7% in Shanghai, 24.5% in Taipei and 46.2% in Hong Kong., the average income of respondents in Taipei was at the maximum income level and in Hong Kong, at the median level overall. The entire sample was highly educated with 80.2% of Shanghai respondents, 79.5% of Taipei respondents and 43.8% of Hong Kong respondents having a university education. The majority of respondent sin Shanghai and Taipei were 18 to 25 and 26 -- 30 in Hong Kong.
The study found that each respondent base scored high on the self-expectation dimensions as shown in Table III of the report with many having a strong sense of self-esteem and seeing the value of true friendship and inner harmony. There is also a strong belief in freedom in the orientation towards life dimension of the ANOVA analysis completed, just short of true friendship as a fundamental value in the analysis (Tai, 2008). The study…...
mlaReferences
Jap, W. (2010). Confucius face culture on Chinese consumer consumption values toward global brands. Journal of International Management Studies, 5(1), 183-192.
Lin, Y., & Lai, C.Y. (2010). A study of the attitudes of Chinese consumers to aesthetic product designs. International Journal of Management, 27(1), 177-184,201.
Susan H.C. Tai. (2008). Relationship between the personal values and shopping orientation of Chinese consumers. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 20(4), 381-395.
Teimourpour, B., & Kambiz, H.H. (2011). The impact of culture on luxury consumption behaviour among Iranian consumers. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 2(3), 309-328.
Different marketing campaigns might be needed, if the product is supposed to target an extremely large audience, economically and ethnically.
Brazil is quite a diverse society, and race is unfortunately a divider between most of the populace -- one Black Brazilian remarked that "Blacks amount to 49% of a population of 180 million people, but it is impossible to create a middle class without education and with salaries 51% less than the salaries of whites," and he said that in his opinion, the face of poverty in Brazil is black (Ramos 2007). Treating race with sensitivity is thus essential in advertisements. However, one common, uniting dynamic between most social classes and peoples in Brazil, is a great love of music and the centrality of music to the culture and to festivals and daily life. Using music effectively in advertising campaigns is thus essential.
Another common dynamic are certain patterns of lifestyle…...
mlaWorks Cited
Apple Brazil. (2009, August 8). Visual Media.
Retrieved February 17, 2009 at -- media.com/blog/?p=351http://www.visual
High context vs. low context cultures. (2009). Via. Retrieved February 19, 2009 http://www.via-web.de/273.html
Ramos, Italo. (2007. October 17). The difference between Black Brazil and Black U.S. Black
Looking beyond the educational, social, and esteem needs of students, the practical considerations of LE have given substance to the argument for LE. Given the tight monetary budgets that many school districts are faced with to provide the bare essentials of conventional education, the provision of special education services is virtually impossible. Citing previous court rulings, the school districts often claim budget shortfalls as a selling point for the implementation of LE.
Socio-cultural Framework of LE
Looking beyond the legal and practical ramifications of LE, consideration must be given to the socio-cultural implications of LE within the American educational system. In its most basic sense, socio-cultural theory holds that human beings learn through a cognitive and interpretive process, which uses the senses, primarily sight and hearing, in order to gain and retain knowledge (Houng, 2005). Based on this, the integration of students in an interactive learning environment makes it possible for practical…...
mlaReferences
Davis, L.J. (1993, October 4). The Prisoners of Silence. The Nation, 257, 354+.
Houng, LPH (2005). The Mediational Role of Language Teachers. Retrieved August 19, 2006 from the World Wide Web: http://exchanges.state.gov/forum/vols/vol41/no3/p32.htm .
Osborne, A.G., & Dimattia, P. (1994). The IDEA's Least Restrictive Environment Mandate: Legal Implications. Exceptional Children, 61(1), 6+.
Palley, E. (2006). Implementing the Least Restrictive Environment Mandate. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 16(4), 229+.
Deaf Culture
In any given country, there is a dominant and prevailing culture that tends to be more pervasive than others. However, there are also cultures that are counter or parallel to the dominant culture. One of those common subcultures is that of deaf people. Even with the fact that deaf and hearing-impaired people live in the same dominant cultures as everyone else, they have to exist and act in a different way because they cannot hear well, if at all. As such, it is important to assess and review deaf culture and how it is different than other cultures, how it is the same as other cultures and what cultural cues and trends are near and dear to people with no or little hearing.
