Cross-Cultural Psychology
Cultural psychology concerns itself with the significant links or connections that there are between the psychology of individuals within a culture and their psychology. Cultural psychology emphasizes on the relevance of human behavior to understanding the psychology of the individual if only the sociocultural setting and context in which the behavior occurs. One good instance of this is the way religious views about extramarital activities shapes the behavior and the attitudes of the married people in a given religion or country.

In a nutshell, the cultural psychology concentrates on the whether, when and how people growing up in given cultures tend to internalize the culture. It tends to emphasize on the fact that the mental processes are the product of the interaction between an individual and a culture.

There is a wide variation in the way people live in different places, this variation may therefore dictate the human actions as well…...

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Reference

Shiraev, E.B. & Levy, D.A. (2010). Cross-cultural psychology: Critical thinking and contemporary applications (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson/Allyn Bacon

Cross-Cultural Psychology in West Is West
Culture affects the psychology of an individual because it prescribes certain norms and values that affect the perceptions, attitudes and behaviors of an individual. Culture varies by geography and philosophical traditions. As technology makes geographical barriers irrelevant, people from diverse cultures are brought close together resulting in frequent interaction. An understanding of cross-cultural differences can help to make these interactions productive opportunities for personal and social development. The setting of the movie West is West during 1970s Britain and Pakistan has enabled archival data to be used for the purpose of analyzing cross-cultural differences between the East and the West in the movie.

The Movie: West is West

West is West is a British 2010 movie that illustrates the challenges of living in a culturally diverse family. The movie is about a British-Pakistani man trying to bridge the gap between his British life and his first wife…...

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References

Alleyne, Richard. "Britain's "me culture" making us depressed." The Telegraph. The Telegraph, 06, November 2009. Web. 15 Aug 2012. .

Bam-Hutchison, June. "Race, Faith, and UK Policy: a brief history." Institute for the Public Understanding of the Past. University of York, 2012. Web. 15 Aug 2012. .

Charsley, Katharine, Nicholas Van Hear, Michaela Benson, and Brooke Storer-Church. United Kingdom. Home Office. Marriage-related Migration to the UK. Bristol: University of Bristol, 2011. Print. .

Home Office. United Kingdom. Department for Communities and Local Government. Pakistani Muslim Community in England. London: Department for Communities and Local Government, 2009. Web. .

The practice attempts to explain how the human psyche is influenced by the diverse cultures around it, as well as how the common patterns which are shared between such diverse groups portray innate aspects of human nature. It aims to understand individual cultures and their differences from other cultures "to generate a more nearly universal psychology that will be valid for a broader range of cultures," (Berry et al. 1992:3). Within even a solid group there are isolated sub-groups. Cross-cultural psychology then examines how sub-groups can develop within a larger group. These different groups within a larger one represent the idea that each culture does have its differences, but that there are some shared elements; "Cross-cultural psychology may also be practiced within a given society by studying the contrasts between its dominant culture and subcultures," (Gale Group 2001:1). There are several developments within the field of cross-cultural psychology which…...

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References

Berry, John W.; Poortinga, Ype H.; Segall, Marshall H.; & Dasen, Pierre R. (1992). Cross-cultural Psychology. Cambridge University Press.

Gale Group. (2001). Cross-cultural psychology. Encyclopedia of Psychology. Retrieved October 28, 2009 at  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2699/is_0000/ai_2699000080/ 

Ratner, Carl. (2008). Cultural Psychology, Cross-Cultural Psychology, and Indigenous Psychology. Nova Science Publishers.

cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology are closely linked and interrelated, yet offer distinct methodologies permitting the most nuanced understanding of the diversity of human experiences. Cultural psychology generally uses the tools of ethnography and other anthropological methods when gathering data, and may also use case studies and other qualitative research as well. On the other hand, cross-cultural psychology applies quantitative measures that have been standardized, enabling a rigorous data set. When these two methods are combined, it is possible to better understand the experiences of individuals living in complex societies, particularly immigrant societies, multiracial communities, and communities that exhibit wide diversity in other demographic areas such as income or educational attainment. An ongoing research project in New Zealand called the Pacific Islands Family Study has provided a huge data set that researchers in multiple fields can access. Cross-cultural psychologists can use the Pacific Islands Family Study to test hypotheses…...

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References

Borrows, W. et al. (2011). Pacific Islands family study: The association of infant health risk indicators. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 42(5): 699-724.

