admit it. There are coffee windows where strong, sugary shots of Cuban coffee and cafe con leche are dispensed to passers-by in a hurry. There are old men playing dominos…...

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Works Cited:

Devine, P. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 56 (1) 5-18.

Geert Hofstede.com (2012). National culture. Geert-Hofstede.com. Retrieved May 7, 2012 from  http://geert-hofstede.com 

Hofstede, G. (1983). The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories. Journal of International Business Studies. Vol. 14 (Fall 1983) 75-89.

Mallol, C., Holtom, B. & Lee, T. (2007). Job embeddedness in a culturally diverse environment. Journal of Business Psychology. Vol. 22, 35-44.

Franks (along with the Bush war cabinet, including Vice President Dick Chaney) "met repeatedly" to plan the attack on Iraq. It was groupthink through and through. At the same time Bush was saying publicly he was "pursuing a diplomatic solution" (Hamilton, 2004), "intensive war planning" was going on during the whole year 2002. It "created its own momentum" in the administration, Hamilton wrote.
In oodward's book, which was recognized as conveying authentic details about the Bush war planning and strategies, he covers much of the pre-war discussions Bush had with top members of his administration, along with decisions Bush made on his own and with help from people like his Foreign Policy Advisor, Condoleezza Rice. But according to an excerpt from oodward's book, Bush waited until the last minute (among his top staff) to brief Secretary of State Colin Powell, who had not been an advocate of going to war,…...

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Works Cited

Bar-Joseph, Uri, and Levy, Jack S. 2009, 'Conscious Action and Intelligence Failure', Political Science Quarterly, vol. 124, no. 3, pp. 461-489.

Bar-Joseph, Uri. 1995, Intelligence Intervention in the Politics of Democratic States: The United States, Israel, and Britain. The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, Pennsylvania.

Gentry, John a. 2008, 'Intelligence Failure Reframed', Political Science Quarterly, vol. 123, no. 2, pp. 247-260.

Hamilton, William. 2004. 'Bush Began to Plan War Three Months After 9/11.' Washington Post, April 17, 2004, p. A01.

Each customer's predictive score informs actions to be taken with that customer. usiness intelligence just doesn't get more actionable than that." (Siegel, 2009)
Predictive analytics involves: (1) a focus on actions; (2) rapid deployment; and (3) engagement of business and IT. (Siegel, 2009) Decision management is characterized by: (1) a focus on decisions; (2) the combination of business rules with analytics; and (3) putting predictive analytics to work. (Siegel, 2009) Irwin Speizer writes that there is a "new generation of workforce-planning tools" that offer great promise through the use of "sophisticated software and data-rich predictive-modeling techniques..." (Speizer, 2006) It is stated that the study of "internal staffing history and skill sets, external and internal business trends, demographic data and other variables" that the HR leader can "predict a company's talent-related needs years into the future." (Speizer, 2006)

V. Summary & Conclusion

Starbucks did manage to negotiate their way successfully through the events…...

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Bibliography

Kaczmarczyk, Pawel and Lewicki, Mikolaj (2007) "Lost In Transformation."

Cultural Encounters In Multinational Corporations Investing In Central And Eastern Europe. DIOSCURI Final Conference, Institute for Human Sciences, Vienna. 20-22 April. 20007. Online available at:

Fellner, Kim (2008) Private Sector: Starbucks Leaner, Meaner. 8 Jul 2008. Post-Gazette.com Business. Online available at:  http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08190/895381-28.stm 

O'Neill, Brendan (2009) Israel, Starbucks and the New Irrationalism. 14 Jan 2009. War In Gaza. SPIKED.com. online available at:  http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/site/article/6103/

Cultural Sensitivity and Language Use
Simply talking about culture can be like entering a minefield. Even the use of the word 'articulate' or praising an African-American's 'intelligence' can be questionable. The use of language is so powerful -- and so controversial -- because it can unintentionally unmask great deal about the speaker's unconscious attitudes towards race, as well as his or her conscious attitudes. "It's like weight loss. The last few pounds are the hardest to get rid of. It's the last vestiges of racism that are hard to get rid of," said one African-American comedian, despairing of how he is often called 'articulate' as if this is surprising and marvelous (Clementson 2007). Even in the upper echelons of power, at organizations such as Goldman Sachs, it is not uncommon for an African-American candidate to be labeled 'articulate' (as if that is a surprise, given the level of accomplishment one must…...

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References

Clementson, Lynette. (2007). The racial politics of speaking well. The New York Times.

Retrieved:  http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/04/weekinreview/04clemetson.html?_r=2 

Three Rivers, Amoja. (1996). Cultural etiquette. Communities. Retrieved:

 http://communities.ic.org/articles/1024/Cultural_Etiquette

While it is almost certain that intelligence ahs a neurological basis, the extent to which intelligence is determined by neurological and chemical changes is not fully understood. A recent study suggests that changing hormone levels prior to and during puberty have a large effect on intelligence; high salivary testosterone levels in ten-year-old boys showed a positive correlation with intelligence, but a negative correlation in twelve-year-olds (Shangguan & Shi 2009). This shows that intelligence can be quite fluid, and can even be affected quite differently by the same mechanisms. The exact nature of the changing influence testosterone seems to provide or signal is not known, but the correlation demands further study.
These three different research studies display very different theories of intelligence. In the first study, accepted methods of cognitive relationships with the environment are valid, if perhaps somewhat inaccurate at the extremes of the intelligence spectrum. The second study points…...