Even though deaf culture has surely existed on some level for all of human existence, it did not come into its own as a definitive culture until…...
Cultural Perceptions of Time in frica
Time is a foundational factor in every culture. The perception of time is different for most cultures and the determining factor to those differences is often based on the means of production. "Most cultures have some concept of time, although the way they deal with time may differ fundamentally." (Kokole 1994, 35) Tracing the perception of the concept of time in frica can be seen as tracing the European racial prejudices of the intellect of the indigenous populations in the colonized regions of frica. Much of the information regarding the development of time concepts in frican culture is colonial and based on the European interlopers recorded ideas.
Some of those recorded ideas are those of missionaries and others are those of capitalist adventurers, with the intermittent mark of a very few true historians.
In Mali, as in many other parts of frica, there are mixed systems of…...
mlaAkan" is an ethnographic and linguistic term used to refer to a cluster of culturally homogenous groups living in central and southern Ghana and parts of the adjoining eastern Cote d'Ivoire. The Akan constitute two broad subcategories: the inland Asante, Bono, Akyem, Akwapem, and Kwawu, who speak the Twi, and the coastal Fante, who speak a dialect of the same name. The Akan dialects are, for the most part, mutually intelligible. Most of these ethnic groups constituted autonomous political systems in the pre-colonial period. www.questia.com/PageManagerHTMLMediator.qst?action=openPageViewer&docId=55458430" (Adjaye 1994, 57)
Studies of Akan time perceptions and calendrical systems have been limited despite the fact that the existence of institutions and mechanisms for time-reckoning have been noted in the literature on the history and ethnography of the Akan for nearly two centuries. Beyond early sparse references by Rattray (1923) and Danquah (1968), a full-length monograph on the subject did not appear until Deborah Fink "Time and Space Measurements of the Bono of Ghana" (1974); however, the author's primary concern was with the applicability of Bono terminologies for measuring volume, weight, and time to formal education, rather than with time-marking systems P.F. Bartle brief five-page paper, "Forty Days: The Akan Calendar" (1978), was an exploratory essay into a single calendrical framework, the 40-day (adaduanan) cycle. Its treatment is consequently restrictive and limited to the 40-day calendrical structure. Similarly, Tom McCaskie "Time and the Calendar in Nineteenth-Century Asante: An Exploratory Essay" (1980) and Ivor Wilks ' "On Mentally Mapping Greater Asante: A Study of Time and Motion" (1992) are concerned primarily with a specific aspect of time: the scheduling of diplomatic and other governmental business in Asante.
(Adjaye 1994, 57)
2009). Othe studies had peviously concluded that English infants developed a pefeence fo tochaic wods, the dominant stess constuct of English wods, ove iambic stess pattens within the fist yea of life (Hohle et al. 2009). A compaison of Geman and Fecnh infants in fou distinct expeiments confims and even naows down the timefame in which this diffeentiation of pefeence occus, and also shows (though the Fench language expeiments) that the ability to distinguish the two opposing stess pattens does not necessaily esult in the development of pefeence, if the taget language itself lacks a dominant stess stuctue (Hohle et al. 2009). Even at six months, a specific language begins to mediate peception.
An ealie study suggests that the timing of stess and intonation pefeence development is even soone than six months. While citing evidence suggesting that language-independent phonetic contasts and melodic vaiations ae ecognized within the fist fou months…...
mlareferences during the first half year of life: Evidence from German and French infants." Infant behavior and development 32(3), pp. 262-74.
Laroche, M.; Pons, F. & Richard, M. (2009). "The role of language in ethnic identity measurement: A multitrait-multimethod approach to construct validation." Journal of social psychology 149(4), pp. 513-40.
Nguyen, T.; Ingrahm, C. & Pensalfini, J. (2008). "Prosodic transfer in Vietnamese acquisition of English contrastive stress patterns." Journal of phonetics 36(1), pp. 158.