Cherry, K. (n.d.). What is cross-cultural psychology? About Education. Retrieved online:  http://psychology.about.com/od/branchesofpsycholog1/f/cross-cultural.htm 

Praslova, L. (2008).Cross-cultural and cultural psychology: Are there curricular differences? Poster to be presented at the III International Conference on the Teaching of Psychology, July 12-16, St. Petersburg, Russia

Ratner, C. (2011). Cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture 2(1).

cross-cultural psychology can easily be applied to the field of graphic design. In fact, graphic designers can greatly improve their practice by incorporating cross-cultural psychology into their framework and philosophy. Aesthetics and design principles are culturally embedded. Likewise, the role and function of graphic design varies depending on cultural context. Norms, superstitions, and traditions all guide the way consumers will react to a graphic design product or image. Therefore, it is critical that at the organizational level, companies understand how to harmonize their graphic design departments with the principles of cross-cultural psychology. What works in one cultural context may not work at all in another, and might even offend somewhere else. In a globalized marketplace, the integration of graphic design with cross-cultural psychology becomes a business imperative.
Graphic designers need to take into account the psychological impact their work will have on an audience. Moreover, designers need to take into…...

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References

Tversky, B., Kugelmass, S. & Winter, A. (1991). Cross-cultural and developmental trends in graphic productions. Cognitive Psychology 23(4): 515-557.

Internal and external customers are both considered important and their needs must be anticipated and satisfied in the most suitable manner. The decisions that the executive leader makes must be based on solid information. He must be aware of the consequences of his decisions. At the same time, he must have a long-term perspective and make the best choice even if at the beginning its consequences might seem negative.
A further competency that must be taken into consideration refers to the ability to efficaciously manage strategic resources including the human ones, the financial ones and the information ones. From this point-of-view, one needs to be updated with the technological development which are relevant for his work area. In addition, he must make sure that everything from the recruitment process to the selection and rewarding of the staff members is done in the manner which best serves the organization.

A leadership network…...

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Bibliography

Executive Competencies, Retrieved November 26, 2007 from web site:  https://www.opm.gov/ses/ecq.asp 

Executive management, Retrieved November 26, 2007 from web site:  http://www.govexec.com/features/0404-15/0404-15view.htm 

Krishnan, R. (2002). Impact of gender on influence, power and authoritarianism, Women in management review, vol.17, 197-206

Leadership, Retrieved November 26, 2007 from web site:  http://www.leadershiplouisville.org/programs/network

ecommended policy

To deal with these difficulties, several recommendations can be formulated:

1. Cross-cultural variables: Ethnic matches should be arranged between client and therapist. These will be effective in dealing not only with communication problems, but also with cultural perceptions of the disease as well as with possible social stigmas attached to the disease. The therapist, sharing similar cultural background to the patient understands the patient's concern and speaks the patient's language therefore is more able than another to 'pull' her through.

Other recommendations include items such as that Government should allocate more funding to establishing specific mental health treatments that are run by and appeal to the various ethnic minorities. In a similar manner, government should increase their funding for research and clinical training of ethnic and racial minority members (e.g. The minority Fellowship Program and the CO). Finally, general Mental health services should incorporate cross-cultural communication variables in their general service…...

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References

Leong, F.T.L., & Lau, A.S.L. (2001). Barriers to providing effective mental health services to Asian-Americans. Mental Health Services Research, 3, 201 -- 214.

Leong, F.T.L., & Kalibatseva, Z. (2011) Cross-cultura Barriers to mental Health services in United States. Cerebrum. The DANA Foundation.  http://www.dana.org/news/cerebrum/detail.aspx?id=31364

Coss Cultual Moes and Values: Middle-Easten Ameicans, South Asian-Ameicans and Native Ameicans
No longe a melting pot but moe like a salad bowl, the United States has always been a land of immigants and its divese demogaphic composition today is a eflection of this pocess. In fact, just one goup, Native Ameicans, can be egaded as being the oiginal inhabitants, but anthopologists ague that even these people likely migated fom othe continents tens of thousands of yeas ago, making them immigants in a sense as well. Thee goups in paticula stand out in the Ameican demogaphic mix as being in need of thoughtful attention in coss-cultual counseling situations, namely Middle-Easten Ameicans, South Asian-Ameicans and Native Ameicans. To detemine what counselos need to know in ode to develop effective inteventions fo membes fom these thee goups, this pape povides a eview of the liteatue, followed by a summay of the eseach and…...

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references:

A study of Lumbee undergraduates. Journal of College Counseling, 9(1), 47-55.