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References

CJ. (2009). "Working memory predicts learning outcomes." Psychologist 22910), pp. 827.

Shangguan, F. & Shi, J. (2009). "Puberty timing and fluid intelligence: A study of correlations between testosterone and intelligence in 8- to 12-year-old Chinese boys." Psychoneuroendocrinology 34(7), pp. 983-8.

Whitaker, S. & Wood, J. (2007). "The Distribution of Scaled Scores and Possible Floor Effects on the WISC-III and WAIS-III." Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities, 21(2), pp. 136-41.

Emotional Intelligence (EI) Defined. Despite the common usage of defining intelligence in terms of numbers there are many psychologists that do not agree with the concept that intelligence is measurable and quantifiable and representative strictly on the basis of cognition. Some theorists believe that intelligence not only includes analytical and problem solving ability but creativity and practical problem solving components as well. In fact there are even some theorists who have totally abandoned the idea of measuring intelligence and purport that intelligence is not measurable visa via a pencil and paper test. These particular theorists believe that ethnicity, cultural heritage, and even religious factors (i.e., Emotional Intelligence factors) have a tremendous influence on that which is commonly called the Intelligence Quotient. More than likely the safest way in which to view intelligence is to consider the concept as one being influenced by dietary factors, physical and mental exercise, emotional states,…...

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References

Kolb, D.A. (1984). Experimental Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Mayer, J.D., DiPaolo, M.T., and Salovey, P. (1990). Perceiving affective content in ambiguous visual stimuli: A component of emotional intelligence. Journal of Personality.

Assessment. 54: 772-781.

Salovey, P., and Mayer, J.D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9: 185-211.

2001 1. Then, they could sort taxonomically. In other words, one man's 'smart' is another man's 'dopey', concepts that have little to do with the "intelligence" IQ tests are designed to measure. This is certainly, as well, a clear indication of how completely IQ tests are based in a narrow range of cultural norms. Indeed, they could be viewed as impoverished measures for failing to account for the values, intellectual and otherwise, of any society except the well-defined, homogenized and 'unjuicy' western society that invented the tests. Sternberg et al. concluded that, regarding IQ tests, "scores from tests used in cultures or subcultures other than those for which the tests were specifically created are suspect, and probably of doubtful validity in many if not most cases (2001 1).
What about race?

The myths about race and IQ go back a long way, to a time before IQ tests. Philosophers Hume, Kant…...

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References

Keita, L. (1999). Why Race Matters: Race Differences and What They Mean. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 23(1), 65. Retrieved April 21, 2005, from Questia database,  http://www.questia.com .

Reeve, C.L. (2002). Race and Intelligence: Separating Science from Myth. Personnel Psychology, 55(3), 778+. Retrieved April 21, 2005, from Questia database,

1. The benefits of workplace diversity for employee satisfaction and productivity
2. The challenges of managing a diverse workforce and strategies for overcoming them
3. The impact of workplace diversity on organizational culture and reputation
4. The role of diversity and inclusion initiatives in promoting equality and respect in the workplace
5. The importance of diversity training and education in creating a more inclusive work environment
6. The relationship between workplace diversity and innovation
7. The effects of unconscious bias in hiring and promotion practices on workplace diversity
8. Case studies of successful diversity and inclusion programs in various companies
9. The intersectionality of diversity in the workplace....

Approaches to Cross-Cultural Communication

Theories and Models: Examine different theories and models of cross-cultural communication, such as Hofstede's cultural dimensions, Trompenaars' cultural orientations, and Gudykunst's uncertainty reduction theory.
Cultural Intelligence: Explore the concept of cultural intelligence, its components, and how it impacts effective communication across cultures.
Language and Communication: Analyze the role of language in cross-cultural communication, including linguistic barriers, translation challenges, and nonverbal cues.

Cultural Differences and Challenges

Cultural Values and Norms: Examine the influence of cultural values and norms on communication behavior, such as the role of hierarchy, collectivism vs. individualism, and time orientation.
Perception and Attribution: Discuss how....

Cultural Differences and Decision-Making in Global Strategic Management

Cultural differences play a significant role in shaping decision-making processes within global strategic management. Understanding and navigating these differences is crucial for organizations operating in an increasingly interconnected world.

1. Definition and Scope of Culture

Culture refers to the shared beliefs, values, norms, and behaviors of a group of people. It encompasses language, religion, education, political systems, and social customs. Cultural differences manifest in various aspects of human behavior, including decision-making.

2. Impact on Information Interpretation

Cultural context influences how individuals interpret and process information. For example, collectivist cultures emphasize group harmony and conformity, while individualistic cultures....