Turk, a. & Shattuck-Hufnagel, S. (2007). "Multiple targets of phrase-final lengthening in American English words." Journal of phonetics 35(4), pp. 445-72.
Wyatt, J. (2007). "Skinner 1, Chomsky 0." Behavior analysis digest 19(4), pp. 13-4.
In addition, this door panel, composed of cedar wood, may represent a type of social event which was rather prominent during the Early Christian period, circa 430 C.E. Since one can make out some kind of brick background behind the three figures, the panel might not have been designed to teach or provide instruction on a spiritual event like the crucifixion of Jesus but may be images "from an early passion play, possibly one performed outside the city walls" of Rome. This type of play was part of what is known as Roman mime theater which "specialized in short scenes of gory violence, irony, satire and sarcasm" for the delight of audiences which still clung to and appreciated some of the worst social aspects of the Roman Empire, a good example being the killing of Christians in the coliseum (Storage, "The Door Panels of Santa Sabine," Internet).
Around the year 206…...
mlaWorks Cited
Flowering of Faith: Christianity and Buddhism." Chapter 8.
De la Croix, Bertrand. History of Western Art. New York: Prentice-Hall, 2003.
Storage, Bill. "The Doors Panels of Santa Sabine." 2006. Internet. Retrieved May 3, 2008 from http://www.rome101.com/Christian/Sabina .
Gandharan Art." 2008. Internet. Retrieved May 3, 2008 at http://www.afghan-network.net/Culture/gandhara.html.
Cross-Cultural Differences and Communication
Cultural identity is a significant force that shapes the interaction between people from different cultures. The contemporary globalization has made intercultural interactions inevitable in the contemporary society. People draw conclusions about other people's culture depending on a wide range of observations about the individual's way of live, values and behavior. For instance, understanding what people from specific cultural values helps in drawing about that culture in that specific aspect of value or behavior (Byram, 2015). For example, I have drawn the conclusion that martial art is a significant cultural practice in the Chinese culture. This conclusion is informed by the several Chinese films that I have watched that have largely been characterized by Martial Arts. This predominance of martial arts in these films informed the conclusion I have drawn from the Chinese culture.
UNIT 4 DISCUSSION
I am visiting a new country within a different culture from my culture.…...
cultural diversity issue of non-American employees communicating frequently in their own native language creating an environment of sensitivity and bias amongst the non-Hispanic community.
Handling Diversity in an Organization
The contents of this paper focus on the cultural diversity involving Films ecovery Systems, an American company located at the heart of Chicago, Illinois. The paper takes an insight into the issue and also proposes solutions that can resolve the problem. The most important aspect of the paper is that it takes into account the material we find and read in books and compares to what degree the literature is actually applicable in real life situations.
Academic Literature
The study of public administration includes a spectrum of many disciplines, which include psychology, sociology, philosophy and also management sciences. Even though, the nature of public administration does not conveniently classify its elements into components, public administration is primarily categorized to highlight the concepts of organizational…...
mlaReferences
Leaders are Learned Optimists - The CLEMMER Group Management
Consulting, available at accessed on: March 31, 2004http://www.clemmer.net/excerpts/leaders_learned.shtml
Robert Bacal, Conflict Prevention In The Workplace, available at accessed on March 31, 2004http://www.work911.com/products/i-coop.htm ,
QSM Consulting - Leadership Driving Change, available at accessed on: March 31, 2004http://www.qsmconsulting.com/lds/index.shtml,
Cross-Cultural Management
Education and Training for Cross-Cultural Management at IKEA
Business across borders has presented significant challenges for multinational organisations. Due to cultural differences between countries, a multinational organisation is compelled to take the differences into account during important processes such as human resource management. IKEA, a Swedish multinational firm, is one organization in which the challenge of cross-cultural management is relevant. Significant cultural differences between the U.S. and Sweden may make Swedish practices inappropriate in the U.S. All the same, the organisation can overcome cultural barriers by implementing a cross-cultural education and training program. The program, which would take the form of deliberately planned seminars and workshops, would equip employees with knowledge and ability to work effectively in a cross-cultural environment. It would be more appropriate for the organisation to hire an external cross-cultural management consultant as it may not have such expertise internally. Implementing the training program would obviously involve…...
mlaReferences
Bhattacharyya, D. (2010). Cross cultural management: text and cases. New Delhi: PHI Learning.