South Asia countries. (2014). World Bank. Retrieved from  http://web.worldbank.org/ .

Cross Cultural Psychology
Cultural Theories

Comparing cross-cultural approaches to psychology:

An ecocultural vs. An integrated approach

The need to take into account different cultural perspectives when treating patients has become increasingly recognized within the profession of psychology. Cross-cultural psychology, in contrast to other branches of psychology, allows that the definition of what is psychologically 'normal' is often highly dependent upon one's cultural context. Two similar, but slightly different approaches to cross-cultural psychology include the ecocultural model and the integrative model.

The ecocultural model, posits "that the individual cannot be separated from his or her environmental context. People constantly exchange messages with the environment, thus transforming it and themselves" (Chapter 1 summary, n.d). Someone acculturated in a nation other than the U.S. will show different developmental features than someone acculturated in America. The United States' culture supports a particularly long adolescence, and leaving home and beginning a family is no longer the normative break between childhood…...

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References

Chapter 1 summary. (n.d). Retrieved:

http://www.ericshiraev.com/resources/Chapter+1+Summary.pdf

Trommsdorff, G. (2002). An eco-cultural and interpersonal relations approach to development over the life span. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 6 (2).1-15 Retrieved from  http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1057&context=orpc

Work Values
Cross-cultural comparison on work value between U.S. And China

A value is "what a person consciously or subconsciously desires, wants, or seeks to attain" (Locke, 1983). Peterson and Gonzalez (2005) say values "are motivational forces," and "influence the role work plays in people's lives." Dawis (2005) asserts that each person (P) has requirements that need to be met, most through their environments (E). In fact, Dawis claims that "Many of P's needs in adulthood can be met at work." The ones that matter most to P. are E's ability to deliver rein forcers (e.g., pay, prestige, and working conditions) that satisfy P's needs. Similarly, E has parallel and complementary requirements that can be met by P. And make P. A satisfactory worker. Thus, understanding work values has a benefit for both individuals (as they look for work environments that support their values), and also for organizations (if they recognize the…...

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References

Bernstein, Paul. (1997). American Work Values: Their Origin and Development. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Cappelli, P., Bassi, L., Katz, H., Knoke, D., Osterman, P. And Useem, M. (1997). Change at Work. New York: Oxford University Press.

Dawis, R.V. (2005). The Minnesota theory of work adjustment. In Brown, S.D. & Lent, R.W. (Eds.) Career development and counselling: putting theory and research to work. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Farber, Henry S. (1997). "Changing Face of Job Loss in the United States, 1981-1995." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1: Microeconomics: 55-128.

Krentzman and Townsend (2008) indicates that multicultural competence means "having the beliefs, knowledge, and skills necessary to work effectively with individuals different from one's self; that cultural competence includes all forms of difference; and that issues of social justice cannot be overlooked" (p. 7). Although improved cultural competency is widely regarded as being an important element of high quality health care services, it is not a "magic bullet" for mitigating existing inequities in the provision of such care (Larson & Ott, 2010). Nevertheless, developing cross-cultural competencies is viewed by many health care providers as an essential first step in improving access and the quality of health care services in Australia today (Sharma & Phillion, 2011). Therefore, in this context, the term "multicultural competence" is used to describe the relationship between a counselor and a patient in cross-cultural settings (An introduction to cultural competency, 2012). The focus of cultural competence…...

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References

An introduction to cultural competency. (2012). Royal Australasian College of Physicians.

Retrieved July 21, 2014 from  https://www.racp.edu.au/index.cfm?objectid=FCBB0411 -

9 DFF-0474-A0B250ACA0737BF8.

Hawley, L.D. (2006, Fall). Reflecting teams and microcounseling in beginning counselor training: Practice in collaboration. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, 45(2), 198-202.

Cross Culture Psychology
Introduction into ST. Jude Children's Research Hospital

Jude hospital is one of the leading research hospitals helping to find ways of dealing with and managing childhood cancer (St. Jude Hospital, 2015). The Hospital has spent over 50 years in finding cures and helping children to live to adulthood. Their studies are an instrumental part in helping the survival rate of cancer grow from a low of 20% in 1962 to a high of 80% in the year 2015 (St. Jude Hospital, 2015). The main value proposition of the hospital is to "find cures and save children" (St. Jude Hospital, 2015).

Organizational Core Values

'Core values' are principles to guide an organization's actions and the actions of its employees. According to authors Porras and Collins, core values are inherent in the organization and can never be compromised. Core values are also made to reflect the values of an organization's founders, for instance,…...