Browaeys, M., & Price, R. (2008). Understanding Cross-cultural Management. Harlow: Prentice Hall.
Chebium, R. (2015). How to create an effective cross-cultural training program. Retrieved from: training.aspxhttps://www.shrm.org/hr-today/news/hr-magazine/pages/010215-cross-cultural-
Lucas, R., Lupton, B., & Mathieson, H. (2006). Human resource management in an international context. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel Development.
Cultural Management
Starbucks wants to enter South Africa, the "ainbow Nation," and learn about doing business in Africa for future expansion across the continent. It has the conditions for success, but critical will be managing a multicultural team of employees in every store. There are 11 major languages in South Africa, highlighting the diversity of the country, and it has also become a magnet for immigrants from other African countries as well. Starbucks needs to implement programs such as employee groups in charge of multicultural initiatives and it should track the demographics of its workforce to ensure that they are diverse. Management teams should also be diverse. The company should have a multicultural management training program as one of its major controls.
Situation Analysis
The corporation to be discussed in this paper is Starbucks, and they wish to enter the South African market. Starbucks operates in dozens of countries worldwide. Its largest markets…...
mlaReferences
BBC. (2013). South Africa profile. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved February 21, 2014 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094760
Japan Today. (2013). Starbucks on track to open 1000th store in Japan. Japan Today. Retrieved February 21, 2014 from http://www.japantoday.com/category/business/view/starbucks-on-track-to-open-1000th-store-in-japan
Luthans, F., Doh, J. (2009). International Management: Culture, Strategy, and Behavior. McGraw-Hill.
Cultural Schemata Theory:
Together with formal schemata and linguistic schemata, cultural schemata are some of the main types of schema theory, which is a hypothesis on how knowledge is gained and processed. Actually, schema is a technical word used by cognitive supporters to explain how people arrange, process, and store information in their brain. Notably, schemata focus on how people arrange information to long-term memory in relation to experiences, attitudes, values, strategies, skills, and conceptual understanding. The schema theory is founded on the belief that every act of an individual's understanding includes his/her knowledge of the world. The received knowledge is in turn organized into units that contain stores information.
Understanding Cultural Schemata Theory:
Cultural schemata is also known as abstract, story, or linguistic schema and is developed on the basis of people's basic experiences ("Schemata Theory in Learning," n.d.). Cultural schemata theory is described as the pre-existing knowledge about cultural elements of…...
mlaReferences:
Fuhong, T. (2004, April 10). Cultural Schema and Reading Comprehension. Retrieved December 5, 2011, from http://www.celea.org.cn/pastversion/lw/pdf/TanFuhong.pdf
Gilakjani, A.P. & Ahmadi, S.M. (2011. June). The Relationship between L2 Reading
Comprehension and Schema Theory: A Matter of Text Familiarity. Journal of Information and Education Technology, 1(2), pp. 142-149, Retrieved from http://www.ijiet.org/papers/24-K002.pdf
Gudykunst, W.B. (2005). Theorizing about intercultural communication. Thousand Oaks:
Cultural diversity refers to the diverse varieties of human cultures that exist in a certain region, society or in the world as a whole. The characteristics of diversity may include ethnicity, traditions, geographic background, language spoken, religious beliefs, race or physical features. This term is also based on the idea that different cultures should respect each other's differences. With the global integration, the need for communication in accordance with other person's cultural awareness has intensified. Many times, any gesture that is considered offensive in one culture is completely accepted in the other culture. Hence, people sometimes develop misunderstandings when communicating with someone from a different culture. Therefore, it is essential that differences are appreciated for an effective communication.
I am a Christian man who is originally from Ukraine. My mother tongue is Ukrainian and I came to United States some 10 years ago. I am very moderate in my religious orientations…...
mlaBibliography
Newsom, D., Turk, J.V., and Kruckeberg, D. (2004). This is PR: The Realities of Public Relations. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth.
Rosener, J.B. (1990) "Ways Women Lead," Harvard Business Review, Vol. 68, No. 6, pp. 119-25
Cultural Distance: How Is it Measured, And How it Impact on Global Marketing Operations
The persistence of cultural distances is relevant for the global multinational marketing operations exposed to multiple cultures in their everyday activities. This indicates that marketing across border introduces complexities because it forces global marketers to tailor their approaches and practices to each cultural context they carry out their business activities. As a result, this paper will discuss concepts applicable to different aspects of cross-border operations. The primary focus of the paper is on multinational business corporations (Baumann, 2007).
This study shows how Hofstede's model is still the most relevant piece of reference for a successive cross-cultural analysis despite it being a widely criticized. The paper compares and contrasts Hofstede's famous concepts with Turner and Schwartz, Trompenaars and Hampden's valued inventory. It will attempt to provide empirical evidence of how cultural diversity influences the global markets by giving illustrations…...
mlaReferences
Baumann, A. (2007). Influences of culture on the style of business behavior between Western and Arab managers. Mu-nchen: GRIN Verlag GmbH.
Baumu-ller, M. (2007). Managing cultural diversity: An empirical examination of cultural networks and organizational structures as governance mechanisms in multinational corporations. Bern: Lang.
Cavusgil, T. & Ghauri, P.N. (2009). New challenges to international marketing. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Curry, J.E. (2009). A short course in international marketing: Approaching and penetrating the global marketplace. Petaluma, CA: World Trade Press.
Cultural Blending That Occurred hen the British Colonized India
Throughout the course of history, the British were known as the world's conquerors. This is because they established a series of colonies around the globe that supported the nation and its self-interest. During their occupation of India, there was focus on blending different cultures to create a unique society. (Bingham)
This transformed India from being a backward region to one that was able to improve its standard of living and make steps towards joining the modern world. The result is that a new social identify was developed. To fully understand the way that this occurred requires examining cultural blending, how it shaped their identity, if it was permanent, what caused it to change and if it was beneficial. These different factors will illustrate the way this occurred and the impact it had on India's development. (Bingham)
Description
The British first arrived in India in the…...
mlaWorks Cited
Bingham, Jane. Indian Art and Culture. Hoboken: Wiley, 2005. Print.
Kasbekar, Asha. Pop Culture in India. Oxford: ABC CLIO, 2006. Print.
Remarque challenges the social, cultural, and political notions of war in the way the main characters react to their plight. It is assumed that a nation will rally around its troops, and that the troops themselves will see war as having a great level of value. Since the main characters do not see war that way, they feel cut off from the social and cultural aspects of "going to war." They also don't understand the political ramifications, or why any country would want to invade another. It doesn't make sense to them. Remarque indicates that this may be much more....
Despite the many similarities, urban and rural living can significantly contrast in terms of the pace of life, access to resources and facilities, and social and cultural aspects, ultimately proving that city and country life have distinct features that make them attractive to different individuals. When crafting a debatable thesis statement comparing city life and country life, it is important to focus on specific aspects that can be argued and supported with evidence. One approach could be to explore how the pace of life in urban areas can be both a benefit and a drawback compared to the slower pace of....
The role of the advanced practice nurse in creating an informed citizenry that is empowered to advance wellbeing within individuals, families, and communities involves:
1. Education and Advocacy: Advanced practice nurses play a crucial role in educating individuals, families, and communities about health promotion, disease prevention, and self-care practices. They provide evidence-based information and resources to empower individuals to make informed decisions about their health.
2. Collaboration and Support: Advanced practice nurses work collaboratively with other healthcare professionals, community organizations, and policymakers to address social determinants of health and promote health equity. They advocate for policies and programs that improve access to....
1. The evolution of football tactics and strategies over the years
2. The impact of football on social and cultural aspects of society
3. The role of technology in modern football, such as VAR and goal-line technology
4. The influence of money and commercialization on the sport of football
5. The controversy surrounding football players and their involvement in social issues
6. The history and significance of major football tournaments, such as the World Cup and Champions League
7. The psychology of football fans and the power of fandom in shaping the sport
8. The debate over the use of performance enhancing drugs in football
9. The issue....
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