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Bibliography

Lencioni, P. (2002, July). Make your values mean something. Retrieved from Harvard Business Review:  https://hbr.org/2002/07/make-your-values-mean-something 

St. Jude Hospital. (2015). About Us. Retrieved from  https://www.stjude.org/?sc_cid=kwp93&ef_id=VS8mWQAAAF2sXQC5:20151030220421 

St. Jude Hospital. (2015). Our History. Retrieved from  https://www.stjude.org/about-st-jude/history.html

acial Identity
Complexities and Potential in Cross-Cultural Counseling

In 1897 the French sociologist Emile Durkheim wrote about the influence of culture on suicide rates among different groups. He found that while suicide seems to be the most private and most individualistic choice that a person can make (what could be more private than the dialogue that an individual has with eternity, after all) cultural values still hold sway. His research has been criticized over the decades, but its central point remains valid. Culture seeps into every level of both our conscious and unconscious behaviors, and therefore must be attended to in every aspect of the therapeutic process. However, while at least most therapists as well as most of those individuals studying to become therapists are certainly aware of this fact, this awareness does not necessarily translate into sufficient care taken to minimize the harm that cross-cultural misunderstandings or blindnesses that can occur…...

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References

Bimrose, J. (1996). Multiculturalism, in Bayne, R., Horton, I. & Bimrose, J. (Eds.) New directions in counseling. London: Routledge.

Fouad, N. et al. (2012). Qualitative study of the dislocated working class. Journal of career development 39, 287-310.

LaFromboise, T., Trimble, J., & Mohatt, G. (1990). Counseling intervention and American Indian tradition: An integrative approach.The counseling psychologist 18(4), 628-654.

Jones, A.C. (1985). Psychological functioning in black Americans: A conceptual guide for use in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy 22 (2), 363-369.

cross-cultural values and mores to identify the author's interactions with gay, lesbian, and transgendered individuals, Latinas and individuals with disabilities. Further, this paper integrates the case study analyses provided in "Case Studies in Multicultural Counseling and Therapy" and relevant Social Justice Counseling issues to support the discussions. In addition, for each of these three cultures, a discussion concerning what factors should be kept in mind during interfaces with each so that all parties are honored to facilitate work with them as a therapist, colleague, social acquaintance, partner, and neighbor. Finally, an analysis concerning what was especially easy and fun and what was challenging to understand about these cultures given the author's unique worldview is followed by a summary of the research and important findings about these three cultures and cross-cultural values and mores in the conclusion.
eview and Analysis

Gay, Lesbian, and Transgendered Individuals

With growing numbers of states legalizing same-sex marriages…...

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References

Beam, C. (2014). Is Hispanic the same thing as Latina? Slate. Retrieved from http://www.

slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2009/05/is_hispanic_the_same_thing_as_latina.html.

Beecher, M.E. & Rabe, R.A. (2007, Spring). Practical guidelines for counseling students with disabilities. Journal of College Counseling, 7(1), 83-87.

Bess, J.A. & Stabb, S.D. (2009, July). The experiences of transgendered persons in psychotherapy: Voices and recommendations. Journal of Mental Health Counseling,

Cross Cultural Education
Cultural History

The information gathered was mostly from my grandparents and my parents. From the interviews conducted, I found out that my ancestors came to the United States in 1850. The main reason why they came to the United States is due to famine. According to information obtained, at the time, Ireland was facing a severe famine, owing to upsetting crop disasters. Due to lack of food for lengthy periods, my ancestors were left with no other option but to move to the United States. However, there are quite a number of challenges they faced upon arrival. To begin with, they had no expertise and no preceding experience in becoming accustomed to a new nation. In addition, they also faced the challenge of having no cash, minimal clothes and lack of education. Another distinctive challenge that they faced upon arrival to the United States was a great deal…...

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References

Colin, M., O'Dea, M. (2006). The Feckin' Book of Everything Irish. New York, Barnes & Noble.

Derderian-Aghajanian, A., & Wang, C. C. (2012). How culture affects on English language learners'(ELL's) outcomes, with Chinese and Middle Eastern Immigrant Students. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(5).

Frontline. (n.d). A Class Divided. PBS. Retrieved from:  http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/class-divided/ 

McDonald, K. E., Keys, C. B., & Balcazar, F. E. (2007). Disability, race/ethnicity and gender: themes of cultural oppression, acts of individual resistance. American Journal of Community Psychology, 39(1-2), 145-161.